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Festa J, Hussain A, Al-Hareth Z, Singh H, Da Boit M. Anthocyanins and Vascular Health: A Matter of Metabolites. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091796. [PMID: 37174334 PMCID: PMC10178014 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoid polyphenols previously investigated for improving cardiovascular health and preventing the development of endothelial dysfunction. However, their poor bioavailability raises the question of whether the observed biological activity is due to their metabolites. Phenolic metabolites can reach higher plasma concentrations and can persist in the circulation for periods much longer than their original anthocyanin form; therefore, the biological activity and health promoting effects of anthocyanins may differ from their metabolites. To address this, recent studies have facilitated different cell models, in vivo studies and explored physiologically relevant concentrations to better understand their mechanisms of action. The criteria were chosen based on previous reports demonstrating that anthocyanins can improve endothelial function via modulation of the Akt-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway and transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB, which made it critical to assess the phenolic metabolites' modes of action via these pathways. This review demonstrates how phenolic metabolites differ in bioactivity from their precursor anthocyanin, demonstrating improved endothelial function in response to inflammatory mediators at concentrations that are tolerated in vivo. The review highlights the crucial need for further studies to focus on improving the bioavailability of metabolites in isolation and explore the effect of metabolites in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Festa
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Aamir Hussain
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Zakia Al-Hareth
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7TY, UK
| | - Harprit Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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2
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Tang JS, Cait A, Li Y, Abolins-Thompson H, Gell K, Herst PM, O'Sullivan D, Gasser O. Practical Approach To Explore the Effects of Polyphenols on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulated Immune Function. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8625-8633. [PMID: 34338516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important molecular regulator of immune function, whose activity can be modulated by dietary glucosinolate- and tryptophan-derived metabolites. In contrast, the potential use of polyphenols as dietary regulators of AhR-dependent immunity remains unclear. In this perspective, we discuss how cellular metabolism may alter the net effect of polyphenols on AhR, thus potentially reconciling some of the conflicting observations reported in the literature. We further provide a methodological roadmap, across the fields of immunology, metabolomics, and gut microbial ecology, to explore the potential effects of polyphenol-rich diets on AhR-regulated immune function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry S Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Alissa Cait
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Yanyan Li
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Helena Abolins-Thompson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Katie Gell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - David O'Sullivan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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3
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Taïlé J, Patché J, Veeren B, Gonthier MP. Hyperglycemic Condition Causes Pro-Inflammatory and Permeability Alterations Associated with Monocyte Recruitment and Deregulated NFκB/PPARγ Pathways on Cerebral Endothelial Cells: Evidence for Polyphenols Uptake and Protective Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031385. [PMID: 33573189 PMCID: PMC7866545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia alters the function of cerebral endothelial cells from the blood-brain barrier, increasing the risk of cerebrovascular complications during diabetes. This study evaluated the protective effect of polyphenols on inflammatory and permeability markers on bEnd3 cerebral endothelial cells exposed to high glucose concentration. Results show that hyperglycemic condition increased nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity, deregulated the expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule (E-selectin) genes, raised MCP-1 secretion and elevated monocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration. High glucose decreased occludin, claudin-5, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and zona occludens-2 (ZO-2) tight junctions production and altered the endothelial permeability. Characterized polyphenolic extracts from the French medicinal plants Antirhea borbonica, Ayapana triplinervis, Dodonaea viscosa and Terminalia bentzoe, and their major polyphenols quercetin, caffeic, chlorogenic and gallic acids limited the pro-inflammatory and permeability alterations caused by high glucose. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist also attenuated these damages while PPARγ antagonist aggravated them, suggesting PPARγ protective action. Interestingly, polyphenols improved PPARγ gene expression lowered by high glucose. Moreover, polyphenols were detected at the intracellular level or membrane-bound to cells, with evidence for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) efflux transporter role. Altogether, these findings emphasize the ability of polyphenols to protect cerebral endothelial cells in hyperglycemic condition and their relevance for pharmacological strategies aiming to limit cerebrovascular disorders in diabetes.
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Álvarez-Cilleros D, López-Oliva ME, Ramos S, Martín MÁ. Preventive effect of cocoa flavanols against glucotoxicity-induced vascular inflammation in the arteria of diabetic rats and on the inflammatory process in TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111824. [PMID: 33096196 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia induces a vascular inflammatory process that is a critical event in cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Cocoa and its flavanols have been widely investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and several clinical and pre-clinical studies support their vascular benefits. However, the effects of cocoa flavanols on vascular inflammation in diabetes remains to be elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of a cocoa-rich diet on the aortas of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Moreover, the potential role of flavanol-derived colonic metabolites to modulate the adhesion and inflammatory processes were also evaluated using TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells. Results demonstrate that cocoa attenuates the levels of phospho-p65-nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and the expression of inflammatory factors including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the aortas of ZDF rats. Experiments with endothelial cells further confirm that a mix of flavanol-derived colonic metabolites effectively down-regulate the levels of p-p65-NF-κB and the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, preventing thus the increase of monocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by TNF-α. These novel data provide the first evidence of the relevant role of cocoa and their flavanol-derived metabolites to avoid the development of endothelial inflammation and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Álvarez-Cilleros
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elvira López-Oliva
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martín
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Chen GY, Zhang Q, Sha W, Kay CD, Chandra P, Kay KL, Lila MA. Blueberry and/or Banana Consumption Mitigate Arachidonic, Cytochrome P450 Oxylipin Generation During Recovery From 75-Km Cycling: A Randomized Trial. Front Nutr 2020; 7:121. [PMID: 32850939 PMCID: PMC7426440 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are bioactive lipid oxidation products, have vital regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes including inflammation, and can be impacted by diet. This study determined if 2-weeks of blueberry and/or acute banana ingestion influenced generation of n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins during recovery from exercise-induced physiological stress. Cyclists (n = 59, 39 ± 2 years of age) were randomized to freeze-dried blueberry or placebo groups, and ingested 26 grams/d (1 cup/d blueberries equivalent) for 2 weeks. Cyclists reported to the lab in an overnight fasted state and engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial (185.5 ± 5.2 min). Cyclists from each group (blueberry, placebo) were further randomized to ingestion of a water-only control or water with a carbohydrate source (Cavendish bananas, 0.2 g/kg carbohydrate every 15 min) during exercise. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-2-weeks blueberry supplementation, and 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 24, and 48 h-post-exercise. Plasma oxylipins and blueberry and banana metabolites were measured with UPLC–tandem MS/MS. Significant time by treatment effects (eight time points, four groups) were found for 24 blueberry- and seven banana-derived phenolic metabolites in plasma (FDR adjusted p < 0.05). Significant post-exercise increases were observed for 64 of 67 identified plasma oxylipins. When oxylipins were grouped relative to fatty acid substrate [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA)], and enzyme systems [cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX)], banana and blueberry ingestion were independently associated with significant post-exercise reductions in pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP hydroxy- and dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs, DiHETrEs) (treatment effects, FDR adjusted p < 0.05). These trial differences were especially apparent within the first 3 h of recovery. In summary, heavy exertion evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins in cyclists, with a strong attenuation effect linked to both chronic blueberry and acute banana intake on pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | | | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Qibin Zhang
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Bioinformatics Services Division, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Kristine L Kay
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Marino M, Del Bo' C, Tucci M, Klimis-Zacas D, Riso P, Porrini M. Modulation of Adhesion Process, E-Selectin and VEGF Production by Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites in an in vitro Model of Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E655. [PMID: 32121223 PMCID: PMC7146381 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the ability of peonidin and petunidin-3-glucoside (Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc) and their metabolites (vanillic acid; VA and methyl-gallic acid; MetGA), to prevent monocyte (THP-1) adhesion to endothelial cells (HUVECs), and to reduce the production of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, E-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a stimulated pro-inflammatory environment, a pivotal step of atherogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 100 ng mL-1) was used to stimulate the adhesion of labelled monocytes (THP-1) to endothelial cells (HUVECs). Successively, different concentrations of Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc (0.02 µM, 0.2 µM, 2 µM and 20 µM), VA and MetGA (0.05 µM, 0.5 µM, 5 µM and 50 µM) were tested. After 24 h, VCAM-1, E-selectin and VEGF were quantified by ELISA, while the adhesion process was measured spectrophotometrically. Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc (from 0.02 µM to 20 µM) significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased THP-1 adhesion to HUVECs at all concentrations (-37%, -24%, -30% and -47% for Peo-3-glc; -37%, -33%, -33% and -45% for Pet-3-glc). VA, but not MetGA, reduced the adhesion process at 50 µM (-21%; p < 0.001). At the same concentrations, a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction of E-selectin, but not VCAM-1, was documented. In addition, anthocyanins and their metabolites significantly decreased (p < 0.001) VEGF production. The present findings suggest that while Peo-3-glc and Pet-3-glc (but not their metabolites) reduced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through suppression of E-selectin production, VEGF production was reduced by both anthocyanins and their metabolites, suggesting a role in the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Marino
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tucci
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Riso
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, 20133 Milan, Italy
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