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Savabieasfahani M, Basher Ahamadani F, Mahdavi Damghani A. Living near an active U.S. military base in Iraq is associated with significantly higher hair thorium and increased likelihood of congenital anomalies in infants and children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113070. [PMID: 31757565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Iraq, war contamination is the result of dispensed bombs, bullets, detonation of chemical and conventional weapons, and burn-pit emissions by US bases. Increases in congenital anomalies were reported from Iraqi cities post-2003. These cities were heavily bombed and encircled by US bases with burn-pits. Thorium is a radioactive compound and a direct depleted-uranium decay-product. Radioactive materials, including depleted uranium, are routinely stored in US bases and they have been shown to leak into the environment. We conducted a case-control study to investigate associations of residential proximity to Tallil Air Base, a US military base near Nasiriyah, as well as levels of uranium and thorium in hair and deciduous teeth with congenital anomalies. The study was based on a sample of 19 cases and 10 controls who were recruited during late Summer and early Fall of 2016. We developed mixed effects logistic regression models with village as the random effect, congenital anomaly as the outcome and distance to the US base and hair metal levels (one at a time) as the predictor variable, controlling for child's age, sex and paternal education. We also explored the mediation of the association between proximity to the base and congenital anomalies by hair metal levels. We found an inverse association between distance to Tallil Air Base and risk of congenital anomalies and hair levels of thorium and uranium. The results of our mediation analyses were less conclusive. Larger studies are necessary to understand the scope of war contamination and its impact on congenital anomalies in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Basher Ahamadani
- Bint Al-Huda Maternal and Child Teaching Hospital, Dhi Qar Governorate, Nasiriyah, Iraq.
| | - A Mahdavi Damghani
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 19835-196, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
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Robles AI, Yang P, Jen J, McClary AC, Calhoun K, Bowman ED, Vähäkangas K, Greathouse KL, Wang Y, Olivo-Marston S, Wenzlaff AS, Deng B, Schwartz AG, Ryan BM. A DRD1 polymorphism predisposes to lung cancer among those exposed to secondhand smoke during childhood. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:1210-8. [PMID: 25281486 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer has a familial component which suggests a genetic contribution to its etiology. Given the strong evidence linking smoking with lung cancer, we studied miRNA-related loci in genes associated with smoking behavior. CHRNA, CHRNB gene families, CYP2A6, and DRD1 (dopamine receptor D1) were mined for SNPs that fell within the seed region of miRNA binding sites and then tested for associations with risk in a three-stage validation approach. A 3'UTR (untranslated region) SNP in DRD1 was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer among individuals exposed to secondhand smoke during childhood [OR, 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60-0.79; P < 0.0001]. This relationship was evident in both ever (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88; P = 0.001) and never smokers (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47-0.79; P < 0.0001), European American (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53-0.80; P < 0.0001), and African American (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88; P = 0.001) populations. Although much remains undefined about the long-term risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke and heterogeneity between individuals in regard to their susceptibility to the effects of secondhand smoke, our data show an interaction between an SNP in the 3'UTR of DRD1 and exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood. Further work is needed to explore the mechanistic underpinnings of this SNP and the nature of the interaction between DRD1 and exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Robles
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ping Yang
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jin Jen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew C McClary
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Pathology, Stanford University Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California
| | - Kara Calhoun
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise D Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Leigh Greathouse
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yi Wang
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. Division of Epidemiology, Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Susan Olivo-Marston
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Angela S Wenzlaff
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bo Deng
- Division of Epidemiology, Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Kang D, Myung MS, Kim YK, Kim JE. Systematic Review of the Effects of Asbestos Exposure on the Risk of Cancer between Children and Adults. Ann Occup Environ Med 2013; 25:10. [PMID: 24472319 PMCID: PMC3923347 DOI: 10.1186/2052-4374-25-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are considerably more susceptible to enviro006Emental hazards than adults. This study was conducted to investigate whether the first asbestos exposure in childhood increases the risk of asbestos-related cancer including mesothelioma and lung cancer. MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and Google Scholar were searched to find relevant studies published up to July 2012. Six studies reported the relationship between age, including age during childhood, at the first asbestos exposure and mesothelioma. Among them, 4 indicated that people exposed to asbestos in childhood have a higher risk of mesothelioma than those exposed in adulthood. Meanwhile, the other 2 studies showed that asbestos exposure later in life increases the risk of mesothelioma. The results of the 2 studies including non-occupational early childhood exposure report conflicting results. There were 3 studies regarding the relationship between age at first asbestos exposure and lung cancer. However, none of them reported an association between age at first asbestos exposure and the risk of lung cancer. All studies have limitations including small numbers of subjects, the validity of the standardized mortality ratio, and different age categories at first asbestos exposure. There are only a few studies on the harmful effects of asbestos in children in the literature. Therefore, the effect of asbestos exposure during childhood remains unclear and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmug Kang
- Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Min-Seung Myung
- Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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Iwata KI, Yamada Y, Nakata A, Oghiso Y, Tani S, Doi K, Morioka T, Blyth BJ, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y. Co-operative effects of thoracic X-ray irradiation and N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl) amine administration on lung tumorigenesis in neonatal, juvenile and adult Wistar rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 267:266-75. [PMID: 23337358 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of risks associated with childhood exposure to ionizing radiation when combined with chemical carcinogens is of great importance. We studied the age-dependence of the effect of combined exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and a chemical carcinogen on lung carcinogenesis. Female 1-, 5-, and 22-week-old Wistar rats were locally irradiated on the thorax with X-rays (3.18 Gy) and/or were injected intraperitoneally with N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) (1g/kg body weight) 1 week after X-ray exposure or at 23 weeks of age. Rats were terminated at 90 weeks of age. We found that: (i) the incidence of lung tumors (adenoma and adenocarcinoma) increased slightly as a function of age at X-ray exposure, although this was not statistically significant, while the incidence induced by BHP decreased with increasing age at administration; (ii) combined exposure to X-rays at 5 or 22 weeks with BHP 1 week later enhanced the tumor incidence, and the effect at early-life stage (5 weeks irradiation) was more effective than that at late-life stage (22 weeks irradiation); (iii) combined exposure preferentially enhanced malignant transformation; (iv) although a longer interval between the X-ray and BHP treatments reduced the combined effect, risks of early-life irradiation at 1 or 5 weeks of age lasted into adulthood; (v) adenomas and adenocarcinomas induced by X-ray and/or BHP originated from surfactant apoprotein A-positive alveolar type II cells; and (vi), extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway activation was observed in half the adenocarcinomas, regardless of the exposure schedule. In conclusion, combined exposure may enhance lung tumorigenesis more synergistically at early-life stage (5 weeks of age) than later-life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Iwata
- Radiobiology for Children's Health Program, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Merlo DF, Ceppi M, Stagi E, Bocchini V, Sram RJ, Rössner P. Baseline chromosome aberrations in children. Toxicol Lett 2007; 172:60-7. [PMID: 17604577 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Field studies conducted in children exposed to ionizing radiation and industrial chemicals have consistently reported increased frequencies of chromosome aberrations in those environmentally exposed than in referent subjects. Exposure(s) occurring during childhood--as well as in utero--may continue for several years, become chronic, and eventually play a relevant role in the etiology of childhood as well as adulthood cancers. Indeed the statistical association between CA frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer risk detected in occupationally exposed adults supports the hypothesis that CA is a predictor of cancer. These facts suggest the usefulness of including CA as biomarkers of genetic damage in epidemiologic studies of children exposed to environmental pollutants. As reported for other cytogenetic biomarkers, CA frequency may vary with gender and age in children as well as in adults. Estimates of the baseline frequency of CA in a pediatric population is a prerequisite in planning epidemiologic investigations of children exposed to low level of environmental genotoxic agents. The CA baseline levels were estimated from 16 published epidemiologic studies and from a large sample of Czech children aged 7-16 years (n=1214) and 206 newborns, all serving as referents (not exposed individuals). For the whole referent population (age range 0-19 years) the mean CA frequency estimated from the published findings was 1.24% (95%CI=1.05-1.47). Similar baseline levels were found for chromosome breaks frequency in boys and girls: 1.22% (95%CI=1.12-1.32) and 1.21% (95%CI=1.10-1.31), respectively. Among newborns CA baseline frequency was 1.14% (95%CI=0.96-1.32). Based on the reviewed studies and the reanalysed data, CA baseline levels were similar in boys and girls and failed to show any increase with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Franco Merlo
- National Cancer Research Institute, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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