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Lu J, Yan S, Xue Z. Biosynthesis and functions of triterpenoids in cereals. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00211-X. [PMID: 38788922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids are versatile secondary metabolites with a diverse array of physiological activities, possessing valuable pharmacological effects and influencing the growth and development of plants. As more triterpenoids in cereals are unearthed and characterized, their biological roles in plant growth and development are gaining recognition. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides an overview of the structures, biosynthetic pathways, and diverse biological functions of triterpenoids identified in cereals. Our goal is to establish a basis for further exploration of triterpenoids with novel structures and functional activities in cereals, and to facilitate the potential application of triterpenoids in grain breeding, thus accelerating the development of superior grain varieties. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This review consolidates information on various triterpenoid skeletons and derivatives found in cereals, and summarizes the pivotal enzyme genes involved, including oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and other triterpenoid modifying enzymes like cytochrome P450, glycosyltransferase, and acyltransferase. Triterpenoid-modifying enzymes exhibit specificity towards catalytic sites within triterpenoid skeletons, generating a diverse array of functional triterpenoid derivatives. Furthermore, triterpenoids have been shown to significantly impact the nutritional value, yield, disease resistance, and stress response of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Quantitative Analysis of Oat ( Avena sativa L.) and Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Saponins in Plant-Based Food Products by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050991. [PMID: 36900507 PMCID: PMC10000715 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the sample extraction methods for solid and liquid sample matrices for simultaneous quantification of oat (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) saponins: avenacoside A, avenacoside B, 26-desglucoavenacoside A, and saponin B and 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) saponin, respectively. The targeted saponins were identified and quantified using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (HILIC-MS) method. The simple and high-throughput extraction procedure was developed for solid oat- and pea-based food samples. In addition, a very simple extraction procedure for liquid samples, without the need to use lyophilisation, was also implemented. Oat seed flour (U-13C-labelled) and soyasaponin Ba were used as internal standards for avenacoside A and saponin B, respectively. Other saponins were relatively quantified based on avenacoside A and saponin B standard responses. The developed method was tested and successfully validated using oat and pea flours, protein concentrates and isolates, as well as their mixtures, and plant-based drinks. With this method, the saponins from oat- and pea-based products were separated and quantified simultaneously within 6 min. The use of respective internal standards derived from U-13C-labelled oat and soyasaponin Ba ensured high accuracy and precision of the proposed method.
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Li X, Zhou L, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Sun B. The Potential Functions and Mechanisms of Oat on Cancer Prevention: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14588-14599. [PMID: 36376030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oat is classified as a whole grain and contains high contents of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins). In recent years, studies have focused on the effects of oat consumption on reducing the risk of a variety of diseases. Reports have indicated that an oat diet exerts certain biological functions, such as preventing cardiovascular diseases, reducing blood glucose, and promoting intestinal health, along with antiallergy, antioxidation, and cancer preventive effects. At present, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The natural products of oat are an important breakthrough for developing new strategies of cancer prevention, and their ability to interact with multiple cellular targets helps to combat the complexity of cancer pathogenesis. In addition, the comprehensive study of the cancer prevention activity and potential mechanism of oat nutrients and phytochemicals has become a research hotspot. In this Review, we focused on the potential functions of peptides, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals in oats on cancer prevention and further revealed novel mechanisms and prospects for clinical application. These findings might provide a novel approach to deeply understand the functions and mechanisms for cancer prevention of oat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Linyue Zhou
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Yokosuka A, Ishihara K, Yamada T, Iguchi T, Mimaki Y. Steroidal Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Avena sativa L. and Their Cytotoxic Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14568-14579. [PMID: 34845902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twelve steroidal glycosides (1-12) were isolated from the aerial parts of Avena sativa L. (Poaceae). Among the isolated compounds, 1 was directly isolated from the plant for the first time, and 2-6 were new steroidal glycosides. The structures of 1-6 were determined by analysis of their spectroscopic data, chemical transformations, and chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses of the hydrolyzed products. Compounds 5 and 6 were novel steroidal glycosides with a B-ring contracted skeleton (B-nor steroid). Compounds 1, 9, 11, and 12 were cytotoxic to HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic carcinoma cells, and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.79 to 13.5 μM. HL-60 cells treated with 1 exhibited apoptotic characteristics, namely, condensed nuclear chromatin, accumulation of sub-G1 cells, and activation of caspase-3. Additionally, the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm in 1-treated HL-60 cells suggested that 1 induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Yokosuka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Keita Ishihara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomoki Iguchi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mimaki
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Günther-Jordanland K, Dawid C, Hofmann T. Quantitation and Taste Contribution of Sensory Active Molecules in Oat ( Avena sativa L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10097-10108. [PMID: 32786831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A total of 59 taste-active molecules were quantitated and then rated for their individual taste impact on the basis of dose-over-threshold factors in oat flour (Avena sativa L.). A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantitate bitter-tasting steroidal and furostanol saponins as well as avenanthramides. Four monoglycerides, five free fatty acids and four saponins were confirmed for the first time to be major contributors to the bitter off-taste of oats, among them 1-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol, 1-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, 1-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, 1-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid as well as avenacosides A and B and the recently identified furostanosides 3-(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranosid)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3β,22,26-triol and 3-(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranosid)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3β,22,26-triol. By means of a stable isotope dilution assay, quantitated avenanthramides 2c, 2p, 2f, 1p, 1c, 1f, and 3f were found in concentrations below their thresholds and, therefore, did not contribute to the bitter sensation of the tested oat flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Günther-Jordanland
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Woo SY, Lee KS, Shin HL, Kim SH, Lee MJ, Young Kim H, Ham H, Lee DJ, Choi SW, Seo WD. Two new secondary metabolites isolated from Avena sativa L. (Oat) seedlings and their effects on osteoblast differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127250. [PMID: 32527550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seedlings of natural crops are valuable sources of pharmacologically active phytochemicals. In this study, we aimed to identify new active secondary metabolites in Avena sativa L. (oat) seedlings. Two new compounds, avenafuranol (1) and diosgenoside (2), along with eight known compounds (3-10) were isolated from the A. sativa L. seedlings. Their chemical structures were elucidated via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution ESIMS, IR spectroscopy, optical rotation analysis, and comparisons with the reported literature. The effect of each isolated compound on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity for osteoblast differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was investigated using the C2C12 immortal mouse myoblast cell line. Compounds 1, 4, 6, 8, and 9 induced dose-dependent increases in ALP expression relative to ALP expression in cells treated with only BMP-2, and no cytotoxicity was observed. These results suggest that A. sativa L. seedlings are a natural source of compounds that may be useful for preventing bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeun Woo
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Shin
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ja Lee
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonmi Ham
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Lee
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Surface activity and foaming properties of saponin-rich plants extracts. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 279:102145. [PMID: 32229329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic glycosidic secondary metabolites produced by numerous plants. So far only few of them have been thoroughly analyzed and even less have found industrial applications as biosurfactants. In this contribution we screen 45 plants from different families, reported to be rich in saponins, for their surface activity and foaming properties. For this purpose, the room-temperature aqueous extracts (macerates) from the alleged saponin-rich plant organs were prepared and spray-dried under the same conditions, in presence of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate as preservatives and drying aids. For 15 selected plants, the extraction was also performed using hot water (decoction for 15 min) but high temperature in most cases deteriorated surface activity of the extracts. To our knowledge, for most of the extracts this is the first quantitative report on their surface activity. Among the tested plants, only 3 showed the ability to reduce surface tension of their solutions by more than 20 mN/m at 1% dry extract mass content. The adsorption layers forming spontaneously on the surface of these extracts showed a broad range of surface dilational rheology responses - from null to very high, with surface dilational elasticity modulus, E' in excess of 100 mN/m for 5 plants. In all cases the surface dilational response was dominated by the elastic contribution, typical for saponins and other biosurfactants. Almost all extracts showed the ability to froth, but only 32 could sustain the foam for more than 1 min (for 11 extracts the foams were stable during at least 10 min). In general, the ability to lower surface tension and to produce adsorbed layers with high surface elasticity did not correlate well with the ability to form and sustain the foam. Based on the overall characteristics, Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort), Avena sativa L. (oat), Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse chestnut), Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert (cowherb) and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) are proposed as the best potential sources of saponins for surfactant applications in natural cosmetic and household products.
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Scognamiglio M, Graziani V, Tsafantakis N, Esposito A, Fiorentino A, D'Abrosca B. NMR-based metabolomics and bioassays to study phytotoxic extracts and putative phytotoxins from Mediterranean plant species. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:512-523. [PMID: 31222865 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mediterranean plants are characterised by a high content of bioactive secondary metabolites that play important roles in plant-plant interactions as plant growth regulators and could be useful for the development of new eco-friendly herbicides. OBJECTIVE An NMR-based metabolomics approach was reported to seek selective phytotoxic plant extracts and putative plant-derived active molecules. METHODS Plant extracts derived from five Mediterranean donor species (Pistacia lentiscus, Bellis sylvestris, Phleum subulatum, Petrohrhagia saxifraga and Melilotus neapolitana) were used to treat the hydroponic cultures of three receiving plants (Triticum durum, Triticum ovatum and Avena fatua). Morphological analyses of the treated receiving plants were carried out. NMR-based metabolomics was applied both to characterise the donor plant extracts and to study the effects of the treatments on the receiving plants. RESULTS This study allowed the identification of Melilotus neapolitana and Bellis sylvestris as phytotoxic plant and good candidates for further studies. Specifically, the NMR-based metabolomics investigation showed that these species affect a specific set of metabolites (such as sugars, amino and organic acids) and therefore metabolic pathways [i.e. tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, amino acid metabolism, etc.] that are crucial for the plant growth and development. Moreover, it was possible to identify the metabolite(s) probably responsible for the phytotoxicity of the active extracts. CONCLUSION The NMR-based metabolomics approach employed in this study led to the identification of two phytotoxic plant extracts and their putative active principles. These new insights will be of paramount importance in the future to find plant derived molecules endowed with phytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Scognamiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche -DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Vittoria Graziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche -DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche -DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Assunta Esposito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche -DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche -DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia Marina, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Brigida D'Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche -DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia Marina, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
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New furospirostane steroidal saponins from the flowers of Lilium Asiatic hybrids. Carbohydr Res 2019; 481:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Upadhyay S, Jeena GS, Shukla RK. Recent advances in steroidal saponins biosynthesis and in vitro production. PLANTA 2018; 248:519-544. [PMID: 29748819 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal saponins exhibited numerous pharmacological activities due to the modification of their backbone by different cytochrome P450s (P450) and UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Plant-derived steroidal saponins are not sufficient for utilizing them for commercial purpose so in vitro production of saponin by tissue culture, root culture, embryo culture, etc, is necessary for its large-scale production. Saponin glycosides are the important class of plant secondary metabolites, which consists of either steroidal or terpenoidal backbone. Due to the existence of a wide range of medicinal properties, saponin glycosides are pharmacologically very important. This review is focused on important medicinal properties of steroidal saponin, its occurrence, and biosynthesis. In addition to this, some recently identified plants containing steroidal saponins in different parts were summarized. The high throughput transcriptome sequencing approach elaborates our understanding related to the secondary metabolic pathway and its regulation even in the absence of adequate genomic information of non-model plants. The aim of this review is to encapsulate the information related to applications of steroidal saponin and its biosynthetic enzymes specially P450s and UGTs that are involved at later stage modifications of saponin backbone. Lastly, we discussed the in vitro production of steroidal saponin as the plant-based production of saponin is time-consuming and yield a limited amount of saponins. A large amount of plant material has been used to increase the production of steroidal saponin by employing in vitro culture technique, which has received a lot of attention in past two decades and provides a way to conserve medicinal plants as well as to escape them for being endangered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Upadhyay
- Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP (a laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP (a laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division (CSIR-CIMAP), Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP (a laboratory under Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India), Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Ralla T, Salminen H, Edelmann M, Dawid C, Hofmann T, Weiss J. Oat bran extract (Avena sativa L.) from food by-product streams as new natural emulsifier. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wang P, Yang J, Yerke A, Sang S. Avenacosides: Metabolism, and potential use as exposure biomarkers of oat intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28493602 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Exposure biomarkers used for objective estimation of whole-grain (WG) intake are essential for epidemiologic studies of WG consumption, however, up to now, no exposure biomarkers were developed for WG oat intake. This study investigates the potential of oat unique components, Avenacoside-B (AVE-B) and -A (AVE-A), as exposure biomarkers of oat intake. METHODS AND RESULTS An in vivo study performed in mice and an in vitro batch fecal fermentation study were used to investigate the potential metabolic routes of AVE-B and -A. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited in the human urinary pharmacokinetic study, each participant received a single dose of oat bran as breakfast, 48 h urine samples were collected at baseline and after treatment period, and AVE-B and -A were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Deglycosylation metabolic route was identified as the major metabolic path for AVE-B and -A. Urinary AVE-B and -A concentrations increased rapidly after oat ingestion, reached their maximum excretion rates (ERmax ) fairly simultaneously within 5 h, then decreased gradually. And the mean eliminate half-lives (T1/2 ) for AVE-B and -A were determined as 6.22 and 4.55 h, respectively. CONCLUSION Oat AVE-B and -A have great potential to be used as specific exposure biomarkers to reflect oat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Junli Yang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Yerke
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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Sang S, Chu Y. Whole grain oats, more than just a fiber: Role of unique phytochemicals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28067025 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oats are a good source of soluble dietary fiber, especially β-glucan, which has outstanding functional and nutritional properties. β-Glucan is considered to be the major active component of oats because of its cholesterol-lowering and antidiabetic effects. However, the nutritional benefits of oats appear to go beyond fiber to bioactive phytochemicals with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the chemistry, stability, bioavailability, and health effects of two unique phytochemicals in oats, avenanthramides, and avenacosides A and B. We conclude that studies on the beneficial effects of avenanthramides and avenacosides A and B are still in their infancy, and additional health benefits of these unique oat components may yet be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, Barrington, IL, USA
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14
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Günther-Jordanland K, Dawid C, Dietz M, Hofmann T. Key Phytochemicals Contributing to the Bitter Off-Taste of Oat (Avena sativa L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9639-9652. [PMID: 27983806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory-directed fractionation of extracts prepared from oat flour (Avena sativa L.) followed by LC-TOF-MS, LC-MS/MS, and 1D/2D-NMR experiments revealed avenanthramides and saponins as the key phytochemicals contributing to the typical astringent and bitter off-taste of oat. Besides avenacosides A and B, two previously unreported bitter-tasting bidesmosidic saponins were identified, namely, 3-(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranosid)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3β,22,26-triol, and 3-(O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranosid)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3β,22,26-triol. Depending on the chemical structure of the saponins and avenanthramides, sensory studies revealed human orosensory recognition thresholds of these phytochemicals to range between 3 and 170 μmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Günther-Jordanland
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry , Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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15
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Yang J, Wang P, Wu W, Zhao Y, Idehen E, Sang S. Steroidal Saponins in Oat Bran. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1549-1556. [PMID: 26852819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are one type of widespread defense compound in the plant kingdom and have been exploited for the production of lead compounds with diverse pharmacological properties in drug discovery. Oats contain two unique steroidal saponins, avenacoside A, 1, and avenacoside B, 2. However, the chemical composition, the levels of these saponins in commercial oat products, and their health effects are still largely unknown. In this study, we directly purified 5 steroidal saponins (1-5) from a methanol extract of oat bran, characterized their structures by analyzing their MS and NMR spectra, and also tentatively identified 11 steroidal saponins (6-16) on the basis of their tandem mass spectra (MS(n), n = 2-3). Among the five purified saponins, 5 is a new compound and 4 is purified from oats for the first time. Using HPLC-MS techniques, a complete profile of oat steroidal saponins was determined, and the contents of the two primary steroidal saponins, 1 and 2, were quantitated in 15 different commercial oat products. The total levels of these two saponins vary from 49.6 to 443.0 mg/kg, and oat bran or oatmeal has higher levels of these two saponins than cold oat cereal. Furthermore, our results on the inhibitory effects of 1 and 2 against the growth of human colon cancer cells HCT-116 and HT-29 showed that both had weak activity, with 2 being more active than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Yang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Pei Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Emmanuel Idehen
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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16
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Rapid analysis of avenacosides in grain and husks of oats by UPLC-TQ-MS. Food Chem 2013; 141:2300-4. [PMID: 23870961 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Avenacosides A (AA) and B (AB) as well as 26-desglucoavenacoside A (26dAA) were quantified in oats using rapid and sensitive method utilising UPLC-TQ-MS. In the grain, AA and AB were revealed as the primary saponins, whereas in the husks, dAA was predominant. Inconsistent with the published data, observed concentrations of AA and AB in the grain were very similar. Presumably, this is due to higher sensitivity and better selectivity of the mass spectrometry-based quantification method, thus allowing for more precise measurements. Elevated level of an active fungicidal form of saponin, dAA in the husks possibly indicates they are more prone to fungal attacks.
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