1
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Gu B, Le GH, Herrera S, Blair SJ, Meissner TB, Strominger JL. HLA-C expression in extravillous trophoblasts is determined by an ELF3-NLRP2/NLRP7 regulatory axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404229121. [PMID: 39052836 PMCID: PMC11295039 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404229121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression pattern of human extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) endows them with unique tolerogenic properties that enable successful pregnancy. Nevertheless, how this process is elaborately regulated remains elusive. Previously, E74 like ETS transcription factor 3 (ELF3) was identified to govern high-level HLA-C expression in EVT. In the present study, ELF3 is found to bind to the enhancer region of two adjacent NOD-like receptor (NLR) genes, NLR family pyrin domain-containing 2 and 7 (NLRP2, NLRP7). Notably, our analysis of ELF3-deficient JEG-3 cells, a human choriocarcinoma cell line widely used to study EVT biology, suggests that ELF3 transactivates NLRP7 while suppressing the expression of NLRP2. Moreover, we find that NLRP2 and NLRP7 have opposing effects on HLA-C expression, thus implicating them in immune evasion at the maternal-fetal interface. We confirmed that NLRP2 suppresses HLA-C levels and described a unique role for NLRP7 in promoting HLA-C expression in JEG-3. These results suggest that these two NLR genes, which arose via gene duplication in primates, are fine-tuned by ELF3 yet have acquired divergent functions to enable proper expression levels of HLA-C in EVT, presumably through modulating the degradation kinetics of IkBα. Targeting the ELF3-NLRP2/NLRP7-HLA-C axis may hold therapeutic potential for managing pregnancy-related disorders, such as recurrent hydatidiform moles and fetal growth restriction, and thus improve placental development and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Gu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Gia-Han Le
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Sebastian Herrera
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Steven J. Blair
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Torsten B. Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jack L. Strominger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
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2
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Zhang Y, Song Y, Zhang W, Xiao T, Peng H. Effect of NLR family pyrin domain containing 9 gene polymorphism on litter size in large white pigs. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4547-4552. [PMID: 36651576 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2166840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain containing 9 (NLRP9) is a mammalian reproduction-related gene. In this study, we researched the associations between polymorphisms located in the coding sequence (CDS) of the NLRP9 gene, and both the total number of piglets born per litter (TNB) and the number of piglets born alive per litter (NBA) in Canada Large White pigs (CLW). We detected a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within exon 3 (g.10910C > T). The allele frequencies at the NLRP9 locus were 0.474 for the C allele and 0.526 for the T allele. Three genotypes, CC, CT, and TT, occurred with frequencies of 0.216, 0.515, and 0.269, respectively. Sows with the CC genotype had the largest TNB and NBA, sows with TT had the smallest, and those with CT were in-between. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CC females grew faster than CT or TT females, and there was a significant relationship between NLRP9 polymorphism and the average daily gain (p < 0.05). Here, we provide the first evidence for a novel SNP in NLRP9 associated with litter size in CLW sows, which could be used as a genetic marker to improve litter size in pig breeding and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongqi Song
- Ruzhou Vocational and Technical College, Ruzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tianfang Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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3
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Huang X, Sun Q, Chen D, Yang W, Zhang J, Liu R, Zhang P, Huang L, Zhang M, Fu Q. Nlrp5 and Tle6 expression patterns in buffalo oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:481-488. [PMID: 35044003 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal-effect genes (MEGs) accumulate in oocytes during oogenesis and mediate the preimplantation embryo developmental program until activation of the zygote genome. Nlrp5 and Tle6 are required for normal preimplantation and embryonic development. However, the precise function of these MEGs in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to characterize Nlrp5 and Tle6 sequences, and analyze their mRNA and protein expression patterns in somatic tissues, oocytes, and preimplantation embryos of buffalo. The coding sequences of each gene were successfully cloned and characterized. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR results revealed an absence of Nlrp5 or Tle6 transcripts in somatic tissues, with the exception of ovary. Expression levels of Nlrp5 and Tle6 in oocytes increased from the germinal vesicle stage to metaphase II stage, and then gradually decreased during morula and blastocyst stages. Protein expression patterns were confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. This study lays a foundation for further validation of the function of MEGs in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Qinqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Dongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Weihan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Junjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Runfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Liangfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-Bioresource Conservation and Utilization, Nanning, Guangxi Province, P. R. China, 530004
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4
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Xue Y, Cheng X, Xiong Y, Li K. Gene mutations associated with fertilization failure after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1086883. [PMID: 36589837 PMCID: PMC9800785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1086883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization failure during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is often unpredictable, as this failure is encountered only after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have been performed. The etiology of fertilization failure remains elusive. More and more mutations of genes are found to be involved in human fertilization failure in infertile patients as high throughput sequencing techniques are becoming widely applied. In this review, the mutations of nine important genes expressed in sperm or oocytes, PLCZ1, ACTL7A, ACTL9, DNAH17, WEE2, TUBB8, NLRP5, ZP2, and TLE6, were summarized and discussed. These abnormalities mainly have shown Mendelian patterns of inheritance, including dominant and recessive inheritance, although de novo mutations were present in some cases. The review revealed the crucial roles of each reported gene in the fertilization process and summarized all known mutations and their corresponding phenotypes. The review suggested the mutations might become promising targets for precision treatments in reproductive medicine. Moreover, our work will provide some helpful clues for genetic counseling, risk prediction, and optimizing clinical treatments for human infertility by supplying the useful and timely information on the genetic causes leading to fertilization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Xue
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Institute for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Xiong
- Institute for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Li,
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5
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Wang S, Gong Y, Wang Z, Greenbaum J, Xiao HM, Deng HW. Cell-specific network analysis of human folliculogenesis reveals network rewiring in antral stage oocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2851-2860. [PMID: 33599396 PMCID: PMC7957178 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have explored the gene expression profiles of human oocytes and granulosa cells by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), the dynamic regulatory network at a single-cell resolution during folliculogenesis remains largely unknown. We identified 10 functional modules by WGCNA, four of which were significantly correlated with primary/antral oocyte and antral/pre-ovulatory granulosa cells. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the brown module, which was correlated with antral oocyte, was enriched in oocyte differentiation, and two core subnetworks identified by MCODE were involved in cell cycle (blue subnetwork) and oogenesis (red subnetwork). The cell-specific network (CSN) analysis demonstrated a distinct gene network structure associated with the antral follicular stage, which was notably different from other developmental stages. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore gene functions during folliculogenesis at single-cell network level. We uncovered two potential gene subnetworks, which may play an important role in oocyte function beginning at the antral stage, and further established their rewiring process at intra-network/whole transcriptome level. The findings provide crucial insights from a novel network perspective to be further explored in functional mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengran Wang
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Gong
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zun Wang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jonathan Greenbaum
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hong-Mei Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive & Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center of Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for System Biology, Data Sciences and Reproductive Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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6
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Amoushahi M, Sunde L, Lykke-Hartmann K. The pivotal roles of the NOD-like receptors with a PYD domain, NLRPs, in oocytes and early embryo development†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:284-296. [PMID: 31201414 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors with a pyrin domain (PYD), NLRPs, are pattern recognition receptors, well recognized for their important roles in innate immunity and apoptosis. However, several NLRPs have received attention for their new, specialized roles as maternally contributed genes important in reproduction and embryo development. Several NLRPs have been shown to be specifically expressed in oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Interestingly, and in line with divergent functions, NLRP genes reveal a complex evolutionary divergence. The most pronounced difference is the human-specific NLRP7 gene, not identified in rodents. However, mouse models have been extensively used to study maternally contributed NLRPs. The NLRP2 and NLRP5 proteins are components of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), which was recently identified as essential for mouse preimplantation development. The SCMC integrates multiple proteins, including KHDC3L, NLRP5, TLE6, OOEP, NLRP2, and PADI6. The NLRP5 (also known as MATER) has been extensively studied. In humans, inactivating variants in specific NLRP genes in the mother are associated with distinct phenotypes in the offspring, such as biparental hydatidiform moles (BiHMs) and preterm birth. Maternal-effect recessive mutations in KHDC3L and NLRP5 (and NLRP7) are associated with reduced reproductive outcomes, BiHM, and broad multilocus imprinting perturbations. The precise mechanisms of NLRPs are unknown, but research strongly indicates their pivotal roles in the establishment of genomic imprints and post-zygotic methylation maintenance, among other processes. Challenges for the future include translations of findings from the mouse model into human contexts and implementation in therapies and clinical fertility management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Li G, Tian X, Lv D, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yang M, Tao J, Ma T, Wu H, Ji P, Wu Y, Lian Z, Cui W, Liu G. NLRP7 is expressed in the ovine ovary and associated with in vitro pre-implantation embryo development. Reproduction 2020; 158:415-427. [PMID: 31505467 PMCID: PMC6826174 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NLRP (NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing proteins) family plays pivotal roles in mammalian reproduction. Mutation of NLRP7 is often associated with human recurrent hydatidiform moles. Few studies regarding the functions of NLRP7 have been performed in other mammalian species rather than humans. In the current study, for the first time, the function of NLRP7 has been explored in ovine ovary. NLRP7 protein was mainly located in ovarian follicles and in in vitro pre-implantation embryos. To identify its origin, 763 bp partial CDS of NLRP7 deriving from sheep cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) was cloned, it showed a great homology with Homo sapiens. The high levels of mRNA and protein of NLRP7 were steadily expressed in oocytes, parthenogenetic embryos or IVF embryos. NLRP7 knockdown by the combination of siRNA and shRNA jeopardized both the parthenogenetic and IVF embryo development. These results strongly suggest that NLRP7 plays an important role in ovine reproduction. The potential mechanisms of NLRP7 will be fully investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Tian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyun Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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8
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Subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) expression during folliculogenesis is affected by oocyte donor age in sheep. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:2259-2271. [PMID: 32613414 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The age-associated decline in female fertility is largely ascribable to the decrease in oocyte quality. The subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) is a multiprotein complex essential for early embryogenesis and female fertility and functionally conserved across mammals. The present work evaluated expression dynamics of its components during folliculogenesis in relation to maternal age in sheep. METHODS The expression of the SCMC components (KHDC3/FILIA, NLRP2, NLRP5/MATER, OOEP/FLOPED, PADI6, TLE6 and ZBED3) was analyzed by real-time PCR in pools of growing oocytes (GO) of different diameters (70-90 μm (S), 90-110 μm (M), or 110-130 μm (L)) derived from non-hormonally treated adult (Ad; age < 4 years), prepubertal (Pr; age 40 days), or aged ewes (age > 6 years). RESULTS Specific expression patterns associated with donor age were observed during folliculogenesis for all genes, except ZBED3. In oocytes of adult donors, the synthesis of NLRP2, NLRP5, PADI6, and ZBED3 mRNAs was complete in S GO, while FILIA, TLE6, and OOEP were actively transcribed at this stage. Conversely, Pr GO showed active transcription of all mRNAs, except for ZBED3, during the entire window of oocyte growth. Notably, aged GO showed a completely inverse pattern, with a decrease of NLRP2, TLE6, FILIA, and PADI6 mRNA abundance during the latest stage of oocyte growth (L GO). Interestingly, MATER showed high expression variability, suggesting large inter-oocyte differences. CONCLUSION Our study describes the SCMC expression dynamics during sheep oogenesis and reports age-specific patterns that are likely involved in the age-related decline of oocyte quality.
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9
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Amoushahi M, Steffensen LL, Galieva A, Agger J, Heuck A, Siupka P, Ernst E, Nielsen MS, Sunde L, Lykke-Hartmann K. Maternally contributed Nlrp9b expressed in human and mouse ovarian follicles contributes to early murine preimplantation development. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1355-1365. [PMID: 32399794 PMCID: PMC7311623 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to investigate presence and role of the gene encoding the maternally contributed nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors with a pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 9 (NLRP9) in human and mouse ovaries, respectively, and in preimplantation mouse embryo development by knocking down Nlrp9b. METHODS Expression levels of NLRP9 mRNA in human follicles were extracted from RNA sequencing data from previous studies. In this study, we performed a qPCR analysis of Nlpr9b mRNA in mouse oocytes and found it present. Intracellular ovarian distribution of NLRP9B protein was accomplished using immunohistochemistry. The distribution of NLRP9B was explored using a reporter gene approach, fusing NLRP9B to green fluorescent protein and microinjection of in vitro-generated mRNA. Nlrp9b mRNA function was knocked down by microinjection of short interference (si) RNA targeting Nlrp9b, into mouse pronuclear zygotes. Knockdown of the Nlrp9b mRNA transcript was confirmed by qPCR. RESULT We found that the human NLRP9 gene and its corresponding protein are highly expressed in human primordial and primary follicles. The NLRP9B protein is localized to the cytoplasm in the blastomeres of a 2-cell embryo in mice. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nlrp9b caused rapid elimination of endogenous Nlrp9b mRNA and premature embryo arrest at the 2- to 4-cell stages compared with that of the siRNA-scrambled control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mouse Nlrp9b, as a maternal effect gene, could contribute to mouse preimplantation embryo development. It remains to investigate whether NLRP9 have a crucial role in human preimplantation embryo and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adelya Galieva
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Agger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Heuck
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Piotr Siupka
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Ernst
- The Fertility Clinic, Horsens Hospital, Horsens, Denmark.,The Fertility Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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10
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Lim RR, Wieser ME, Ganga RR, Barathi VA, Lakshminarayanan R, Mohan RR, Hainsworth DP, Chaurasia SS. NOD-like Receptors in the Eye: Uncovering Its Role in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E899. [PMID: 32019187 PMCID: PMC7037099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). International Diabetic Federations (IDF) estimates up to 629 million people with DM by the year 2045 worldwide. Nearly 50% of DM patients will show evidence of diabetic-related eye problems. Therapeutic interventions for DR are limited and mostly involve surgical intervention at the late-stages of the disease. The lack of early-stage diagnostic tools and therapies, especially in DR, demands a better understanding of the biological processes involved in the etiology of disease progression. The recent surge in literature associated with NOD-like receptors (NLRs) has gained massive attraction due to their involvement in mediating the innate immune response and perpetuating inflammatory pathways, a central phenomenon found in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases including DR. The NLR family of receptors are expressed in different eye tissues during pathological conditions suggesting their potential roles in dry eye, ocular infection, retinal ischemia, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME) and DR. Our group is interested in studying the critical early components involved in the immune cell infiltration and inflammatory pathways involved in the progression of DR. Recently, we reported that NLRP3 inflammasome might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of DR. This comprehensive review summarizes the findings of NLRs expression in the ocular tissues with special emphasis on its presence in the retinal microglia and DR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayne R. Lim
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Ophthalmology, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
| | - Margaret E. Wieser
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Rama R. Ganga
- Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA;
| | | | | | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Ophthalmology, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA;
| | - Dean P. Hainsworth
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA;
| | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Ophthalmology, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
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11
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Abstract
In mammals, cytosolic detection of nucleic acids is critical in initiating innate antiviral responses against invading pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites). These programs are mediated by multiple cytosolic and endosomal sensors and adaptor molecules (c-GAS/STING axis and TLR9/MyD88 axis, respectively) and lead to the production of type I interferons (IFNs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. While the identity and role of multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been elucidated, such immune surveillance systems must be tightly regulated to limit collateral damage and prevent aberrant responses to self- and non-self-nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how cytosolic sensing of DNA is controlled during inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abe
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sagi D Shapira
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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12
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Paria A, Makesh M, Chaudhari A, Purushothaman CS, Rajendran KV. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer: Cloning, ontogeny and expression analysis following bacterial infection or ligand stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:153-162. [PMID: 29723664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1) is one of the most prominent intracellular Nod-like receptors (NLRs), responsible for detecting different microbial components and products arising from tissue injury. Here, we have identified and cloned NOD1 transcript in the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (AsNOD1), which consists of 3749 nucleotides and encodes for a predicted putative protein of 900 AA. The AsNOD1 possesses the typical structure of NLR family, consisting of N-terminal CARD domain, centrally located NACHT domain and C-terminal LRRs. The AsNOD1 showed ubiquitous tissue expression in 11 different tissues of healthy animals tested with high levels of expression in hindgut and gill. From the ontogenetic expression profile of AsNOD1, it is quite evident that this gene might follow a maternally-transferred trend in euryhaline teleosts, as it is highly abundant in embryonic developmental stages. The constitutive immunomodulation of AsNOD1 in terms of expression level was clearly evident in the different tissues of Asian seabass-injected either with Vibrio alginolyticus or poly I:C. However, injection with Staphylococcus aureus did not elicit similar immunomodulation except for the up-regulation noticed at few time-points in some tissues. SISK-cell line induced with different ligands such as poly I:C, LPS and PGN also showed up-regulation of AsNOD1 in certain time-points in vitro. Based on the results obtained in the present study, it can be inferred that the AsNOD1 might play an immunoregulatory role upon exposure to different bacterial as well as viral PAMPs and also might be an important component of innate immune element during embryonic and larval development in the euryhaline teleost Asian seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - M Makesh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Aparna Chaudhari
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - C S Purushothaman
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
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13
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Lovewell TRJ, McDonagh AJG, Messenger AG, Azzouz M, Tazi-Ahnini R. Meta-Analysis of Autoimmune Regulator-Regulated Genes in Human and Murine Models: A Novel Human Model Provides Insights on the Role of Autoimmune Regulator in Regulating STAT1 and STAT1-Regulated Genes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1380. [PMID: 30002654 PMCID: PMC6031710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) regulates promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted antigens in medullary epithelial cells (mTEC) of the thymus. To understand the diverse effects of AIRE, it is crucial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of AIRE-regulated gene expression. In this study, we generated a recombinant AIRE expression variant of the TEC 1A3 human cell line, TEC 1A3 AIREhi, to determine genes targeted by AIRE, and using microarray analysis, we identified 482 genes showing significant differential expression (P < 0.05; false discovery rate <5%), with 353 upregulated and 129 downregulated by AIRE expression. Microarray data were validated by quantitative PCR, confirming the differential expression of 12 known AIRE-regulated genes. Comparison of AIRE-dependent differential expression in our cell line model with murine datasets identified 447 conserved genes with a number of transcription regulatory interactions, forming several key nodes, including STAT1, which had over 30 interactions with other AIRE-regulated genes. As STAT1 mutations cause dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and decreased STAT1 levels in monocytes of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 1 (APS-1) patients, it was important to further characterize AIRE–STAT1 interactions. TEC 1A3AIREhi were treated with the STAT1 phosphorylation inhibitors fludarabine and LLL3 showed that phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1) was not responsible for any of the observed differential expression. Moreover, treatment of TEC 1A3 AIREhi with STAT1 shRNA did not induce any significant variation in the expression of unphosphorylated STAT1 (U-STAT1) downstream genes, suggesting that these genes were directly regulated by AIRE but not via U-STAT1. The novel model system we have developed provides potential opportunities for further analysis of the pathogenesis of (APS-1) and the wider roles of the AIRE gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R J Lovewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J G McDonagh
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Messenger
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- Department of Neuroscience, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachid Tazi-Ahnini
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Ellwanger K, Becker E, Kienes I, Sowa A, Postma Y, Cardona Gloria Y, Weber ANR, Kufer TA. The NLR family pyrin domain-containing 11 protein contributes to the regulation of inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2701-2710. [PMID: 29301940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Nod-like receptor (NLR) proteins contribute to the regulation and induction of innate and adaptive immunity in mammals, although the function of about half of the currently identified NLR proteins remains poorly characterized. Here we analyzed the function of the primate-specific NLRP11 gene product. We show that NLRP11 is highly expressed in immune cells, including myeloid cells, B cells, and some B cell lymphoma lines. Overexpression of NLRP11 in human cells did not trigger key innate immune signaling pathways, including NF-κB and type I interferon responses. NLRP11 harbors a pyrin domain, which is responsible for inflammasome formation in related NLR proteins. However, NLRP11 did not interact with the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC, and it did not trigger caspase-1 activation. By contrast, expression of NLRP11 specifically repressed NF-κB and type I interferon responses, two key innate immune pathways involved in inflammation. This effect was independent of the pyrin domain and ATPase activity of NLRP11. siRNA-mediated knockdown of NLRP11 in human myeloid THP1 cells validated these findings and revealed enhanced lipopolysaccharide and Sendai virus-induced cytokine and interferon responses, respectively, in cells with reduced NLRP11 expression. In summary, our work identifies a novel role of NLRP11 in the regulation of inflammatory responses in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Ellwanger
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emily Becker
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kienes
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Sowa
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yvonne Postma
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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15
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Wu C, Su Z, Lin M, Ou J, Zhao W, Cui J, Wang RF. NLRP11 attenuates Toll-like receptor signalling by targeting TRAF6 for degradation via the ubiquitin ligase RNF19A. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1977. [PMID: 29215004 PMCID: PMC5719394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TRAF6 has a central function in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, yet the molecular mechanisms controlling its activity and stability are unclear. Here we show that NLRP11, a primate specific gene, inhibits TLR signalling by targeting TRAF6 for degradation. NLRP11 recruits the ubiquitin ligase RNF19A to catalyze K48-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 at multiple sites, thereby leading to the degradation of TRAF6. Furthermore, deficiency in either NLRP11 or RNF19A abrogates K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of TRAF6, which promotes activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling and increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, our findings identify NLRP11 as a conserved negative regulator of TLR signalling in primate cells and reveal a mechanism by which the NLRP11-RNF19A axis targets TRAF6 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexiong Su
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Ou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Mahadevan S, Sathappan V, Utama B, Lorenzo I, Kaskar K, Van den Veyver IB. Maternally expressed NLRP2 links the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) to fertility, embryogenesis and epigenetic reprogramming. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44667. [PMID: 28317850 PMCID: PMC5357799 DOI: 10.1038/srep44667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian parental genomes contribute differently to early embryonic development. Before activation of the zygotic genome, the maternal genome provides all transcripts and proteins required for the transition from a highly specialized oocyte to a pluripotent embryo. Depletion of these maternally-encoded transcripts frequently results in failure of preimplantation embryonic development, but their functions in this process are incompletely understood. We found that female mice lacking NLRP2 are subfertile because of early embryonic loss and the production of fewer offspring that have a wide array of developmental phenotypes and abnormal DNA methylation at imprinted loci. By demonstrating that NLRP2 is a member of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), an essential cytoplasmic complex in oocytes and preimplantation embryos with poorly understood function, we identified imprinted postzygotic DNA methylation maintenance, likely by directing subcellular localization of proteins involved in this process, such as DNMT1, as a new crucial role of the SCMC for mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Mahadevan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,Century Scholars Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA.,Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Varsha Sathappan
- Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Budi Utama
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Isabel Lorenzo
- Jan and Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Khalied Kaskar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Ignatia B Van den Veyver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.,Century Scholars Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA.,Jan and Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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17
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Paria A, Deepika A, Sreedharan K, Makesh M, Chaudhari A, Purushothaman CS, Thirunavukkarasu AR, Rajendran KV. Identification of Nod like receptor C3 (NLRC3) in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer: Characterisation, ontogeny and expression analysis after experimental infection and ligand stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:602-612. [PMID: 27346158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a large group of cytoplasmic PRRs believed to play an important role in bacterial recognition in higher vertebrates. In this study, a novel Nod like receptor C3 (AsNLRC3) has been identified, cloned and characterised from Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. The full-length AsNLRC3 transcript composed of a 4142 bp nucleic acid sequence encode for a protein of 1134 deduced amino acids. Three signature domains identified are conserved NACHT-domain, C-terminal LLR domain and N-terminal CARD effector domain. From the domain architecture and phylogenetic analysis, it was quite evident that AsNLRC3 is different from the NLR subfamily C of other teleosts. AsNLRC3 expressed in all the 11 tissues tested but highly expressed in tissues facing external environment such as gill, hindgut and midgut. The ontogenic expression profile of this receptor showed constitutive expression throughout the embryonic and larval developmental stages, which could be an innate immune strategy against different marine pathogens for larval survival. Infection with Vibrio alginolyticus and poly I:C induction showed an alteration of expression pattern in different tissues but did not show significant alteration in expression with Staphylococcus aureus infection. In vitro study in Asian seabass kidney cell line (SISK) stimulated with different ligands such as LPS, PGN and poly I:C showed considerable up-regulation at some of the time-points tested. These results suggest that AsNLRC3 can be a pivotal cytosolic innate immune receptor for recognizing wide array of pathogens in a euryhaline teleost model like Asian seabass in diverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - A Deepika
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - K Sreedharan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - M Makesh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Aparna Chaudhari
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - C S Purushothaman
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - A R Thirunavukkarasu
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA), Chennai, 600 028, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Panch Marg, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India.
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18
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Oh JY, Ko JH, Ryu JS, Lee HJ, Kim MK, Wee WR. Transcription Profiling of NOD-like Receptors in the Human Cornea with Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 25:364-369. [PMID: 26902715 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2015.1130844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) in human corneas with disease and corneal cells. METHODS The expression of NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, and NLRP3 was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR in (1) corneas with active infection, history of herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), chronic allograft rejection, and limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), and (2) human corneal cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Healthy corneas and cells without LPS served as controls. RESULTS The mRNA levels of NOD2 and NLRP3 were increased in corneas with infection and HSK. Conversely, the levels of NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, and NLRP3 transcripts were decreased in corneas with LSCD. In corneas with rejection, the expression of NOD1 and NLRP1 was downregulated. Corneal endothelial cells upregulated the expression of NOD2 and NLRP3 upon LPS. CONCLUSIONS The changes in the NLR expression may reflect different susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious injuries in corneas with various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Youn Oh
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Seoul National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea.,b Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute , National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- b Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute , National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jin Suk Ryu
- b Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute , National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- b Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute , National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Seoul National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea.,b Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute , National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Seoul National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea.,b Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute , National University Hospital , Jongno-gu , Seoul , Korea
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19
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Ashkani J, Rees DJG. A Comprehensive Study of Molecular Evolution at the Self-Incompatibility Locus of Rosaceae. J Mol Evol 2015; 82:128-45. [PMID: 26714486 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The family Rosaceae includes a range of important fruit trees, most of which have the S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI). Several models have been developed to explain how pollen (SLF) and pistil (S-RNase) components of the S-locus interact. It was discovered in 2010 that additional SLF proteins are involved in pollen specificity, and a Collaborative Non-Self Recognition model has been proposed for SI in Solanaceae; however, the validity of such model remains to be elucidated for other species. The results of this study support the divergent evolution of the S-locus genes from two Rosaceae subfamilies, Prunoideae/Amygdaloideae and Maloideae, The difference identified in the selective pressures between the two lineages provides evidence for positive selection at specific sites in both the S-RNase and the SLF proteins. The evolutionary findings of this study support the role of multiple SLF proteins leading to a Collaborative Non-Self Recognition model for SI in the Maloideae. Furthermore, the identification of the sites responsible for SI specificity determination and the mapping of these sites onto the modelled tertiary structure of ancestor proteins provide useful information for rational functional redesign and protein engineering for the future engineering of new functional alleles providing increased diversity in the SI system in the Maloideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanshah Ashkani
- Biotechnology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa. .,Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - D J G Rees
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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20
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Peng H, Lin X, Liu F, Wang C, Zhang W. NLRP9B protein is dispensable for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:559-64. [PMID: 26411641 PMCID: PMC4685222 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nlrp9a, Nlrp9b and Nlrp9c are preferentially expressed in
oocytes and early embryos in the mouse. Simultaneous genetic ablation of Nlrp9a and
Nlrp9c does not affect early embryonic development, but the function of
Nlrp9b in the process of oocyte maturation and embryonic development has not been
elucidated. Here we show that both Nlrp9b mRNA and its protein are expressed in ovaries and
the small intestine. Moreover, the NLRP9B protein was restricted to oocytes in the ovary and declined with
oocyte aging. After ovulation and fertilization, NLRP9B protein was found in preimplantation embryos. Confocal
microscopy demonstrated that it was mainly localized in the cytoplasm in the oocytes and blastomeres. Thus,
this protein might play a role in oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. However, knockdown of
Nlrp9b expression in GV-stage oocytes using RNA interference did not affect oocyte
maturation or subsequent parthenogenetic development after Nlrp9b-deficient oocytes were
activated. Furthermore, Nlrp9b knockdown zygotes could reach the blastocyst stage after being
cultured for 3.5 days in vitro. These results provide the first evidence that the NLRP9B
protein is dispensable for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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21
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Laisk-Podar T, Kaart T, Peters M, Salumets A. Genetic variants associated with female reproductive ageing – potential markers for assessing ovarian function and ovarian stimulation outcome. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 31:199-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Zhu K, Yan L, Zhang X, Lu X, Wang T, Yan J, Liu X, Qiao J, Li L. Identification of a human subcortical maternal complex. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 21:320-9. [PMID: 25542835 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effect genes play essential roles in early embryonic development. However, the mechanisms by which maternal effect genes regulate mammalian early embryonic development remain largely unknown. Recently, we identified a subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) that is composed of at least four proteins encoded by Mater, Floped, Tle6 and Filia and is critical for mouse preimplantation development. The present study demonstrates that human SCMC homologous genes (NLRP5, OOEP, TLE6 and KHDC3L) are specifically expressed in the oocytes of human fetal ovaries. The proteins of this complex co-localize in the subcortex of human oocytes and early embryos. Furthermore, the SCMC proteins physically interact with each other when they are co-expressed in cell lines. These results indicate that human NLRP5, OOEP, TLE6 and KHDC3L function as a complex in the oocytes and early embryos of Homo sapiens. Considering the important roles of the SCMC in mouse early embryogenesis, the characterization of the human SCMC will provide a basis for investigating human early embryonic development and will have clinical implications in human female infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liying Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xukun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianren Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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MacDonald JA, Wijekoon CP, Liao KC, Muruve DA. Biochemical and structural aspects of the ATP-binding domain in inflammasome-forming human NLRP proteins. IUBMB Life 2014; 65:851-62. [PMID: 24078393 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) regulate innate immunity by activating inflammatory responses in a variety of biological systems following the recognition of pathogen- or disease-associated molecular patterns. NLRs are characterized by a central nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NACHT) domain found in P-loop NTPases. In this review, we detail the functional and structural properties of the NACHT domain of a subfamily of NLRs, the NLRPs (NLR containing a pyrin domain), based on previous studies, sequence analysis, homology modeling, and structure predictions. Several NLRPs have been found to regulate inflammatory responses through the assembly of oligomeric caspase 1-activating platforms known as inflammasomes, the 3-dimensional structure of the NLRP NACHT domain has still not been solved. Homology modeling suggests that sequence variability within the NACHT domains of different NLRP family members may alter the topology of the ATP-binding pocket. Based on this finding, we discuss the potential therapeutic prospects aligned with the NACHT domain and the development of selective inhibitors of inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A MacDonald
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Peng H, Zhang W, Xiao T, Zhang Y. Nlrp4g is an oocyte-specific gene but is not required for oocyte maturation in the mouse. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:758-68. [DOI: 10.1071/rd12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nlrp gene family contains 20 members and plays a pivotal role in the innate immune and reproductive systems in the mouse. The aim of the present study was to analyse the Nlrp4g gene expression pattern, protein distribution and function in mouse oocyte maturation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation were performed on Nlrp4g mRNA. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to assess expression at the protein level. Confocal and immunogold electron microscopy analyses and RNA interference approach were used to determine the location of the NLRP4G protein and inhibit Nlrp4g function specifically in mouse germinal vesicle oocytes, respectively. Nlrp4g transcripts and proteins (~85 kDa) are specifically expressed in mouse ovaries, restricted to the oocytes at various follicular stages and decline with oocyte aging. There is a marked decline in transcript levels in preimplantation embryos before zygotic genome activation, but the protein remains present through to the blastocyst stage. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that this protein is localised in the cytoplasm. Immunogold electron microscopy further confirmed that NLRP4G protein was present in the cytosol rather than in oocyte cytoplasmic organelles. Furthermore, knockdown of Nlrp4g in germinal vesicle oocytes did not affect oocyte maturation. These results provide the first evidence that Nlrp4g is an oocyte-specific gene but dispensable for oocyte maturation, suggesting that this gene may play roles in mouse oogenesis and/or preimplantation development.
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Mahadevan S, Wen S, Wan YW, Peng HH, Otta S, Liu Z, Iacovino M, Mahen EM, Kyba M, Sadikovic B, Van den Veyver IB. NLRP7 affects trophoblast lineage differentiation, binds to overexpressed YY1 and alters CpG methylation. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:706-16. [PMID: 24105472 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal-effect mutations in NLRP7 cause rare biparentally inherited hydatidiform moles (BiHMs), abnormal pregnancies containing hypertrophic vesicular trophoblast but no embryo. BiHM trophoblasts display abnormal DNA methylation patterns affecting maternally methylated germline differentially methylated regions (gDMRs), suggesting that NLRP7 plays an important role in reprogramming imprinted gDMRs. How NLRP7-a component of the CATERPILLAR family of proteins involved in innate immunity and apoptosis-causes these specific DNA methylation and trophoblast defects is unknown. Because rodents lack NLRP7, we used human embryonic stem cells to study its function and demonstrate that NLRP7 interacts with YY1, an important chromatin-binding factor. Reduced NLRP7 levels alter DNA methylation and accelerate trophoblast lineage differentiation. NLRP7 thus appears to function in chromatin reprogramming and DNA methylation in the germline or early embryonic development, functions not previously associated with members of the NLRP family.
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Slim R, Wallace EP. NLRP7 and the Genetics of Hydatidiform Moles: Recent Advances and New Challenges. Front Immunol 2013; 4:242. [PMID: 23970884 PMCID: PMC3747449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor proteins (NLRPs) are emerging key players in several inflammatory pathways in Mammals. The first identified gene coding for a protein from this family is Nlrp5 and was originally called Mater for “Maternal Antigen That Mouse Embryos Require” for normal development beyond the two-cell stage. This important discovery was followed by the identification of other NLRPs playing roles in inflammatory disorders and of the first maternal-effect gene in humans, NLRP7, which is responsible for an aberrant form of human pregnancy called hydatidiform mole (HM). In this review, we recapitulate the various aspects of the pathology of HM, highlight recent advances regarding NLRP7 and its role in HM and related forms of reproductive losses, and expand our discussion to other NLRPs with a special emphasis on those with known roles in mammalian reproduction. Our aim is to facilitate the genetic complexity of recurrent fetal loss in humans and encourage interdisciplinary collaborations in the fields of NLRPs and reproductive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Slim
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, QC , Canada
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Developmental expression and possible functional roles of mouse Nlrp4e in preimplantation embryos. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:548-53. [PMID: 23708922 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that some Nlrp genes are crucial for oogenesis, folliculogenesis, and early embryonic development. Nlrp4e is one of seven copies of Nlrp4, which plays a putative role in the reproduction system in mice. Gene duplication is regarded as an important driving force behind the evolution of novel genes with new or altered functions. We investigated the role of Nlrp4e in oocyte and preimplantation embryos by determining its expression profile using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nlrp4e mRNA accumulated during oogenesis. Moreover, Nlrp4e transcripts were upregulated during the two-cell stage and then declined sharply and became almost undetectable, which represents a crucial time for major embryonic genome activation in the mouse. Knockdown of Nlrp4e in fertilized eggs using RNA interference resulted in arrested development between the two- and eight-cell stages in a dose-dependent manner. However, targeted inhibition of Nlrp4e in germinal-vesicle-stage oocytes had no phenotypic effects on oocyte maturation. The above experiments were also carried out in parthenogenetic embryos to determine the effects of Nlrp4e in embryos without a paternal genome. The results of this study indicate that Nlrp4e, a maternal-zygotic-effect gene, may not be involved in oocyte maturation but may play a critical role in early embryogenesis.
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Peng H, Chang B, Lu C, Su J, Wu Y, Lv P, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang B, Quan F, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Nlrp2, a maternal effect gene required for early embryonic development in the mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30344. [PMID: 22295082 PMCID: PMC3266252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effect genes encode proteins that are produced during oogenesis and play an essential role during early embryogenesis. Genetic ablation of such genes in oocytes can result in female subfertility or infertility. Here we report a newly identified maternal effect gene, Nlrp2, which plays a role in early embryogenesis in the mouse. Nlrp2 mRNAs and their proteins (∼118 KDa) are expressed in oocytes and granulosa cells during folliculogenesis. The transcripts show a striking decline in early preimplantation embryos before zygotic genome activation, but the proteins remain present through to the blastocyst stage. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that the NLRP2 protein is located in the cytoplasm, nucleus and close to nuclear pores in the oocytes, as well as in the surrounding granulosa cells. Using RNA interference, we knocked down Nlrp2 transcription specifically in mouse germinal vesicle oocytes. The knockdown oocytes could progress through the metaphase of meiosis I and emit the first polar body. However, the development of parthenogenetic embryos derived from Nlrp2 knockdown oocytes mainly blocked at the 2-cell stage. The maternal depletion of Nlrp2 in zygotes led to early embryonic arrest. In addition, overexpression of Nlrp2 in zygotes appears to lead to normal development, but increases blastomere apoptosis in blastocysts. These results provide the first evidence that Nlrp2 is a member of the mammalian maternal effect genes and required for early embryonic development in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The last 10 years have witnessed the identification of a new class of intracellular pattern-recognition molecules--the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family (NLR). Members of this family garnered interest as pattern-recognition receptors able to trigger inflammatory responses against pathogens. Many studies support a pathogen-recognition function for human NLR proteins and shed light on their role in the broader control of adaptive immunity and various disease states. Other evidence suggests that NLRs function in processes unrelated to pathogen detection. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the biology of the human NLR proteins and their non-pathogen-recognition function in tissue homeostasis, apoptosis, graft-versus-host disease and early development.
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Alifrangis C, Seckl MJ. Genetics of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: an update for the clinician. Future Oncol 2011; 6:1915-23. [PMID: 21142864 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of disorders ranging from premalignant hydatidiform moles through to malignant invasive moles, choriocarcinoma and rare placental site trophoblastic tumor. The latter are often collectively referred to as gestational trophoblastic tumors or neoplasia (GTN). Although most women can expect to be cured of their disease, many interesting questions arise in the management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Current issues pertain to diagnosis of GTN, predicting progression from hydatidiform moles to GTN and the emergence of drug resistance in GTN. Our understanding of the genetics of GTN has helped us answer some of these questions but many remain unresolved. This article seeks to address recent advances in the genetics of GTN in relation to diagnosis, etiology, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Alifrangis
- Charing Cross Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Screening & Management Centre, Dept of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital Campus of Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
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Hanna CB, Yao S, Patta MC, Jensen JT, Wu X. Expression of insulin-like 3 (INSL3) and differential splicing of its receptor in the ovary of rhesus macaques. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:150. [PMID: 21138583 PMCID: PMC3008693 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although insulin-like 3 (INSL3) has been identified in the gonad of both sexes in many species, there are only limited reports on the distribution of INSL3 and its receptor, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2), in the primate ovary. Since the hormone-receptor pair is believed to play a role in female reproduction, investigating the transcription of INSL3/RXFP2 genes and the spatiotemporal expression of INSL3 in the nonhuman primate may shed light on the functional aspects of the system in humans. METHODS Database mining, molecular and immunological methods were applied. RESULTS One single INSL3 transcript and three novel splice variant transcripts of RXFP2 were identified in the ovary of rhesus macaques. While the full-length RXFP2 transcript is barely detectable in granulosa cells during the periovulatory period, INSL3 transcript and protein are highly abundant in theca cells surrounding antral follicles. Moreover, the INSL3 level in follicular fluid is 3-4 times higher than that in female serum which remains low throughout the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSIONS The presence of INSL3 and its receptor in the ovary implies a potential role of the ligand-receptor pair in female reproduction in nonhuman primates. However, the existence of multiple splice variants of RXFP2 indicates a very complex nature of the hormone-receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Hanna
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shan Yao
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Maristela C Patta
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Jensen
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Pisani LF, Ramelli P, Lazzari B, Braglia S, Ceciliani F, Mariani P. Characterization of maternal antigen that embryos require (MATER/NLRP5) gene and protein in pig somatic tissues and germ cells. J Reprod Dev 2009; 56:41-8. [PMID: 19815987 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effect genes produce mRNA or proteins that accumulate in the egg during oogenesis and control the developmental program until embryonic genome activation takes place. NLRP5 (NLR family, Pyrin domain containing 5), also called MATER (Maternal Antigen That Embryos Require) is one of the genes required for normal early embryonic development, although its precise function remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to analyze the NLRP5 gene expression pattern and protein distribution in somatic tissues and germ cells in the pig. Reverse transcription was performed on mRNA from germinal vescicle (GV) oocytes and total RNA from spermatozoa and tissues from different organs. The transcript for NLRP5 gene was identified only in ovaries and oocytes. The presence of NLRP5 protein was detected only in ovaries by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.
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Tian X, Pascal G, Monget P. Evolution and functional divergence of NLRP genes in mammalian reproductive systems. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:202. [PMID: 19682372 PMCID: PMC2735741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NLRPs (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Leucine rich Repeat and Pyrin domain containing Proteins) are members of NLR (Nod-like receptors) protein family. Recent researches have shown that NLRP genes play important roles in both mammalian innate immune system and reproductive system. Several of NLRP genes were shown to be specifically expressed in the oocyte in mammals. The aim of the present work was to study how these genes evolved and diverged after their duplication, as well as whether natural selection played a role during their evolution. Results By using in silico methods, we have evaluated the evolution and functional divergence of NLRP genes, in particular of mouse reproduction-related Nlrp genes. We found that (1) major NLRP genes have been duplicated before the divergence of mammals, with certain lineage-specific duplications in primates (NLRP7 and 11) and in rodents (Nlrp1, 4 and 9 duplicates); (2) tandem duplication events gave rise to a mammalian reproduction-related NLRP cluster including NLRP2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13 and 14 genes; (3) the function of mammalian oocyte-specific NLRP genes (NLRP4, 5, 9 and 14) might have diverged during gene evolution; (4) recent segmental duplications concerning Nlrp4 copies and vomeronasal 1 receptor encoding genes (V1r) have been undertaken in the mouse; and (5) duplicates of Nlrp4 and 9 in the mouse might have been subjected to adaptive evolution. Conclusion In conclusion, this study brings us novel information on the evolution of mammalian reproduction-related NLRPs. On the one hand, NLRP genes duplicated and functionally diversified in mammalian reproductive systems (such as NLRP4, 5, 9 and 14). On the other hand, during evolution, different lineages adapted to develop their own NLRP genes, particularly in reproductive function (such as the specific expansion of Nlrp4 and Nlrp9 in the mouse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université François Rabelais de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Ha HJ, Kim DS, Hahn Y. A 2.7-kb Deletion in the Human NLRP10 Gene Exon 2 Occurred After the Human–Chimpanzee Divergence. Biochem Genet 2009; 47:665-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-009-9262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic microbes as foreign and to eliminate them. The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provided a class of membrane receptors that sense extracellular microbes and trigger antipathogen signaling cascades. More recently, intracellular microbial sensors have been identified, including NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Some of the NLRs also sense nonmicrobial danger signals and form large cytoplasmic complexes called inflammasomes that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-18. The NALP3 inflammasome has been associated with several autoinflammatory conditions including gout. Likewise, the NALP3 inflammasome is a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminum and can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J. The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715 and 1=2#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic microbes as foreign and to eliminate them. The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provided a class of membrane receptors that sense extracellular microbes and trigger antipathogen signaling cascades. More recently, intracellular microbial sensors have been identified, including NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Some of the NLRs also sense nonmicrobial danger signals and form large cytoplasmic complexes called inflammasomes that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The NALP3 inflammasome has been associated with several autoinflammatory conditions including gout. Likewise, the NALP3 inflammasome is a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminum and can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Annick Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Tschopp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J. The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715 or(1=2)-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic microbes as foreign and to eliminate them. The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provided a class of membrane receptors that sense extracellular microbes and trigger antipathogen signaling cascades. More recently, intracellular microbial sensors have been identified, including NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Some of the NLRs also sense nonmicrobial danger signals and form large cytoplasmic complexes called inflammasomes that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The NALP3 inflammasome has been associated with several autoinflammatory conditions including gout. Likewise, the NALP3 inflammasome is a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminum and can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Annick Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Tschopp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J. The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715 and 1=2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic microbes as foreign and to eliminate them. The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provided a class of membrane receptors that sense extracellular microbes and trigger antipathogen signaling cascades. More recently, intracellular microbial sensors have been identified, including NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Some of the NLRs also sense nonmicrobial danger signals and form large cytoplasmic complexes called inflammasomes that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The NALP3 inflammasome has been associated with several autoinflammatory conditions including gout. Likewise, the NALP3 inflammasome is a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminum and can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Annick Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Tschopp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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40
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Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J. The Inflammasomes: Guardians of the Body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132715 and 1=2-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system relies on its capacity to rapidly detect invading pathogenic microbes as foreign and to eliminate them. The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provided a class of membrane receptors that sense extracellular microbes and trigger antipathogen signaling cascades. More recently, intracellular microbial sensors have been identified, including NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Some of the NLRs also sense nonmicrobial danger signals and form large cytoplasmic complexes called inflammasomes that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The NALP3 inflammasome has been associated with several autoinflammatory conditions including gout. Likewise, the NALP3 inflammasome is a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of aluminum and can direct a humoral adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of NLRs, and in particular the inflammasomes, in the recognition of microbial and danger components and the role they play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinon
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Annick Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Tschopp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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