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Kraiger M, Klein-Rodewald T, Rathkolb B, Calzada-Wack J, Sanz-Moreno A, Fuchs H, Wolf E, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH. Monitoring longitudinal disease progression in a novel murine Kit tumor model using high-field MRI. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14608. [PMID: 36028522 PMCID: PMC9418174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an indispensable platform used in various research disciplines, enabling, for example, studies of basic biological mechanisms, pathological processes and new therapeutic interventions. In this study, we applied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize the clinical picture of a novel N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Kit-mutant mouse in vivo. Seven C3H KitN824K/WT mutant animals each of both sexes and their littermates were monitored every other month for a period of twelve months. MRI relaxometry data of hematopoietic bone marrow and splenic tissue as well as high-resolution images of the gastrointestinal organs were acquired. Compared with controls, the mutants showed a dynamic change in the shape and volume of the cecum and enlarged Peyer´s patches were identified throughout the entire study. Mammary tumors were observed in the majority of mutant females and were first detected at eight months of age. Using relaxation measurements, a substantial decrease in longitudinal relaxation times in hematopoietic tissue was detected in mutants at one year of age. In contrast, transverse relaxation time of splenic tissue showed no differences between genotypes, except in two mutant mice, one of which had leukemia and the other hemangioma. In this study, in vivo MRI was used for the first time to thoroughly characterize the evolution of systemic manifestations of a novel Kit-induced tumor model and to document the observable organ-specific disease cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kraiger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Tanja Klein-Rodewald
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Jahan R, Shah A, Kisling SG, Macha MA, Thayer S, Batra SK, Kaur S. Odyssey of trefoil factors in cancer: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188362. [PMID: 32298747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFFs) are a family of small secretory molecules involved in the protection and repair of the gastrointestinal tract (GI). TFFs maintain and restore epithelial structural integrity via transducing key signaling pathways for epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and invasion. In recent years, TFFs have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, especially cancer. Initially recognized as tumor suppressors, emerging evidence demonstrates their key role in tumor progression and metastasis, extending their actions beyond protection. However, to date, a comprehensive understanding of TFFs' mechanism of action in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis remains obscure. The present review discusses the structural, functional and mechanistic implications of all three TFF family members in tumor progression and metastasis. Also, we have garnered information from studies on their structure and expression status in different organs, along with lessons from their specific knockout in mouse models. In addition, we highlight the emerging potential of using TFFs as a biomarker to stratify tumors for better therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ashu Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sophia G Kisling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India -191201
| | - Sarah Thayer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA.
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Chen Z, Li Z, Soutto M, Wang W, Piazuelo MB, Zhu S, Guo Y, Maturana MJ, Corvalan AH, Chen X, Xu Z, El-Rifai WM. Integrated Analysis of Mouse and Human Gastric Neoplasms Identifies Conserved microRNA Networks in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1127-1139.e8. [PMID: 30502323 PMCID: PMC6409191 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that bind to the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs to promote their degradation or block their translation. Mice with disruption of the trefoil factor 1 gene (Tff1) develop gastric neoplasms. We studied these mice to identify conserved miRNA networks involved in gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS We performed next-generation miRNA sequencing analysis of normal gastric tissues (based on histology) from patients without evidence of gastric neoplasm (n = 64) and from TFF1-knockout mice (n = 22). We validated our findings using 270 normal gastric tissues (including 61 samples from patients without evidence of neoplastic lesions) and 234 gastric tumor tissues from 3 separate cohorts of patients and from mice. We performed molecular and functional assays using cell lines (MKN28, MKN45, STKM2, and AGS cells), gastric organoids, and mice with xenograft tumors. RESULTS We identified 117 miRNAs that were significantly deregulated in mouse and human gastric tumor tissues compared with nontumor tissues. We validated changes in levels of 6 miRNAs by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of neoplastic gastric tissues from mice (n = 39) and 3 independent patient cohorts (n = 332 patients total). We found levels of MIR135B-5p, MIR196B-5p, and MIR92A-5p to be increased in tumor tissues, whereas levels of MIR143-3p, MIR204-5p, and MIR133-3p were decreased in tumor tissues. Levels of MIR143-3p were reduced not only in gastric cancer tissues but also in normal tissues adjacent to tumors in humans and low-grade dysplasia in mice. Transgenic expression of MIR143-3p in gastric cancer cell lines reduced their proliferation and restored their sensitivity to cisplatin. AGS cells with stable transgenic expression of MIR143-3p grew more slowly as xenograft tumors in mice than control AGS cells; tumor growth from AGS cells that expressed MIR143-3p, but not control cells, was sensitive to cisplatin. We identified and validated bromodomain containing 2 (BRD2) as a direct target of MIR143-3p; increased levels of BRD2 in gastric tumors was associated with shorter survival times for patients. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of miRNA profiles of gastric tumors from mice and human patients, we identified a conserved signature associated with the early stages of gastric tumorigenesis. Strategies to restore MIR143-3p or inhibit BRD2 might be developed for treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| | - Weizhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Yan Guo
- Bioinformatics Shared Resources, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, New Mexico
| | - Maria J Maturana
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wael M El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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Applicable apparent diffusion coefficient of an orthotopic mouse model of gastric cancer by improved clinical MRI diffusion weighted imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6072. [PMID: 25123166 PMCID: PMC4133712 DOI: 10.1038/srep06072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging studies in animal models are hindered by variables that contribute to poor image quality and measurement reliability. As such we sought to improve the diffusion coefficient (ADC) of an orthotopic mouse model of gastric cancer in diffusion-weighted images (DWI) using alginate moulding and Ultrasonic coupling medium. BGC-823 human gastric cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into the abdomen of nude mice and 1 mm(3) primary tumour was orthotopically transplanted. Alginate and coupling medium were applied to the mice and MRI (T2 and DWI) was performed for 6 weeks. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn and liver and tumour ADC were evaluated. Using alginate moulding, the mean quality total score of DW imaging was 8.53; however, in control animals this value was 5.20 (p < 0.001). The coefficient of variation of ADC of liver in experimental and control groups were 0.071 and 0.270 (p < 0.001), respectively, suggesting this method may be helpful for DWI studies of important human diseases such as gastric cancer.
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Huo X, Yuan K, Shen Y, Li M, Wang Q, Xing L, Shi G. Clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative T staging of gastric cancer and postoperative pathological diagnosis. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:275-280. [PMID: 24959260 PMCID: PMC4063621 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the preoperative T staging of gastric cancer and in the postoperative pathological diagnosis. In total, 30 patients with gastric cancer were investigated, including 19 males and 11 females (age, 50–69 years; mean age, 60 years). The preoperative depth of invasion (T stage) was evaluated according to the characteristics of the imaging performance. The evaluation results for the MRI T staging were as follows: T1 stage accuracy, 90% with a specificity of 96% and sensitivity of 60% (κ value=0.61; P<0.05); T2 stage accuracy, 86.7% with a specificity of 87.5% and sensitivity of 83.3% (κ value=0.71; P<0.05); T3 stage accuracy, 90% with a specificity and sensitivity of 90% (κ value=0.78; P<0.05); and T4 stage accuracy, 96.7% with a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 87.5% (κ value=0.91; P<0.05). The results demonstrated that, with reference to pathological diagnosis, the MRI method exhibited high accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in determining the preoperative T stage in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Huo
- Department of CT/MRI, Handan Hospital of Jizhong Energy Fengfeng Group, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Kuangsheng Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Jizhong Energy Fengfeng Group, Handan, Hebei 056200, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Shen
- Department of Nursing, Handan Hospital of Jizhong Energy Fengfeng Group, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of CT/MRI, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of CT/MRI, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Department of Laboratory, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Gaofeng Shi
- Department of CT/MRI, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Comparison of self-gated and prospectively triggered fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver at 9.4 T in a rat model of colorectal cancer metastases. Invest Radiol 2014; 48:738-44. [PMID: 23695083 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e318294dd0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare a retrospectively self-gated fast low angle shot sequence (RSG-FLASH) with a prospectively triggered fast low angle shot sequence (PT-FLASH) using an external trigger device for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver at 9.4 T in a rat model of colorectal cancer metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 10 rats with hepatic metastases, we acquired an axial RSG-FLASH sequence through the liver. A FLASH sequence with prospective triggering (PT-FLASH) using an external trigger device was acquired at the same location with the same imaging parameters. After intravenous injection of 0.2 mmol/kg body weight of Gd-DTPA, alternating acquisitions of both sequences were performed at 4 consecutive time points.Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and lesion enhancement were obtained for liver tumors and parenchyma. In addition, we assessed the total acquisition times of the different imaging approaches for each acquisition, including triggering and gating. Two independent readers performed a qualitative evaluation of each sequence. Statistical analyses included paired t tests and Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank tests. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in SNR, CNR, or lesion enhancement were observed. Qualitative assessments of the sequences were comparable. However, acquisition times of PT-FLASH were significantly longer (mean [SD], 160.6 [25.7] seconds; P < 0.0001) and markedly variable (minimum, 120 seconds; maximum, 209 seconds), whereas the RSG-FLASH approach demonstrated a constant mean (SD) acquisition time of 59.0 (0) seconds. CONCLUSIONS The RSG-FLASH and PT-FLASH sequences do not differ qualitatively or quantitatively regarding SNR, CNR, and lesion enhancement for magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in the rats at 9.4 T. However, the variability of acquisition times for the PT-FLASH sequences is a major factor of inconsistency, and we therefore consider this approach as inappropriate for dynamic contrast-enhanced studies with multiple-measurement time points. In contrast, the RSG-FLASH sequence represents a fast, consistent, and reproducible technique suitable for contrast-agent kinetic studies in experimental small-animal imaging of the abdomen.
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Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of the development of individual colon cancer tumors in rat liver. Biotechniques 2008; 44:529-35. [PMID: 18476817 DOI: 10.2144/000112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring tumor development is essential for the understanding of mechanisms involved in tumor progression and to determine efficacy of therapy. One of the evolving approaches is longitudinal noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors in experimental models. We applied high-resolution MRI at 7 Tesla to study the development of colon cancer tumors in rat liver. MRI acquisition was triggered to the respiratory cycle to minimize motion artifacts. A special radio frequency (RF) coil was designed to acquire detailed T1-weighted and T2-weighted images of the liver. T2-weighted images identified hyperintense lesions representing tumors with a minimum diameter of 2 mm, enabling the determination of growth rates and morphological aspects of individual tumors. It is concluded that high-resolution MRI using a dedicated RF coil and triggering to the respiratory cycle is an excellent tool for quantitative and morphological analysis of individual diffusely distributed tumors throughout the liver. However, at present, MRI requires expensive equipment and expertise and is a time-consuming methodology. Therefore, it should preferably be used for dedicated applications rather than for high-throughput assessment of total tumor load in animals.
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McChesney PA, Aiyar SE, Lee OJ, Zaika A, Moskaluk C, Li R, El-Rifai W. Cofactor of BRCA1: A Novel Transcription Factor Regulator in Upper Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1346-53. [PMID: 16452188 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) is a newly characterized member of the negative elongation factor (NELF) complex. In this work, we show that COBRA1 is overexpressed in the majority of primary upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas (UGC), and its overexpression correlates with down-regulation of TFF1. We have detected overexpression of COBRA1 mRNA using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR in 28 (79%) primary UGCs. Immunohistochemical analysis of UGC tissue arrays that contained 70 tumor samples showed moderate-strong staining for COBRA1 in 60 (84%) tumors. Interestingly, the tumor samples showed absent-weak staining for TFF1 in 45 (65%) of the tumors. Simultaneous loss of TFF1 expression and overexpression of COBRA1 was observed in 42 of 70 (60%) tumors. Using small interfering RNA technology with gastric cancer cells, we have shown that COBRA1 inhibition leads to increased TFF1 promoter activity and gene expression. Promoter analysis of TFF1 indicated that regulation of TFF1 by COBRA1 is estrogen independent in contrast to breast cancer. Moreover, COBRA1 regulation of TFF1 in gastric cancer cells was independent of NELF-E. Using several truncated mutants and site mutants of the TFF1 promoter, we have shown that COBRA1 can negatively regulate the activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex at the TFF1 promoter and thus down-regulate TFF1 expression in gastric cancer cell lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that COBRA1 attenuates AP-1 binding to DNA. Our results suggest COBRA1 as a novel oncogene in UGCs that regulate AP-1 binding and the expression of TFF1 in upper gastric epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A McChesney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Nieman BJ, Bock NA, Bishop J, Chen XJ, Sled JG, Rossant J, Henkelman RM. Magnetic resonance imaging for detection and analysis of mouse phenotypes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2005; 18:447-68. [PMID: 16206127 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the enormous and growing number of experimental and genetic mouse models of human disease, there is a need for efficient means of characterizing abnormalities in mouse anatomy and physiology. Adaptation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the scale of the mouse promises to address this challenge and make major contributions to biomedical research by non-invasive assessment in the mouse. MRI is already emerging as an enabling technology providing informative and meaningful measures in a range of mouse models. In this review, recent progress in both in vivo and post mortem imaging is reported. Challenges unique to mouse MRI are also identified. In particular, the needs for high-throughput imaging and comparative anatomical analyses in large biological studies are described and current efforts at handling these issues are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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10
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Judd LM, Andringa A, Rubio CA, Spicer Z, Shull GE, Miller ML. Gastric achlorhydria in H/K-ATPase-deficient (Atp4a(-/-)) mice causes severe hyperplasia, mucocystic metaplasia and upregulation of growth factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1266-78. [PMID: 16048577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric neoplasia is common in humans, yet controversy remains over contributions of chronic achlorhydria, gastrinemia and hyperplasia, to cancer risk. To study this, mice lacking the gastric H/K-ATPase (Atp4a(-/-) mice) were used to determine whether chronic loss of acid secretion, with attendant hypergastrinemia, predisposes to cancer phenotype. METHODS Atp4a(-/-) and Atp4a(+/+) mice, paired for age and gender, were examined at 3, 8, 12 and 20 months for histopathology, and for expression of the trefoil factor family (TFF)1-3, Reg IIIbeta, gamma and delta, osteopontin, CD44, chromogranin A, Crp-ductin, and galectin, all of which are important in cell growth. RESULTS By 8 months, the glandular stomach of the Atp4a(-/-) mice doubled in weight and thickness, and several modulators of growth were increased. Female Atp4a(-/-) mice were more hyperplastic than Atp4a(-/-) males at 12 and 20 months. By 1 year, severe mucocystic hyperplasia, incomplete intestinal metaplasia, ciliated metaplasia, a shift in mucins from neutral to acidic, and inflammation were widespread. Cells in the mucus pit zone developed a pyloric-type appearance, containing large hyaline-like, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-negative/alcian blue-negative inclusions. But critical characteristics of gastric neoplasia, such as nuclear atypia, invasion into the muscularis mucosa, and metastases were absent. In Atp4a(-/-) mice, chromogranin A and histidine decarboxylase, RegIIIgamma and delta, TFF3, osteopontin and CD44 were upregulated while Reg IIIbeta, and TFF1 were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Chronic achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia in aged Atp4a(-/-) mice produced progressive hyperplasia, mucocystic and incomplete intestinal metaplasia, and the upregulation of growth factors without histological evidence of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Judd
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Western Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Hensley HH, Chang WC, Clapper ML. Detection and volume determination of colonic tumors in Min mice by magnetic resonance micro-imaging. Magn Reson Med 2004; 52:524-9. [PMID: 15334570 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We applied MRI to the in vivo detection of spontaneous colorectal tumors in a unique mouse model, the Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC) ApcMIN mouse. Unlike other Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) strains, FCCC ApcMIN animals develop an appreciable number of tumors in the large intestine, which makes them an appropriate mouse model for colon cancer in humans. We describe a method for marking the colon on MRI data sets that involves a bowel-cleansing procedure and the insertion of a polyurethane tube (filled with an MRI contrast agent) fully into the colon. We found that tumors as small as 1.5 mm in diameter can be consistently identified from MRI datasets with a voxel size of 0.1 mm x 0.133 mm x 0.133 mm. Tumor volumes were determined from the MRM data sets with the use of a novel approach to planimetry in 3D data sets. We observed a correlation between tumor volume (as measured from the MRI datasets) and tumor weight of 0.942, and a P-value of 0.008, based on Spearman's test. These data show that MRI can be used to accurately monitor tumor growth in mouse models of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Abstract
Selection of mouse models of cancer is often based simply on availability of a mouse strain and a known compatible tumor. Frequently this results in use of tumor models long on history but short on homology and quality control. Other factors including genetics, sex, immunological status, method and site of tumor implantation, technical competence, biological activity of the tumor, protocol sequence and timing, and selection of endpoints interact to produce outcomes in tumor models. Common reliance on survival and tumor burden data in a single mouse model often skews expectations towards high remission and cure rates; a finding seldom duplicated in clinical trials. Inherent limitations of tumor models coupled with the advent of new therapeutic targets reinforce need for careful attention to design, conduct, and stringent selection of in vivo and ex vivo endpoints. Preclinical efficacy testing for anti-tumor therapies should progress through a series of models of increasing sophistication that includes incorporation of genetically engineered animals, and orthotopic and combination therapy models. Pharmacology and safety testing in tumor-bearing animals may also help to improve predictive value of these models for clinical efficacy. Trends in bioinformatics, genetic refinements, and specialized imaging techniques are helping to maintain mice as the most scientifically and economically powerful model of malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn C L Schuh
- Applied Veterinary Pathobiology, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110-3663, USA.
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13
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2269-2275. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i10.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Emami S, Rodrigues S, Rodrigue CM, Le Floch N, Rivat C, Attoub S, Bruyneel E, Gespach C. Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and cancer progression. Peptides 2004; 25:885-98. [PMID: 15177885 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TFF peptides are involved in mucosal maintenance and repair through motogenic and antiapoptotic activities. These peptides are overexpressed during inflammatory processes and cancer progression. They also function as scatter factors, proinvasive and angiogenic agents. Such a divergence is related to the pathophysiological state of tissues submitted to persistent aggressive situations during digestive processes in the normal gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In agreement with this model, TFF peptides are connected with multiple oncogenic pathways. As a consequence, the TFF signaling pathways may serve as potential targets in the control of chronic inflammation and progression of human solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Emami
- INSERM U482, Signal Transduction and Cellular Functions in Diabetes and Digestive Cancers, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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