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Abe Y, Hatta W, Asonuma S, Koike T, Abe H, Ogata Y, Saito M, Jin X, Kanno T, Uno K, Asano N, Imatani A, Fujishima F, Sasano H, Masamune A. Parietal Cell Dysfunction: A Rare Cause of Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasm with Achlorhydria and Extreme Hypergastrinemia. Intern Med 2022; 61:2441-2448. [PMID: 35110476 PMCID: PMC9449610 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8253-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old woman with multiple neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) was referred to our hospital. Although she had extreme hypergastrinemia (11,675 pg/mL), no findings that indicated types I to III gastric NENs were found. Although gastric corpus atrophy was suspected on conventional white-light imaging, findings on magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging indicated no severe atrophy. A biopsy from the background fundic gland mucosa revealed no atrophic changes, parietal cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and negative findings for H+K+-ATPase. Thus, this case was diagnosed as multiple NENs with parietal cell dysfunction. Neither progression nor metastasis has been confirmed during two-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Waku Hatta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sho Asonuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Ogata
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kaname Uno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoki Asano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akira Imatani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Filardo S, Scalese G, Virili C, Pontone S, Di Pietro M, Covelli A, Bedetti G, Marinelli P, Bruno G, Stramazzo I, Centanni M, Sessa R, Severi C. The Potential Role of Hypochlorhydria in the Development of Duodenal Dysbiosis: A Preliminary Report. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854904. [PMID: 35521214 PMCID: PMC9062108 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of gastric and duodenal microbiota has acquired increasing importance in the homeostasis of the host, although, to date, most evidence concern the faecal microbiota. Indeed, the gastric, and duodenal microbiota are challenging to study, due to gastric acid, bile, digestive enzymes, and rapid transit time. Specifically, the gastric acid environment may influence their bacterial composition since the acid barrier protects against orally ingested microorganisms and leads to their inactivation before reaching the intestine. The aim of this study was to assess a correlation between intragastric pH and gastric as well as intestinal microbiota of patients with histologic gastric alterations. pH was measured in the gastric juice and the bacterial composition in gastric and duodenal biopsies and faecal samples, was investigated via 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The main result is the direct correlation of duodenal microbiota biodiversity, via alpha diversity measures, with intragastric pH values. In particular, patients with hypochlorhydria showed increased duodenal microbiota biodiversity, higher intragastric pH values being prevalent in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. Lastly, the latter was also strongly associated to the presence of oral bacteria, like Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus salivarius and Granulicatella adiacens, in the duodenal microbiota. In conclusions, our results suggest a low-acid gastric environment as a contributive factor for duodenal dysbiosis, potentially leading to the development of pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Filardo,
| | - Giulia Scalese
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Virili
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
| | - Stefano Pontone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Covelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedetti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paride Marinelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bruno
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stramazzo
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Centanni
- Department of Medico-surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Latina, Italy
- Endocrine Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) Latina, Latina, Italy
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Severi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
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Hodges P, Kelly P, Kayamba V. Helicobacter pylori infection and hypochlorhydria in Zambian adults and children: A secondary data analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256487. [PMID: 34449790 PMCID: PMC8396721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypochlorhydria (gastric pH >4) increases susceptibility to diarrhoea, iron deficiency, and gastric cancer. We sought to clarify the prevalence of this condition and its predisposing factors in Zambia by pooling data from previous studies conducted in hospital and community settings. Methods Gastric pH was measured in participants from five separate studies by collecting gastric aspirate from fasted adults and children under 3 years of age undergoing gastroscopy. Gastric pH was correlated with serological testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections. Results We studied 597 individuals (487 adults and 110 children). Hypochlorhydria was present in 53% of adults and 31% of children. HIV infection was detected in 41% of adults and 11% of children. H. pylori serology was available for 366 individuals: 93% of adults and 6% of children were seropositive. In univariate analysis, hypochlorhydria was significantly associated with HIV seropositivity (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2–2.4; p = 0.004) and H. pylori antibody seropositivity (OR 4.9; 95% CI 2.8–8.6; p<0.0001), and with advancing age in HIV negative individuals (p = 0.0001). In multivariable analysis, only H. pylori was associated with hypochlorhydria (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.2–7.2; p<0.0001) while excluding possible exposure to proton pump inhibitors. Conclusions Hypochlorhydria is common in our population, with H. pylori being the dominant factor. Only young HIV seronegative individuals had a low prevalence of hypochlorhydria. This may have implications for the risk of other health conditions including gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Hodges
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Violet Kayamba
- Tropical Gastroenterology & Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
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Heimesaat MM, Fischer A, Plickert R, Wiedemann T, Loddenkemper C, Göbel UB, Bereswill S, Rieder G. Helicobacter pylori induced gastric immunopathology is associated with distinct microbiota changes in the large intestines of long-term infected Mongolian gerbils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100362. [PMID: 24941045 PMCID: PMC4062524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation in mice and men are frequently accompanied by distinct changes of the GI microbiota composition at sites of inflammation. Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection results in gastric immunopathology accompanied by colonization of stomachs with bacterial species, which are usually restricted to the lower intestine. Potential microbiota shifts distal to the inflammatory process following long-term H. pylori infection, however, have not been studied so far. Methodology/Principal Findings For the first time, we investigated microbiota changes along the entire GI tract of Mongolian gerbils after 14 months of infection with H. pylori B8 wildtype (WT) or its isogenic ΔcagY mutant (MUT) strain which is defective in the type IV secretion system and thus unable to modulate specific host pathways. Comprehensive cultural analyses revealed that severe gastric diseases such as atrophic pangastritis and precancerous transformations were accompanied by elevated luminal loads of E. coli and enterococci in the caecum and together with Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. in the colon of H. pylori WT, but not MUT infected gerbils as compared to naïve animals. Strikingly, molecular analyses revealed that Akkermansia, an uncultivable species involved in mucus degradation, was exclusively abundant in large intestines of H. pylori WT, but not MUT infected nor naïve gerbils. Conclusion/Significance Taken together, long-term infection of Mongolian gerbils with a H. pylori WT strain displaying an intact type IV secretion system leads to distinct shifts of the microbiota composition in the distal uninflamed, but not proximal inflamed GI tract. Hence, H. pylori induced immunopathogenesis of the stomach, including hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia, might trigger large intestinal microbiota changes whereas the exact underlying mechanisms need to be further unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Wiedemann
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Loddenkemper
- Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Rieder
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Dvorshchenko KO, Bernyk OO, Dranytsyna AS, Senin SA, Ostapchenko LI. [Influence of oxidative stress on the level of genes expression Tgfb1 and Hgf in rat liver upon long-term gastric hypochlorhydria and administration of multiprobiotic Symbiter]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999) 2013; 85:114-123. [PMID: 24479329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Free-radical processes upon long-term omeprazole-induced gastric hypochlorhydria in the rat liver were researched. Intensification of oxidative processes in the liver tissue upon gastric hypoacid state was established: overproduction of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, the quantitative changes of lipid functional groups, increased level of lipid peroxidation products, and augmentation of xanthine oxidase activity. The expression of Tgfb1 gene increased, while the expression of Hgf gene was not detected upon long-term suppression of gastric acid secretion of hydrochloric acid by omeprazole that indicated possible development of liver fibrosis. Abovementioned parameters were only partially restored to control values in the case of simultaneous administration of multiprobiotic "Symbiter acidophilic" concentrated with omeprazole, thus indicating the ability of this preparation to counteract the development of oxidative damages in liver tissues upon long-term gastric hypoacidic conditions.
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Friis-Hansen L. Achlorhydria is associated with gastric microbial overgrowth and development of cancer: Lessons learned from the gastrin knockout mouse. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 66:607-21. [PMID: 17101553 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600873894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin and gastrin receptor-deficient mice have been used for genetic dissection of the role of gastrins in maintaining gastric homeostasis and control of acid secretion. The gastrin knockout mice are achlorhydric due to inactivation of the ECL and parietal cells. Moreover, this achlorhydria is associated with intestinal metaplasia and bacterial overgrowth, which ultimately leads to the development of gastric tumours. The association between progastrin, progastrin-derived processing intermediates and colorectal carcinogenesis has also been examined through genetic or chemical cancer induction in several mouse models, although the clinical relevance of these studies remains unproven. While others have focused on models of increased gastrin production, the present review describes the lessons learned from gastrin-deficient mice. Study of these mice helps our understanding of how dysregulation of gastrin secretion may be implicated in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Friis-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Minegishi Y, Suzuki H, Arakawa M, Fukushima Y, Masaoka T, Ishikawa T, Wright NA, Hibi T. Reduced Shh expression in TFF2-overexpressing lesions of the gastric fundus under hypochlorhydric conditions. J Pathol 2007; 213:161-9. [PMID: 17763396 DOI: 10.1002/path.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of sonic hedgehog (Shh), a morphogen for the gastric fundic glands, is reduced in the atrophic mucosa that develops in association with Helicobacter pylori infection, resulting in impaired differentiation of the fundic gland cells, increased expression of trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) and the formation of spasmolytic polypeptide (SP)-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), a preneoplastic lesion. However, it is still unresolved whether H. pylori-induced inflammation and the resultant reduction in parietal cell number or reduced parietal cell function per se reduces Shh expression. The present study was designed to clarify the expression of Shh and TFF2 in the context of parietal cell dysfunction in the absence of inflammation, using histamine H(2) receptor-knockout (H(2)R-null) mice and an acid exposure model. Age-matched H(2)R-null mice and wild-type (WT) mice were used. The expression of Shh and TFF2 mRNA was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to detect the expression of Shh, TFF2 and cell markers. To study the effects of acid exposure, HCl solution was administered to the animals. The H(2)R-null mice exhibited higher gastric pH, increased TFF2 expression and reduced Shh expression. Impaired mucous neck-to-zymogenic cell differentiation was observed in the H(2)R-null mice. Furthermore, Shh expression increased in the presence of gastric acid and showed a significant correlation with gastric surface pH. In conclusion, our results suggest that persistent parietal cell dysfunction alone (suppressed gastric acid secretion), in the absence of inflammation or parietal cell loss caused by H. pylori infection, may be sufficient to down-regulate Shh expression in TFF2-overexpressing preneoplastic lesions of the gastric fundus. Since exposure to acid restored fundic Shh expression, appropriate gastric acid secretion may play an important role in the morphogen dynamics involved in the maintenance of gastric fundic gland homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Minegishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ikuta SI, Yasui C, Kawanaka M, Aihara T, Yoshie H, Yanagi H, Mitsunobu M, Sugihara A, Yamanaka N. Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria syndrome due to an adrenal pheochromocytoma. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4649-52. [PMID: 17729424 PMCID: PMC4611845 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i34.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria (WDHA) syndrome caused by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) -producing tumor only rarely occurs in patients with nonpancreatic disease. A 49-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of a right adrenal tumor incidentally diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound during the investigation of chronic watery diarrhea. Laboratory findings showed hypokalemia and excessive production of VIP and catecholamines. After surgical resection of the tumor, diarrhea subsided and both electrolytes and affected hormone levels normalized. Immunohistochemical examination confirmed a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, which contained VIP-positive ganglion-like cells. We herein present the clinical and histogenetic implications of this rare clinical entity, with literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Ikuta
- Department of Surgery, Meiwa General Hospital, Agenaruo 4-31, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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Takagi T, Nishio H, Yagi T, Kuwahara M, Tsubone H, Tanigawa N, Suzuki K. Phenotypic Analysis of Vertigo 2 Jackson Mice with a Kcnq1 Potassium Channel Mutation. Exp Anim 2007; 56:295-300. [PMID: 17660684 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.56.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The KCNQ1 gene encodes a voltage-dependent potassium ion channel, and mutations in this gene are the most common cause of congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). In the present study, we investigated the various phenotypic characteristics of vertigo 2 Jackson (C3H/HeJCrl-Kcnq1(vtg-2J)/J) mice with a Kcnq1 mutation. Both heterozygotes (vtg-2J/+) and homozygotes (vtg-2J/vtg-2J) showed prolonged QT intervals in electrocardiograms (ECGs) compared to C3H/HeJ control (+/+) mice. Furthermore, vtg-2J/vtg-2J mice showed gastric achlorhydria associated with elevation of their serum gastrin levels. The serum corticosterone levels were also significantly increased in vtg-2J/vtg-2J mice. In addition, vtg-2J/vtg-2J mice exhibited significantly higher blood pressure. These findings indicate that the Kcnq1 mutation in vtg-2J mice alters various physiological functions in the cardiac, gastric and adrenocortical systems, and suggest that vtg-2J mice may represent a useful model for studying Kcnq1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takagi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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Judd LM, Andringa A, Rubio CA, Spicer Z, Shull GE, Miller ML. Gastric achlorhydria in H/K-ATPase-deficient (Atp4a(-/-)) mice causes severe hyperplasia, mucocystic metaplasia and upregulation of growth factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1266-78. [PMID: 16048577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric neoplasia is common in humans, yet controversy remains over contributions of chronic achlorhydria, gastrinemia and hyperplasia, to cancer risk. To study this, mice lacking the gastric H/K-ATPase (Atp4a(-/-) mice) were used to determine whether chronic loss of acid secretion, with attendant hypergastrinemia, predisposes to cancer phenotype. METHODS Atp4a(-/-) and Atp4a(+/+) mice, paired for age and gender, were examined at 3, 8, 12 and 20 months for histopathology, and for expression of the trefoil factor family (TFF)1-3, Reg IIIbeta, gamma and delta, osteopontin, CD44, chromogranin A, Crp-ductin, and galectin, all of which are important in cell growth. RESULTS By 8 months, the glandular stomach of the Atp4a(-/-) mice doubled in weight and thickness, and several modulators of growth were increased. Female Atp4a(-/-) mice were more hyperplastic than Atp4a(-/-) males at 12 and 20 months. By 1 year, severe mucocystic hyperplasia, incomplete intestinal metaplasia, ciliated metaplasia, a shift in mucins from neutral to acidic, and inflammation were widespread. Cells in the mucus pit zone developed a pyloric-type appearance, containing large hyaline-like, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-negative/alcian blue-negative inclusions. But critical characteristics of gastric neoplasia, such as nuclear atypia, invasion into the muscularis mucosa, and metastases were absent. In Atp4a(-/-) mice, chromogranin A and histidine decarboxylase, RegIIIgamma and delta, TFF3, osteopontin and CD44 were upregulated while Reg IIIbeta, and TFF1 were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Chronic achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia in aged Atp4a(-/-) mice produced progressive hyperplasia, mucocystic and incomplete intestinal metaplasia, and the upregulation of growth factors without histological evidence of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Judd
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Western Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
We describe a 54-year-old woman who had multiple gastric carcinoid tumors arising in the setting of marked hypergastrinemia associated with a lack of acid production by hypertrophic parietal cells. The serum gastrin level was 1,400 pg/mL, and investigation revealed no evidence for either of the recognized causes for hypergastrinemia-associated carcinoids, autoimmune gastritis, and Zollinger-Ellision syndrome. Partial gastrectomy was performed. Pathologic examination showed multiple intramucosal and invasive carcinoid tumors of the body and fundus in a background of marked ECL cell hyperplasia. There were no gastric or duodenal ulcerations. One perigastric lymph node was metastatically involved. The oxyntic mucosa showed marked hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the parietal cells. Some of these cells were vacuolated, and many displayed protrusions of apical cytoplasm into dilated oxyntic glands filled with inspissated eosinophilic material. Similar findings have occurred in 1 other patient, strongly indicating that the clinicopathologic alterations in the 2 cases are not random but, on the contrary, represent a very rare disorder of gastric carcinoids associated with an intrinsic acid secretion abnormality of the parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Rieder G, Merchant JL, Haas R. Helicobacter pylori cag-type IV secretion system facilitates corpus colonization to induce precancerous conditions in Mongolian gerbils. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1229-42. [PMID: 15887107 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epidemiological studies suggest that atrophic corpus-dominant gastritis is an increased risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. The role of the Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion system (T4SS) for pathogenesis in the Mongolian gerbil model was explored. METHODS Mongolian gerbils were infected for 32 weeks either with H. pylori type I strain B128 or with isogenic mutant strain B128delta cytotoxin-associated gene (cagY) or B128delta cagA , defective in T4SS or in the production of its effector protein CagA, respectively. Quantitative H. pylori reisolation was performed from the gastric antrum and corpus separately, cytokines were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and gastric pH and hormones were determined. RESULTS B128-infected gerbils harbored high numbers of bacteria in the gastric antrum and corpus, whereas B128delta cagY and B128delta cagA colonized the antrum more densely than the corpus. All infected animals showed a strong antral inflammation and epithelial cell proliferation. B128-infected, rather than mutant-infected, gerbils presented a severe transmural inflammation with huge lymph aggregates, increased proliferation, significant atrophy, and mucous gland metaplasia in the corpus. Plasma gastrin levels and gastric pH values were significantly increased only in B128-infected gerbils. In all infected animals, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta, interferon gamma, and growth-regulated protein was considerably increased in the antrum, but only in wild type-infected animals was an increase seen in the corpus mucosa. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an intact T4SS allows H. pylori to colonize the gastric corpus. This results in atrophic corpus-dominant gastritis, a severe precancerous condition, thus highlighting T4SS and CagA as major risk factors for gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rieder
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Gawenis LR, Greeb JM, Prasad V, Grisham C, Sanford LP, Doetschman T, Andringa A, Miller ML, Shull GE. Impaired gastric acid secretion in mice with a targeted disruption of the NHE4 Na+/H+ exchanger. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12781-9. [PMID: 15684419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The NHE4 Na+/H+ exchanger is abundantly expressed on the basolateral membrane of gastric parietal cells. To test the hypothesis that it is required for normal acid secretion, NHE4-null mutant (NHE4-/-) mice were prepared by targeted disruption of the NHE4 (Slc9a4) gene. NHE4-/- mice survived and appeared outwardly normal. Analysis of stomach contents revealed that NHE4-/- mice were hypochlorhydric. The reduction in acid secretion was similar in 18-day-old, 9-week-old, and 6-month-old mice, indicating that the hypochlorhydria phenotype did not progress over time, as was observed in mice lacking the NHE2 Na+/H+ exchanger. Histological abnormalities were observed in the gastric mucosa of 9-week-old NHE4-/- mice, including sharply reduced numbers of parietal cells, a loss of mature chief cells, increased numbers of mucous and undifferentiated cells, and an increase in the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells. NHE4-/- parietal cells exhibited limited development of canalicular membranes and a virtual absence of tubulovesicles, and some of the microvilli had centrally bundled actin. We conclude that NHE4, which may normally be coupled with the AE2 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger, is important for normal levels of gastric acid secretion, gastric epithelial cell differentiation, and development of secretory canalicular and tubulovesicular membranes.
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MESH Headings
- Achlorhydria/pathology
- Alleles
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Exons
- Gastric Acid/metabolism
- Gastrins/metabolism
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunoblotting
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- Models, Biological
- Models, Genetic
- Mutation
- Necrosis
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/cytology
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/ultrastructure
- Phenotype
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers/metabolism
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers/physiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R Gawenis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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16
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Testino G, De Iaco F, Cornaggia M. Role of chronic atrophic gastritis of the body-fundus and achlorhydria in the development of epithelial dysplasia and gastric carcinoma. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2004; 67:327-30. [PMID: 15727076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Chronic atrophic gastritis of the body-fundus with hypo-achlorhydria has been long since considered the precursor of gastric cancer (GC). A study has been made about the histological pattern of the body-fundic mucosa (oxyntic area) in course of preneoplastic lesions (epithelial dysplasia), associated or progressed to gastric cancer, in order to evaluate the real association with chronic atrophic gastritis and, therefore, with a reduced acid secretion. METHODOLOGY The study of the histological condition of the body-fundic mucosa and of the acid secretion has been effected in 120 cases of epithelial dysplasia (ED) from January 1990 to November 1997. The casuistry is composed of 70 cases of low grade dysplasia (LGD) and 50 cases of high grade dysplasia (HGD). Gastric biopsy specimens were studied for dyspepsia: for each patient, at least 8 specimens were obtained from the lesion area and in surrounding areas. Besides, at least 4 biopsies have been performed in the opposite gastric region. ED diagnosis was effected according to well defined criteria. The histological study of gastric mucosa in gastritis was effected or revised in accordance with the updated Sydney system (Houston). Stimulated acid secretion was expressed as Maximal Acid Output (MAO), which is the amount of HCl produced in one hour, following stimulation with pentagastrin (6 micro-g/kg). The clinical outcome subdivision of ED was made using the criteria of Rugge et al. (12). RESULTS HGD significantly associates with GC in comparison with LGD. The histological evaluation of the oxyntic area shows severe chronic atrophic gastritis (SCAG) in a low percentage of cases (15/120: 12.5%): LGD 9/70: 12.85% ; HGD 6/50: 12%. Complete achlorhydria has been noted in 5 cases of LGD and in 1 case of HGD only. In case of GC (43 subjects) SCAG has been evidenced in 10 cases and complete achlorhydria in 5 cases. CONCLUSIONS From the data of the present experience emerges that the presence of SCAG of the oxyntic area in course of ED or early GC is limited to a low percentage of cases. Such concepts induce to modify some indications related to the endoscopic surveillance and, in accordance with the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy we are stating that there are no sufficient data to support subsequent endoscopic surveillance for the subjects with atrophic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Testino
- Unit of Hepato-Gastroenterology, S. Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy.
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17
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Elso CM, Lu X, Culiat CT, Rutledge JC, Cacheiro NLA, Generoso WM, Stubbs LJ. Heightened susceptibility to chronic gastritis, hyperplasia and metaplasia in Kcnq1 mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2813-21. [PMID: 15385447 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to gastric cancer has been associated with a wide range of host genetic and environmental factors, including Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter pylori infection is postulated to initiate a progression through atrophic gastritis, metaplasia and dysplasia to cancer, and has been associated with reduction of acid output and dysregulation of stomach mucins. Here, we present the characterization of two mouse lines carrying mutant alleles of the gene encoding the Kcnq1 potassium channel, which very rapidly establish chronic gastritis in a pathogen-exposed environment. These mice develop gastric hyperplasia, hypochlorhydria and mucin dysregulation independent of infection. Metaplasia, dysplasia and pre-malignant adenomatous hyperplasia of the stomach have been observed in these Kcnq1 mutant mice, also independent of infection. The data presented here suggest that Kcnq1 mutant mice can be used both as an efficient model for the development of atrophic gastritis after infection and to determine the processes during the later stages of progression to gastric cancer independent of infection. Thus, Kcnq1 mutant mice are a powerful new tool for investigating the connection between acid balance, Helicobacter infection and mucin disruption in the progression to gastric cancer.
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18
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Alonso Cotoner C, Casellas Jordá F, Chicharro Serrano ML, de Torres Ramírez I, Malagelada Benaprés JR. [Iron deficiency: not always blood losses]. An Med Interna 2003; 20:227-31. [PMID: 12831295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iron deficiency may be the only presenting sign of malabsorption due to the presence of intestinal villous atrophy. Once gastrointestinal blood losses have been excluded, intestinal malabsorption should be investigated. OBJECTIVES To determine the utility of jejunal biopsy in the evaluation of iron deficiency due to a defective absorption and the different diseases that may cause malabsortive iron deficiency. METHODS Seventy patients with iron deficiency (ferritin<25 ng/ml), referred to the Unitat de Proves Funcionals Digestives to perform a jejunal biopsy were included. Jejunal biopsy was obtained distal to Treitz with a Watson capsule. Histological changes were classified according to the criteria proposed by Marsh. RESULTS Jejunal biopsy was performed in 66 patients. Histology was normal in 25, unespecific in 1, showed inflammatory infiltrate in 12, hyperplastic changes in 2 and atrophy in 25. In one patient showed intestinal giardiasis. The clinical diagnosis was celiac sprue in 21 patients (32%), aclorhydria in 7 (10.5%), bacterial overgrowth in 1 (1.5%), intestinal giardiasis in 1 (1.5%), menstrual blood loss in 1 (1.5%) and 35(53%) patients remained without a definitive diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Jejunal biopsy is useful in the evaluation of iron deficiency due to intestinal malabsorption and reveals intestinal abnormalities in a significant number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alonso Cotoner
- Servei de Digestiu. Department d'Anatomia Patològica. Hospital Universitari Vall d' Hebrón. Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Cohen H, Weinstein WM, Carmel R. Heterogeneity of gastric histology and function in food cobalamin malabsorption: absence of atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria in some patients with severe malabsorption. Gut 2000; 47:638-45. [PMID: 11034579 PMCID: PMC1728117 DOI: 10.1136/gut.47.5.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common but incompletely understood entity of malabsorption of food bound cobalamin is generally presumed to arise from gastritis and/or achlorhydria. AIM To conduct a systematic comparative examination of gastric histology and function. SUBJECTS Nineteen volunteers, either healthy or with low cobalamin levels, were prospectively studied without prior knowledge of their absorption or gastric status. METHODS All subjects underwent prospective assessment of food cobalamin absorption by the egg yolk cobalamin absorption test, endoscopy, histological grading of biopsies from six gastric sites, measurement of gastric secretory function, assay for serum gastrin and antiparietal cell antibodies, and direct tests for Helicobacter pylori infection. RESULTS The six subjects with severe malabsorption (group I) had worse histological scores overall and lower acid and pepsin secretion than the eight subjects with normal absorption (group III) or the five subjects with mild malabsorption (group II). However, histological findings, and acid and pepsin secretion overlapped considerably between individual subjects in group I and group III. Two distinct subgroups of three subjects each emerged within group I. One subgroup (IA) had severe gastric atrophy and achlorhydria. The other subgroup (IB) had little atrophy and only mild hypochlorhydria; the gastric findings were indistinguishable from those in many subjects with normal absorption. Absorption improved in the two subjects in subgroup IB and in one subject in group II who received antibiotics, along with evidence of clearing of H pylori. None of the subjects in group IA responded to antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Food cobalamin malabsorption arises in at least two different gastric settings, one of which involves neither gastric atrophy nor achlorhydria. Malabsorption can respond to antibiotics, but only in some patients. Food cobalamin malabsorption is not always synonymous with atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria, and hypochlorhydria does not always guarantee food cobalamin malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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20
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Spicer Z, Miller ML, Andringa A, Riddle TM, Duffy JJ, Doetschman T, Shull GE. Stomachs of mice lacking the gastric H,K-ATPase alpha -subunit have achlorhydria, abnormal parietal cells, and ciliated metaplasia. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21555-65. [PMID: 10764766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The H,K-ATPase of the gastric parietal cell is the most critical component of the ion transport system mediating acid secretion in the stomach. To study the requirement of this enzyme in the development, maintenance, and function of the gastric mucosa, we used gene targeting to prepare mice lacking the alpha-subunit. Homozygous mutant (Atp4a(-/-)) mice appeared healthy and exhibited normal systemic electrolyte and acid-base status but were achlorhydric and hypergastrinemic. Immunocytochemical, histological, and ultrastructural analyses of Atp4a(-/-) stomachs revealed the presence of chief cells, demonstrating that the lack of acid secretion does not interfere with their differentiation. Parietal cells were also present in normal numbers, and despite the absence of alpha-subunit mRNA and protein, the beta-subunit was expressed. However, Atp4a(-/-) parietal cells had dilated canaliculi and lacked typical canalicular microvilli and tubulovesicles, and subsets of these cells contained abnormal mitochondria and/or massive glycogen stores. Stomachs of adult Atp4a(-/-) mice exhibited metaplasia, which included the presence of ciliated cells. We conclude that ablation of the H,K-ATPase alpha-subunit causes achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia, severe perturbations in the secretory membranes of the parietal cell, and metaplasia of the gastric mucosa; however, the absence of the pump appears not to perturb parietal cell viability or chief cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Spicer
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and Environmental Health, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0524, USA
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21
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El-Omar EM, Oien K, Murray LS, El-Nujumi A, Wirz A, Gillen D, Williams C, Fullarton G, McColl KE. Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:22-30. [PMID: 10611150 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori is believed to predispose to gastric cancer by inducing gastric atrophy and hypochlorhydria. First-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer have an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of atrophy and hypochlorhydria and their association with H. pylori infection in first-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer. METHODS H. pylori status, gastric secretory function, and gastric histology were studied in 100 first-degree relatives of patients with noncardia gastric cancer and compared with those of controls with no family history of this cancer. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, relatives of patients with gastric cancer had a higher prevalence of hypochlorhydria (27% vs. 3%) but a similar prevalence of H. pylori infection (63% vs. 64%). Relatives of cancer patients also had a higher prevalence of atrophy (34%) than patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (5%) matched for H. pylori prevalence. Among the relatives of cancer patients, the prevalence of atrophy and hypochlorhydria was increased only in those with evidence of H. pylori infection, was greater in relatives of patients with familial cancer than in relatives of sporadic cancer index patients, and increased with age. Eradication of H. pylori infection produced resolution of the gastric inflammation in each subject and resolution of hypochlorhydria and atrophy in 50% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS Relatives of patients with gastric cancer have an increased prevalence of precancerous gastric abnormalities, but this increase is confined to those with H. pylori infection. Consequently, prophylactic eradication of the infection should be offered to such subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M El-Omar
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
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22
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Lubensky IA, Schiffmann R, Goldin E, Tsokos M. Lysosomal inclusions in gastric parietal cells in mucolipidosis type IV: a novel cause of achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:1527-31. [PMID: 10584706 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-199912000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (ML-IV) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that causes severe neurologic abnormalities. The brain disease is characterized by pigmented cytoplasmic granules in neurons and accumulation of lamellated membrane structures in lysosomes. The gastrointestinal disease in ML-IV was not previously recognized. Clinical examination of 20 patients with ML-IV (age range, 2-23 years) at the National Institutes of Health showed hypergastrinemia and constitutive achlorhydria. Endoscopic biopsy specimens from the gastric fundus, body, and antrum and from the duodenum of four such patients (ages 4, 6, 7, and 22 years) were evaluated histologically and by electron microscopy. Histologically, all gastric fundus and body biopsy specimens showed parietal cells in normal numbers. However, a striking cytoplasmic vacuolization of parietal cells was seen on hematoxylin and eosin stain. Electron microscopy showed the parietal cells to be markedly distended by large lysosomes containing lamellar, concentric, and cystic membranous inclusions. Additionally, chronic atrophic gastritis and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia were observed. Foveolar and chief cells in stomach and duodenum biopsy specimens were normal. We conclude that the cytoplasmic lysosomal inclusions in gastric parietal cells is a unique histologic feature of gastric biopsy in ML-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Lubensky
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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23
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Schiffmann R, Dwyer NK, Lubensky IA, Tsokos M, Sutliff VE, Latimer JS, Frei KP, Brady RO, Barton NW, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Goldin E. Constitutive achlorhydria in mucolipidosis type IV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:1207-12. [PMID: 9448310 PMCID: PMC18720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease of unknown etiology that causes severe neurological and ophthalmological abnormalities. In an attempt to obtain insight into the nature of the metabolic abnormality in this disorder, we prospectively evaluated 15 consecutive patients, aged 2 to 23 years, over a period of 22 months. The finding of iron deficiency in some of the patients led us to the discovery that all patients but one had markedly elevated blood gastrin levels. None had vitamin B12 deficiency. Gastroscopy in three patients showed normal gross appearance of the mucosa in two patients, 4 and 7 years old, and mucosal atrophy in a 22-year-old. Parietal cells were present in normal numbers and contained large cytoplasmic inclusions that were confirmed immunohistochemically to be lysosomal in nature. Other gastric epithelial cells appeared normal. Parietal cells contained very few tubulovesicular membranes, suggesting cellular activation, whereas apical canaliculi appeared relatively nonactivated. Both subunits of the parietal cell H+/K+-ATPase were present, and both partially colocalized with f-actin at the apical membrane. We conclude that patients with mucolipidosis type IV are constitutively achlorhydric and have partially activated parietal cells. We hypothesize that the defective protein in this disease is closely associated with the final stages of parietal cell activation and is critical for a specific type of cellular vacuolar trafficking between the cytoplasm and the apical membrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schiffmann
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Brandi G, Pisi A, Biasco G, Miglioli M, Biavati B, Barbara L. Bacteria in biopsies of human hypochlorhydric stomach: a scanning electron microscopy study. Ultrastruct Pathol 1996; 20:203-9. [PMID: 8727062 DOI: 10.3109/01913129609016316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A long-lasting condition of hypochloridria leads to a bacterial growth both in the gastric lumen and biopsies of human stomach. Some of these bacteria are probably involved in gastric carcinogenesis, due to their capacity of nitrosation. This study was carried out on biopsies taken during endoscopy from both gastric antrum and the body of patients with or without hypochloridria. Scanning electron microscopy observation shows that bacteria, other than Helicobacter pylori, found in hypochloridria, can be located not only over but also into and under the mucus layer covering the gastric epithelium. In such areas, mechanical and biochemical damage may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brandi
- Istituto di Clinica Medica e Gastroenterologia, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
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25
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Freston JW, Borch K, Brand SJ, Carlsson E, Creutzfeldt W, Håkanson R, Olbe L, Solcia E, Walsh JH, Wolfe MM. Effects of hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia on structure and function of gastrointestinal cells. A review and analysis. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:50S-62S. [PMID: 7859584 DOI: 10.1007/bf02214871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since hypochlorhydria can induce hypergastrinemia, and gastrin has a trophic effect on some gastrointestinal cells, states that cause elevated plasma gastrin levels are of interest in terms of effects on cell growth and function. This article reviews the relationship between gastric mucosal cells during periods of acid stimulation and inhibition and analyses the effects of hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia on gastric and colonic cells and tumors. Hypochlorhydria releases the inhibitory effect of antral gastrin cells, inducing them to release gastrin in the presence of peptides or amino acids in the gastric lumen or in response to antral distension. Gastrin stimulates the oxyntic mucosa, which may lead to hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells, resulting in enterochromaffin-like carcinoid tumors in aged rats and, rarely, in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis or gastrinomas. In addition to hypergastrinemia, other factors appear to be required for the progression of enterochromaffin-like hyperplasia to carcinoids; genetic factors may be involved. Gastrin elevations due to antisecretory drug therapy are indirectly proportional to the degree of acid inhibition and are reversible upon cessation of therapy. The gastrin levels during omeprazole therapy are similar to those caused by gastric vagotomy. Available evidence does not support a relationship between hypergastrinemia and the occurrence or growth of gastric carcinoma or colonic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Freston
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030
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26
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Abstract
A 54-year-old man with dyspepsia, Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic active atrophic gastritis without intestinal metaplasia, and hyperplastic gastric polyps was followed up for 1 year after H. pylori eradication with sequential endoscopic gastric mucosal mapping and gastric function tests. Eradication of H. pylori by triple therapy resulted in the histologic resolution of gastritis. However, the patient's condition, gastric function, and morphology of the polyps were not affected. This case illustrates that: a) in the absence of intestinal metaplasia, H. pylori can infect the stomach with gastric atrophy; b) the absence of acid does not preclude H. pylori infection; c) advanced atrophic gastritis may be an irreversible condition; and (d) the neutrophilic infiltrate in hyperplastic polyps is independent of the presence of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Genta
- Dept. of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
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27
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Abstract
Hypochlorhydria is considered to be a risk factor for gastric cancer, both clinically and experimentally. In humans, the hypo-acidic condition appears to be closely associated with the development of differentiated-type gastric carcinomas. We investigated relationships between antral pH and histological types of gastric cancer using an animal model. A total of 7.65 g of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) was orally administered to male beagle dogs. Subsequently, the dogs were divided into four groups and underwent four surgical interventions designed to create various conditions in the antrum. Antral pH was recorded at the time of killing after an observation period ranging from 16 to 33 months. The number of gastrin-secreting cells (G-cells) was counted after immunohistochemical staining. Carcinomas were found in the antrum of 12 of the 21 dogs that had survived. Although limited doses of ENNG, such as those used in this study, have been reported to produce only undifferentiated adenocarcinomas, differentiated adenocarcinomas were found in seven of these 12 dogs. Antral pH and the number of G-cells were significantly higher in these seven dogs than in the other five dogs, which had developed only undifferentiated adenocarcinomas. Bile inflow showed no significant effect on the development of differentiated adenocarcinomas. Neither atrophic gastritis nor intestinal metaplasia was seen in any of the dogs. These results suggest that the hypo-acidic condition itself may play a role in the development of differentiated adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sano
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
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28
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Abstract
Hyperplasia of the oxyntic enterochromaffinlike cells in response to long-lasting blockade of acid secretion is closely related to hypergastrinemia. In the present study, the effect of a specific gastrin receptor antagonist on proton pump inhibitor-induced changes on serum gastrin levels, mucosal height, as well as gastrin- and enterochromaffin-like cells was investigated in rats. The proton pump inhibitor BY 308 or the vehicle methylcellulose [Methocel (controls)] was administered for 2 weeks in the presence and absence of the gastrin receptor antagonist PD 136450 (CAM 1189). BY 308 significantly increased serum gastrin levels, gastrin cell density, and antral gastrin concentration. Concomitant application of PD 136450 did not alter this response. In the oxyntic stomach, mucosal height, enterochromaffinlike cell density, labeling index of enterochromaffinlike cells, and histamine concentration were elevated after treatment with BY 308. These increases were almost completely abolished by PD 136450. Even in normogastrinemic control rats, PD 136450 significantly decreased mucosal height of the oxyntic part of the stomach and the labeling index of enterochromaffinlike cells. The results show that (a) trophic effects of drug-induced achlorhydria are mediated by gastrin; (b) even in control rats (normogastrinemic), gastrin is a trophic factor for the oxyntic mucosa; and (c) antral gastrin cell hyperplasia in states of chronic achlorhydria is not mediated by gastrin itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eissele
- Department of Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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29
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Soybel DI, Modlin IM. Sustained suppression of gastric secretion and the risk of neoplasia in the gastric mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86:1713-9. [PMID: 1962614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term risks of medications that cause profound and sustained suppression of acid secretion are an increasing source of concern. Because of concerns over a potentially increased incidence of gastric malignancies in patients with pernicious anemia, clinicians have become increasingly aware of changes in gastric flora, and levels of carcinogen, as well as changes in hormonal milieu, which can accompany profound suppression of acid secretion. The risks of gastric epithelial and endocrine cell neoplasia in patients receiving powerful antisecretory agents are not yet known, but cannot be dismissed until long-term follow-up studies are available. The relationship between proliferation of epithelial and endocrine elements and sustained suppression of acid secretion may provide new insight into processes that regulate replication and growth of cells in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Soybel
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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30
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Abstract
Time-related changes of serum gastrin levels, gastrin cell, and enterochromaffinlike cell densities, and proliferation kinetics of these cells have been examined in rats during treatment with the substituted benzimidazole BY 308 over a period of 73 days. Serum gastrin levels increased very rapidly from 74 +/- 6 pg/mL (controls) to 438 +/- 31 pg/mL (day 1) and 727 +/- 68 pg/mL (day 4). Thereafter, a steady increase was observed until day 70 (2097 +/- 208 pg/mL). Enterochromaffinlike cell density was unchanged until day 10, but then increased progressively without reaching a plateau (144% above control on day 73). The labeling index of these cells was enhanced shortly after drug application and remained on a constant elevated level from day 14 to day 73 (about 10-fold to 12-fold above controls from day 14 to day 70). The number of gastrin cells increased rapidly within the first week and reached a plateau after 17 days (96% increase above controls). In contrast to enterochromaffinlike cells, the labeling index did not change immediately but increased on day 7 by 37% and returned beneath control values after day 28. The results suggest that in drug-induced achlorhydria, the progressive increase of enterochromaffinlike cells is explained by an enhanced mitosis, whereas other factors in addition to proliferation are responsible for the augmentation of gastrin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eissele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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31
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Abstract
Fundic argyrophil cells were studied for a mean period of 68.7 months (range, 11-170) in 18 patients with fundic atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria. Initially, 12 patients had hyperplasia of the argyrophil cells, the severity of which was assessed using a semiquantitative classification based on the number of argyrophil clusters per square millimeter. At the end of the study, the degree of hyperplasia was unchanged in 9 patients, had decreased in 2, and had increased in 1; no significant increase in the number of argyrophil clusters, precarcinoid changes, or carcinoid tumors were observed and the high level of gastrinemia [mean, 4.8 (range, 1.9-8.1) times the upper limit for normal) did not change significantly. Of the 6 patients with no hyperplasia at the outset of the study, 4 continued without hyperplasia and 2 presented a low-grade hyperplasia at the 20th and 130th month. Gastrinemia increased significantly in the last patient and stayed normal in the other 5. This study argues in favor of the stable appearance of fundic argyrophil cells in patients with atrophic gastritis and stable gastrinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Roucayrol
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, Centre Hospitalier de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, France
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DeLuca VA. No acid, no polys--no "active" gastritis, no dyspepsia. A proposal. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 11:127-31. [PMID: 2738355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The current dilemma in characterizing non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is due to the very nature of the term which has forced the dependence for diagnosis primarily on symptomatology and the absence of an ulcer crater as ascertained by radiographs or endoscopy. I propose a new classification which I believe is consistent and well founded, based on the presence of histologic gastritis and acid secretion of the stomach. Four categories are presented: (a) normal histology, (b) "active" gastritis, (c) "inactive" gastritis, and (d) atrophic gastritis with achlorhydria. Acid secretion is present in categories a-c. The classification is dependent on the presence of the "poly" to denote active gastritis, round cells to classify inactive gastritis, and the loss of parietal and chief cells with achlorhydria to define gastric atrophy. I propose that polys and acid, which characterize active gastritis, are necessary for producing dyspepsia and/or gastroduodenal mucosal injury, and provide a rationale for treatment. The accepted causes of active gastritis include acid-peptic disease, Campylobacter pylori, and aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A DeLuca
- Department of Gastroenterology, Griffin Hospital, Derby, CT 06418
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Graham DY, Alpert LC, Smith JL, Yoshimura HH. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydria. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83:974-80. [PMID: 3414650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
On a number of occasions, there have been descriptions of epidemic achlorhydria in subjects undergoing repeated gastric secretory studies, typically as part of research protocols. We observed a case in a 37-yr-old healthy man undergoing weekly gastric analyses, along with endoscopy and gastric biopsy, as part of a research protocol studying gastric adaptation to aspirin. In the middle of the 2nd wk of aspirin administration, he developed severe nausea and epigastric discomfort. Aspirin administration was discontinued, but, as per protocol, gastric analyses, endoscopies, and biopsies were continued. Compared to the week preceding the acute illness, biochemical analyses showed a transient 7.4-fold increase in basal gastric acid, 3.6-fold increase in pepsin secretion, 8.8-fold increase in DNA loss, 5.6-fold increase in mucus secretion, and 12-fold increase in gastric bleeding. Basal acid secretion was zero, and pepsin secretion was one-third of control during the 2nd wk of the infection. Endoscopy at the time of symptoms showed erosions in the gastric body and antrum, as well as numerous mucosal hemorrhages and an acute ulcer in the antrum. Endoscopy 7 days later revealed that the gastric mucosa had almost completely recovered, with only a shallow erosion seen at the site of the previous ulcer. Gastric biopsies were normal before and during the first 2 wk of aspirin ingestion. Gastric biopsies taken at the time of the acute illness (associated with increased basal acid secretion) showed marked acute inflammation of the antrum with many Campylobacter pylori bacilli. At that time, neither acute inflammation nor C. pylori were found in biopsies from the body of the stomach. Biopsies obtained 1 wk later (zero basal acid) showed acute inflammation of both the gastric body and antrum. One week later, biopsies from the gastric body showed mild focal acute inflammation, moderate chronic inflammation, and an occasional lymphoid follicle; the gastric antrum showed chronic inflammation. Antral biopsies obtained 2 yr later showed persistent chronic gastritis with prominent lymphoid follicles and scattered foci of acute inflammatory cells; C. pylori bacilli were still present, but were less apparent. We believe that the syndrome of acute (epidemic) gastritis is often iatrogenic C. pylori infection. Our case shows that increased basal acid and pepsin secretion occur before onset of basal acid hypochlorhydria in the acute phase of C. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Cadiot G, Lehy T, Bonfils S. Action of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on the growth-promoting effect resulting from sustained achlorhydria in rat gastric mucosa, with special reference to endocrine cell behaviour. Eur J Clin Invest 1988; 18:360-8. [PMID: 3139421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether a new long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) could antagonize the trophic effect induced by hypergastrinaemia, resulting from chronic omeprazole treatment, on the rat gastric mucosa and particularly on endocrine cell growth. SMS was administered concomitantly with omeprazole for 70 days. Gastric morphometric and cell proliferative parameters, gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin levels were examined. New findings with omeprazole pointed out: (i) a trophic effect on the antral mucosa and (ii) that the increase observed in gastrin cell number was not due to stimulation of gastrin cell production by omeprazole but more likely to a prolongation of the gastrin cells' life span. As compared to omeprazole alone, simultaneous SMS administration significantly decreased the parietal cell (P less than 0.05) and gastrin cell (P less than 0.01) labelling indices, mucosal height of total glandular stomach (P less than 0.05) and antral mucosal height (P less than 0.05). It tended to lower fundic mucosal height and fundic argyrophil cell density (P less than 0.2 and P less than 0.1, respectively). SMS, in our conditions, did not accentuate the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on gastric acid secretion nor reduce high plasma gastrin levels. We conclude that SMS modestly counteracts the growth-promoting effect observed in rat gastric mucosa after prolonged omeprazole treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cadiot
- Unité 10 INSERM de gastroentérologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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Abstract
The clinical course of a child who developed an adenocarcinoma of the stomach at 11 years of age is described. At 6 years of age, the child was evaluated for abdominal pain, weight loss, and vomiting. She was found to have hemorrhagic, atrophic gastritis, achlorhydria, and panhypogammaglobulinemia. The gastritis improved with corticosteroid therapy, but relapsed each time that the steroid dosage was tapered. The clinical course was marked by severe growth failure, recurrent infections, and intermittent abdominal pain. Radiographic studies done when the patient was 11 years of age demonstrated a large fungating mass on the lesser curvature of the stomach. Endoscopy and biopsies done 1 year previously had not revealed any sign of malignancy. A radical gastrectomy was performed. Microscopic studies revealed multifocal adenocarcinoma of the stomach with no evidence of invasion of the submucosa or local lymph nodes. The patient died of Candida septicemia and pneumonia 6 months after the gastrectomy. There was no evidence of recurrence of the tumor on autopsy. The relationship between common variable immunodeficiency and gastrointestinal disease is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Conley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
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36
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Koop H, Arnold R. [Consequences of therapeutic long-term achlorhydria]. Internist (Berl) 1987; 28:8-13. [PMID: 2883153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Barbosa AJ, de Carvalho DG, Toppa NH, Nogueira AM. [Histological analysis of the gastric mucosa, enterochromaffin cells and gastrin-producing cells in endoscopic biopsies of patients with achlorhydria]. Arq Gastroenterol 1985; 22:68-73. [PMID: 3833131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty achlorhydric patients and five controls were submitted to gastric endoscopic biopsies in order to study the histological pattern of the gastric mucosa and the number of enterochromaffin (EC) and gastrin (G) cells of the antral mucosa. The histological changes of the oxyntic mucosa of achlorhydric patients were variable being the predominant pattern the severe chronic atrophic gastritis. The antral mucosa was normal in appearance or revealed mild degree of gastritis. In the most achlorhydric patients the antral EC cell number was decreased when compared to the controls and the G cell number were relatively numerous. The results of the present work are suggestive of an increased G:EC cell ratio in achlorhydric patients.
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Heilmann KL, Lux G. [Risk findings of the gastric mucosa--a clinicopathologic discussion]. Leber Magen Darm 1985; 15:1-12. [PMID: 3974395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histological results of gastric biopsies necessitate a careful discussion between the gastroenterologist and pathologist in order evaluate the significance of the findings and to determine, what should be done next. Risk factors may be defined on the basis of clinical and endoscopic as well as of histological findings. Circumscript lesions of the gastric mucosa are such risk factors; histological examination of these lesions has to be done in quite a few cases repeatedly in order to confirm the diagnosis. Especially precancerous changes maybe considered as risk factors; according to WHO-definition they are subdivided in precancerous conditions and precancerous lesions. Precancerous conditions are type A gastritis, status after surgery of the stomach, hyperplasiogenic polyps of the stomach, increased familiar incidence of carcinoma, Ménétrier's disease, and acanthosis nigricans. Precancerous lesions on the other side are circumscript, histologically definable tissue changes, like for instance adenoma of the stomach, where formation of carcinoma can be observed with higher than normal incidence. Chronic atrophic gastritis has been overestimated considerably as a precancerous lesion. Control biopsies are indicated only in large time intervals and if special, well defined histological conditions prevail. Carcinoma incidence after Billroth II-resection of the stomach is lower in Middle Europe and U.S.A. than has been assumed before. Regular gastroscopic check-ups seem only to be justified in persons over 50 years of age, or in persons who have been operated upon more than 15 years ago. The procedures to be taken if gastric polyps are present depend upon localisation and size of the tumor and histology of the forceps biopsy. If adenoma are found or borderline lesions, which are to be considered as real precancerous lesions total excision by endoscopy, or if necessary by surgery is indicated.
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Andersson H, Björkman AC, Gillberg R, Kastrup W, Mobacken H, Stockbrügger R. Influence of the amount of dietary gluten on gastrointestinal morphology and function in dermatitis herpetiformis. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984; 38:279-85. [PMID: 6469705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The individual daily intake of gluten was calculated in 45 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) on the basis of a depth interview about food habits. Gastric and small intestinal morphology and function were studied concurrently. Mean daily gluten intake was estimated to be 15 g, a figure which corresponds well to the average gluten intake in Sweden. There was a significant correlation between the degree of morphological mucosal changes of the small intestine and the quantity of gluten ingested. All patients with jejunal villous atrophy consumed more than 10 g gluten daily and all but one patient with normal jejunal villous structure had a gluten intake of less than 10 g/d. The findings suggest a dose-dependent effect of gluten on the intestinal mucosa. Conversely, the daily gluten intake was not correlated to gastric morphology, gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin levels or serum parietal cell antibodies. Patients with reduced ability to secrete gastric acid did not differ from the remaining patients in this respect. Whereas the coeliac-like enteropathy in DH seems to be caused by ingested gluten, the frequently occurring achlorhydric atrophic gastritis must be assumed to be of different immunopathogenesis.
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Romagnoli P, Bani D, Biliotti GC. The exocrine pancreas of patients with WDHA syndrome. A light and electron microscopical study. J Submicrosc Cytol 1984; 16:569-76. [PMID: 6471149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The exocrine pancreas of two patients with WDHA syndrome was studied by light and electron microscopy and by morphometrical methods. Compared to the controls, centroacinar and ductular cells were increased in number and richer in organelles, and acinar cells were markedly degranulated with well-developed ergastoplasm and Golgi apparatus. These findings suggest enhanced secretion of bicarbonate and enzymes in patients with WDHA syndrome. These results are discussed in the light of the complex metabolic and endocrine conditions occurring in this syndrome.
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Karvonen AL, Lehtola J. Outcome of gastric mucosal erosions. A follow-up study of elective gastroscopic patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19:228-34. [PMID: 6719035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and five patients with gastric erosion were followed up gastroscopically. In 69 patients (66%) the lesions healed in a mean of 0.9 +/- 1.1 (SD) years, but in 36 patients they persisted for a mean follow-up time of 3.1 +/- 1.7 years. In the patients with incomplete erosions on the prepyloric folds the lesions healed in 38% of the cases, and the mean healing time, 2.4 +/- 1.9 years, was statistically significantly longer than that for the other types (p less than 0.02). The erosions were oftener chronic in men than in women (p less than 0.01). Peptic ulcer developed in four patients. Foveolar hyperplasia in the mucosa developed in the patients with complete erosions (p less than 0.01) and achlorhydria (p less than 0.001). Two additional cases of polyps were observed among patients with complete erosions and achlorhydria. No malignant changes occurred. The acid secretion capacity was higher in the patients with unhealed erosions (p less than 0.005). The use of analgetics was common in the patients with unhealed erosions (p less than 0.01).
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Abstract
A 72-year-old female gave a history of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss necessitating transfusion with over 90 units of blood despite continuous oral iron therapy over a period of 24 years. Gastroscopic appearances were very similar to those recently described by Lewis and by Wheeler in patients with submucosal angiomatous lesions and chronic gastrointestinal blood loss. Striking erythematous streaks radiated from the pylorus and were confined to the antrum. In our case complete achlorhydria to pentagastrin was associated with low serum and antral gastrin concentrations. The introduction of oral prednisolone was followed by a marked fall in the rate of gastrointestinal blood loss, removing the need for transfusion during the following year. Complete achlorhydria persisted and endoscopic appearances remained unchanged, but there was a marked rise in antral and serum gastrin concentrations. The possible modes of action of prednisolone in this case are discussed. The patient remains well in November 1979. The dose of prednisolone was reduced to 10 mg on alternate days in May 1979. Iron supplements have been continued but no transfusion has been required since the start of steroid therapy. The hemoglobin has gradually risen to 14.9 g/dl.
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Ramsey EJ, Carey KV, Peterson WL, Jackson JJ, Murphy FK, Read NW, Taylor KB, Trier JS, Fordtran JS. Epidemic gastritis with hypochlorhydria. Gastroenterology 1979; 76:1449-57. [PMID: 437444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen of 37 healthy volunteers participating in studies of acid secretion and 1 patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome became rapidly and profoundly hypochlorhydric. A mild illness with epigastric pain occurred in 9 subjects, usually several days before detection of hypochlorhydria. Gastric mucosal biopsy specimens taken from subjects during hypochlorhydria revealed severe fundal and antral gastritis; however, even when acid secretion was severely depressed, parietal cells were abundant and appeared normal histologically. During hypochlorhydria, gastric permeability to hydrogen, sodium, and lithium was normal in 4 subjects. Serum gastrin concentrations were usually normal, whereas serum pepsinogen concentrations were invariably elevated. Serum parietal cell antibodies were not present. Acid secretion returned to near baseline levels in 14 of 17 subjects after a mean of 126 days (range 53--235); severity of gastritis diminished concurrently in 7 of 10 subjects on whom biopsies were serially performed. An infectious etiology is suspected, although serologic studies and bacterial and conventional viral cultures of stool and gastric juice have not identified a candidate agent.
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Kaess H, Cheli R, De Benedetti F, Ciancamerla D, Dörner M. Morphology of the gastric mucosa, gastric secretion and serum gastrin concentration following a test meal. Digestion 1978; 17:18-28. [PMID: 627318 DOI: 10.1159/000198090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 32 subjects, the HCl secretion, the histological state of the antral and fundic mucosa and the gastrin response to a liquid meal extract were studied. Atrophy of the antrum was associated with normal gastrin concentration in the fasting state and after the test meal, in the presence of normal fundic mucosa and HCl secretion. In achlorhydria and atrophic gastritis, fasting gastrinemia was significantly elevated in subjects with a normal antrum, and only moderately increased in subjects with an atrophic antrum. The gastrin response to feeding was correlated to the fasting gastrin concentration in achlorhydric subjects with normal antral mucosa, in contrast to a uniformly reduced output in achlorhydric subjects with atrophic lesions of the antral mucosa.
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47
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You WY, Gould JP, Clemens AL. Menetrier's disease: report of a case. J Iowa Med Soc 1978; 68:11-4. [PMID: 621415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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48
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Massarrat S, Schmitz-Moormann P, Fritsch WP, Hausamen TU, Kappert J. Morphological findings of different areas of gastric mucosa in patients with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria, normochlorhydria and their relationship to serum gastrin levels: evidence for two different types of gastritis. Klin Wochenschr 1977; 55:1095-102. [PMID: 592678 DOI: 10.1007/bf01477936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphological changes of gastric mucosa taken from different areas has been studied in patients of approximately the same age with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria and normochlorhydria. The serum gastrin level and parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric patients. In the latter the diffuse gastritis was localized in the corpus-fundic area, while the changes in the antral region were few and occurred mostly in the superficial zone. In normochlorhydric patients however, the diffuse gastritis was localized in the antral region, with only few changes at the corpus-fundic area. In patients with extreme hypochlorhydira either the fundic or the antral region was involved. Besides the diffuse gastritis intestinal metaplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and atrophy of mucosa were also observed, although much less commonly. The increase of gastrin level could not be related to a definite morphological pattern in the gastric mucosa. It can be assumed that each of the two types of gastritis has a different natural history; the antral site of gastrititis cannot be transformed into the fundic site, nor can the fundic site be transformed into the antral site.
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Abstract
During 1 year 725 consecutive patients admitted to a geriatric unit were investigated for anaemia. 51% of men had haemoglobin levels below 13.5 g/dl and 41% of women had levels below 12 g/dl. 657 patients had an azuresin tubeless test meal following an augmented dose of histamine acid phosphate and 450 (68%) had achlorhydria. Gastric biopsies were performed on 240 of the patients with achloryhdria and 201 satisfactory biopsies were obtained. These were graded into five categories: (1) normal; (2) surface gastritis; (3) diffuse gastritis; (4) chronic atrophic gastritis, and (5) chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. The grades of mucosal change could not be correlated with the presence or absence of anaemia, the state of gastric function as measured by the Schilling test for absorption of vitamin B12, or the level of vitamin B12 in the serum.
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50
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Stockbrügger R, Larsson LI, Lundqvist G, Angervall L. Antral gastrin cells and serum gastrin in achlorhydria. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12:209-13. [PMID: 322254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Forty-five patients with achlorhydria due to severe atrophic corpus gastritis or gastric atrophy were studied by determination of serum gastrin, histological examination of multiple biopsy from the antrum, and quantitation of gastrin cells revealed by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. In a reference group of 12 persons with normal gastric secretion and without atrophic antral gastritis the mean number of gastrin cells per field of vision was 52 +/- 6.5 (S.E.M.). In a group of achlorhydric patients having normal antral mucosa (n = 24), the serum gastrin levels was 324 +/- 56 pmol/l and the number of gastrin cells was 79.6 +/- 7.5 cells/field of vision. The corresponding values for a group of achlorhydric patients with chronic superficial antral gastritis (n = 11) were 361 +/- 186 pmol/l and 88.0 +/- 14.4 cells/field of vision. In a group of achlorhydric patients with atrophic antral gastritis (n = 10) serum gastrin was 15.0 +/- 3.3 pmol/l, and the number of gastrin cells was 6.2 +/- 3.3 cells/field of vision. Compared to the subjects in the reference group, the number of gastrin cells was significantly higher in the groups of achlorhydric patients with normal or superficially inflamed antral mucosa and significantly lower in achlorhydric patients with atrophic antral gastritis. It is concluded that serum gastrin in general is a good indicator for the presence or absence of antral atrophic gastritis in achlorhydria.
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