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Chowdhury R, Ganeshan B, Irshad S, Lawler K, Eisenblätter M, Milewicz H, Rodriguez-Justo M, Miles K, Ellis P, Groves A, Punwani S, Ng T. The use of molecular imaging combined with genomic techniques to understand the heterogeneity in cancer metastasis. BJR Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Chowdhury R, Ganeshan B, Irshad S, Lawler K, Eisenblätter M, Milewicz H, Rodriguez-Justo M, Miles K, Ellis P, Groves A, Punwani S, Ng T. The use of molecular imaging combined with genomic techniques to understand the heterogeneity in cancer metastasis. Br J Radiol 2014; 87:20140065. [PMID: 24597512 PMCID: PMC4075563 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour heterogeneity has, in recent times, come to play a vital role in how we understand and treat cancers; however, the clinical translation of this has lagged behind advances in research. Although significant advancements in oncological management have been made, personalized care remains an elusive goal. Inter- and intratumour heterogeneity, particularly in the clinical setting, has been difficult to quantify and therefore to treat. The histological quantification of heterogeneity of tumours can be a logistical and clinical challenge. The ability to examine not just the whole tumour but also all the molecular variations of metastatic disease in a patient is obviously difficult with current histological techniques. Advances in imaging techniques and novel applications, alongside our understanding of tumour heterogeneity, have opened up a plethora of non-invasive biomarker potential to examine tumours, their heterogeneity and the clinical translation. This review will focus on how various imaging methods that allow for quantification of metastatic tumour heterogeneity, along with the potential of developing imaging, integrated with other in vitro diagnostic approaches such as genomics and exosome analyses, have the potential role as a non-invasive biomarker for guiding the treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chowdhury
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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Ghosh D, Lee Y, Thomas S, Kohli AG, Yun DS, Belcher AM, Kelly KA. M13-templated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted in vivo imaging of prostate cancer. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:677-82. [PMID: 22983492 PMCID: PMC4059198 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging allows clinicians to visualize the progression of tumours and obtain relevant information for patient diagnosis and treatment. Owing to their intrinsic optical, electrical and magnetic properties, nanoparticles are promising contrast agents for imaging dynamic molecular and cellular processes such as protein-protein interactions, enzyme activity or gene expression. Until now, nanoparticles have been engineered with targeting ligands such as antibodies and peptides to improve tumour specificity and uptake. However, excessive loading of ligands can reduce the targeting capabilities of the ligand and reduce the ability of the nanoparticle to bind to a finite number of receptors on cells. Increasing the number of nanoparticles delivered to cells by each targeting molecule would lead to higher signal-to-noise ratios and would improve image contrast. Here, we show that M13 filamentous bacteriophage can be used as a scaffold to display targeting ligands and multiple nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells and tumours in mice. Monodisperse iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles assemble along the M13 coat, and its distal end is engineered to display a peptide that targets SPARC glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in various cancers. Compared with nanoparticles that are directly functionalized with targeting peptides, our approach improves contrast because each SPARC-targeting molecule delivers a large number of nanoparticles into the cells. Moreover, the targeting ligand and nanoparticles could be easily exchanged for others, making this platform attractive for in vivo high-throughput screening and molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadyuti Ghosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Youjin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Thomas
- Biomedical Engineering and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Aditya G. Kohli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dong Soo Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Angela M. Belcher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Authors for correspondence: Kimberly A. Kelly Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center University of Virginia PO Box 800759 Charlottesville VA, 22904 ; Angela M. Belcher Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Biological Engineering Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., 76-561 Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kimberly A. Kelly
- Biomedical Engineering and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Authors for correspondence: Kimberly A. Kelly Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center University of Virginia PO Box 800759 Charlottesville VA, 22904 ; Angela M. Belcher Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Biological Engineering Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., 76-561 Cambridge, MA 02139
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Foxley S, Fan X, Jansen SA, Zamora M, Markiewicz E, Al-Ahmadie H, Karczmar GS. High spectral and spatial resolution MRI of age-related changes in murine prostate. Magn Reson Med 2009; 60:575-81. [PMID: 18727042 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate high-resolution echo-planar spectroscopic MRI of normal and precancerous prostatic changes in a transgenic mouse line. Simian virus large T-antigen transgenic male mice (N = 7, age = 34 +/- 3.7 weeks) with prostatic hyperplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were studied. High spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI of the water proton signal was compared to the free induction decay (FID) integral image and conventional gradient-echo and spin-echo imaging. Water peak-height images of the prostate produced from HiSS datasets showed improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (P < 0.03), and greater morphological detail (P < 0.004) based on texture analysis. Despite the high spectral resolution of the HiSS datasets, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared favorably with that of the FID integral and conventional images. Lobular features in HiSS images of older mice were consistent with hyperplasia seen on histology. A partially deuterated water-filled catheter was inserted in the mouse rectum for susceptibility matching between the colon interior and exterior to minimize image artifacts. These preliminary results suggest that HiSS MRI provides detailed morphology of the murine prostate and can detect early changes associated with the development of cancer. HiSS MRI of patients may have similar advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Foxley
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Rodríguez I, Pérez-Rial S, González-Jimenez J, Pérez-Sánchez J, Herranz F, Beckmann N, Ruíz-Cabello J. Magnetic resonance methods and applications in pharmaceutical research. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3637-65. [PMID: 18228597 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of some recent magnetic resonance (MR) techniques for pharmaceutical research. MR is noninvasive, and does not expose subjects to ionizing radiation. Some methods that have been used in pharmaceutical research MR include magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, among them, diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, functional MRI, molecular imaging and contrast-enhance MRI. Some applications of MR in pharmaceutical research include MR in metabonomics, in vivo MRS, studies in cerebral ischemia and infarction, degenerative joint diseases, oncology, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases and skin diseases. Some of these techniques, such as cardiac and joint imaging, or brain fMRI are standard, and are providing relevant data routinely. Skin MR and hyperpolarized gas lung MRI are still experimental. In conclusion, considering the importance of finding and characterizing biomarkers for improved drug evaluation, it can be expected that the use of MR techniques in pharmaceutical research is going to increase in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Grupo de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII 1, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of the development of individual colon cancer tumors in rat liver. Biotechniques 2008; 44:529-35. [PMID: 18476817 DOI: 10.2144/000112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring tumor development is essential for the understanding of mechanisms involved in tumor progression and to determine efficacy of therapy. One of the evolving approaches is longitudinal noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors in experimental models. We applied high-resolution MRI at 7 Tesla to study the development of colon cancer tumors in rat liver. MRI acquisition was triggered to the respiratory cycle to minimize motion artifacts. A special radio frequency (RF) coil was designed to acquire detailed T1-weighted and T2-weighted images of the liver. T2-weighted images identified hyperintense lesions representing tumors with a minimum diameter of 2 mm, enabling the determination of growth rates and morphological aspects of individual tumors. It is concluded that high-resolution MRI using a dedicated RF coil and triggering to the respiratory cycle is an excellent tool for quantitative and morphological analysis of individual diffusely distributed tumors throughout the liver. However, at present, MRI requires expensive equipment and expertise and is a time-consuming methodology. Therefore, it should preferably be used for dedicated applications rather than for high-throughput assessment of total tumor load in animals.
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Robinson SP, Howe FA, Griffiths JR, Ryan AJ, Waterton JC. Susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging determination of fractional tumor blood volume: a noninvasive imaging biomarker of response to the vascular disrupting agent ZD6126. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:872-9. [PMID: 17889267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess tumor fractional blood volume (xi), determined in vivo by susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive imaging biomarker of tumor response to the vascular disrupting agent ZD6126. METHODS AND MATERIALS The transverse MRI relaxation rate R(2)( *) of rat GH3 prolactinomas was quantified prior to and following injection of 2.5 mgFe/kg feruglose, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide intravascular contrast agent, and xi (%) was determined from the change in R(2)( *). The rats were then treated with either saline or 50 mg/kg ZD6126, and xi measured again 24 hours later. Following posttreatment MRI, Hoechst 33342 (15 mg/kg) was administered to the rats and histological correlates from composite images of tumor perfusion and necrosis sought. RESULTS Irrespective of treatment, tumor volume significantly increased over 24 hours. Saline-treated tumors showed no statistically significant change in xi, whereas a significant (p = 0.002) 70% reduction in xi of the ZD6126-treated cohort was determined. Hoechst 33342 uptake was associated with viable tumor tissue and was significantly (p = 0.004) reduced and restricted to the rim of the ZD6126-treated tumors. A significant positive correlation between posttreatment xi and Hoechst 33342 uptake was obtained (r = 0.83, p = 0.002), providing validation of the MRI-derived measurements of fractional tumor blood volume. CONCLUSIONS These data clearly highlight the potential of susceptibility contrast MRI with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents to provide quantitative imaging biomarkers of fractional tumor blood volume at high spatial resolution to assess tumor vascular status and response to vascular disrupting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Fan X, Abe H, Medved M, Foxley S, Arkani S, Zamora MA, Olopade OI, Newstead GM, Karczmar GS. Fat suppression with spectrally selective inversion vs. high spectral and spatial resolution MRI of breast lesions: Qualitative and quantitative comparisons. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:1311-5. [PMID: 17096393 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare conventional fat-suppressed MR images of the breast to images derived from high spectral and spatial resolution MR data. Image quality and the level of fat suppression are compared qualitatively and quantitatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Women with suspicious breast lesions found on X-ray mammography were imaged on 1.5 Tesla GE SIGNA scanners. High spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) data were acquired using echo-planar spectroscopic imaging. Images with intensity proportional to the water signal peak height in each voxel were synthesized. Conventional fat-suppressed images were acquired using a frequency selective inversion method. The experimental (HiSS) and conventional images were compared by experienced radiologists to evaluate the quality of fat suppression. In addition, fat suppression and image quality were evaluated quantitatively. RESULTS Fat suppression, tumor edge delineation, lesion conspicuity, and image texture were improved in the peak height images derived from HiSS data. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the water peak height images obtained from HiSS data potentially could improve the quality of fat suppression, detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. HiSS allowed detection of lesions and evaluation of lesion morphology prior to contrast media injection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Du W, Du W, Fan X, Foxley S, Zamora M, River JN, Culp RM, Karczmar GS. Comparison of high-resolution echo-planar spectroscopic imaging with conventional MR imaging of prostate tumors in mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2005; 18:285-92. [PMID: 15973657 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI of rodent tumors has previously been performed using conventional spectroscopic imaging to obtain images with improved contrast and anatomic detail. The work described here evaluates the use of much faster echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) to acquire HiSS data from rodent tumor models of prostate cancer. A high-resolution EPSI pulse sequence was implemented on a 4.7 T Bruker scanner. Three-dimensional EPSI data were Fourier-transformed along the k-space and temporal (free-induction decay) axes to produce detailed water and fat spectra associated with each small image voxel. The data were used to generate images of spectral parameters, e.g. peak-height images for each small voxel. Two variants of EPSI were performed; gradient-echo or spin-echo excitation with EPSI readout. These imaging methods were tested in commonly used rodent prostate cancers, including seven mice implanted with non-metastatic AT2.1 (n=3) and metastatic AT3.1 (n=4) prostate tumors on the hind leg, and 10 mice implanted with LNCaP prostate cancers in situ. The peak-height images derived from EPSI datasets provide more detailed tumor anatomy, improved signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios compared with the gradient-echo or spin-echo images at all echo times. The results suggest that HiSS MRI data from small animal models of prostate cancer can be acquired using EPSI, and that this approach improves imaging of heterogeneous tissue and vascular environments inside the tumors compared with conventional MR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Kiessling F, Greschus S, Lichy MP, Bock M, Fink C, Vosseler S, Moll J, Mueller MM, Fusenig NE, Traupe H, Semmler W. Volumetric computed tomography (VCT): a new technology for noninvasive, high-resolution monitoring of tumor angiogenesis. Nat Med 2004; 10:1133-8. [PMID: 15361864 DOI: 10.1038/nm1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric computed tomography (VCT) is a technology in which area detectors are used for imaging large volumes of a subject with isotropic imaging resolution. We are experimenting with a prototype VCT scanner that uses flat-panel X-ray detectors and is designed for high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Using this technique, we have demonstrated microangiography of xeno-transplanted skin squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice. VCT shows the vessel architecture of tumors and animals with greater detail and plasticity than has previously been achieved, and is superior to contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. VCT and MR images correlate well for larger tumor vessels, which are tracked from their origin on 3D reconstructions of VCT images. When compared with histology, small tumor vessels with a diameter as small as 50 microm were clearly visualized. Furthermore, imaging small vessel networks inside the tumor tissue improved discrimination of vital and necrotic regions. Thus, VCT substantially improves imaging of vascularization in tumors and offers a promising tool for preclinical studies of tumor angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Fan X, Medved M, River JN, Zamora M, Corot C, Robert P, Bourrinet P, Lipton M, Culp RM, Karczmar GS. New model for analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data distinguishes metastatic from nonmetastatic transplanted rodent prostate tumors. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51:487-94. [PMID: 15004789 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCEMRI) data were acquired from metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors in rodents to follow the uptake and washout of a low-molecular-weight contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) and a contrast agent with higher molecular weight (P792). The concentration vs. time curves calculated for the tumor rims and centers were analyzed using the two-compartment model (TCM) and a newly developed empirical mathematical model (EMM). The EMM provided improved fits to the experimental data compared to the TCM. Parameters derived from the empirical model showed that the contrast agent washout rate was significantly slower in metastatic tumors than in nonmetastatic tumors for both Gd-DTPA (P < 0.03) and P792 (P < 0.04). The effects of the tumor on blood flow in "normal" tissue immediately adjacent to the tumors were evident: Gd-DTPA uptake and washout rates were much lower in muscle near the tumor (P < 0.05) than normal muscle farther from the tumor. The results suggest that accurate fits of DCEMRI data provide kinetic parameters that distinguish between metastatic and relatively benign cancers. In addition, a comparison of the dynamics of Gd-DTPA and P792 provides information regarding the microenvironment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Medved M, Du W, Zamora MA, Fan X, Olopade OI, MacEneaney PM, Newstead G, Karczmar GS. The effect of varying spectral resolution on the quality of high spectral and spatial resolution magnetic resonance images of the breast. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 18:442-8. [PMID: 14508781 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of varying spectral resolution on image quality of high spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight women with suspicious breast lesions and six healthy volunteers were scanned using echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) at 1.5 Tesla with 0.75- to 1-mm in-plane resolution and 2.3- to 2.6-Hz spectral resolution. Time domain data were truncated to obtain proton spectra in each voxel with varying (2.6-83.3 Hz) resolution. Images with intensity proportional to water signal peak heights were synthesized. Changes in water signal line shape following contrast injection were analyzed. RESULTS Fat suppression is optimized at approximately 10-Hz spectral resolution and is significantly improved by removal of wings of the fat resonance. This was accomplished by subtracting a Lorentzian fit to the fat resonance from the proton spectrum. The water resonance is often inhomogeneously broadened, and very high spectral resolution is necessary to resolve individual components. High spectral resolution is required for optimal contrast in anatomic features with very high T(2)* (e.g., within a lesion) and for detection of often subtle effects of contrast agents on water signal line shape. CONCLUSION Despite a trade-off between the spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, it is beneficial to acquire data at the highest spectral resolution currently attainable at 1.5 Tesla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Medved
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Beckmann N, Laurent D, Tigani B, Panizzutti R, Rudin M. Magnetic resonance imaging in drug discovery: lessons from disease areas. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9:35-42. [PMID: 14761804 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)02943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Imaging technologies are presently receiving considerable attention in the pharmaceutical area owing to their potential to accelerate the drug discovery and development process. One of the principal imaging modalities is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The multiparametric nature of MRI enables anatomical, functional and even molecular information to be obtained non-invasively from intact organisms at high spatial resolution, thereby enabling a comprehensive characterization of a disease state and the corresponding drug intervention. The non-invasiveness of MRI strengthens the link between pre-clinical and clinical drug studies, making the technique attractive for pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Discovery Technologies, Analytics and Imaging Sciences Unit, Lichstr. 35, WSJ-386.209, CH-4002 Basel Switzerland.
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Lewis JS, Achilefu S, Garbow JR, Laforest R, Welch MJ. Small animal imaging. current technology and perspectives for oncological imaging. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38:2173-88. [PMID: 12387842 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the biomedical sciences have been accelerated by the introduction of many new imaging technologies in recent years. With animal models widely used in the basic and pre-clinical sciences, finding ways to conduct animal experiments more accurately and efficiently becomes a key factor in the success and timeliness of research. Non-invasive imaging technologies prove to be extremely valuable tools in performing such studies and have created the recent surge in small animal imaging. This review is focused on three modalities, PET, MR and optical imaging which are available to the scientist for oncological investigations in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Lewis
- Radiation Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Fan X, Du W, MacEneaney P, Zamora M, Karczmar G. Structure of the water resonance in small voxels in rat brain detected with high spectral and spatial resolution MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:547-52. [PMID: 12412031 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To acquire high spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MR images of the water resonance in rat brain, evaluate the lineshape of the water resonance in small voxels, and compare images derived from HiSS data with conventional images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spectroscopic images of rat brain were obtained at 4.7 Tesla using phase encoding gradients only. Spectral resolution in each voxel was approximately 8 Hz and bandwidth was 1,000 Hz. Spatial resolution was approximately 250 microns in 1-mm slices. Images were synthesized to show the water signal integral, peak height, linewidth, resonance frequency, and asymmetry. RESULTS Two or more resolved components of the water resonance were detected in approximately 14% +/- 6% of voxels in the brains of eight rats. The water resonances in approximately 20% +/- 10% of voxels (n = 8) were highly asymmetric. Images with intensity proportional to water signal peak height, T(2)*, or to selected components of the water resonance showed features that were not evident in conventional images. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of the water signal reflects the anatomy and physiology of the sub-voxelar environment, and may be a useful source of image contrast. HiSS imaging of brain provides accurate anatomic information, and may improve image contrast and delineation of subtle anatomic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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16
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Gillies RJ, Raghunand N, Karczmar GS, Bhujwalla ZM. MRI of the tumor microenvironment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:430-50. [PMID: 12353258 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment within tumors is significantly different from that in normal tissues. A major difference is seen in the chaotic vasculature of tumors, which results in unbalanced blood supply and significant perfusion heterogeneities. As a consequence, many regions within tumors are transiently or chronically hypoxic. This exacerbates tumor cells' natural tendency to overproduce acids, resulting in very acidic pH values. The hypoxia and acidity of tumors have important consequences for antitumor therapy and can contribute to the progression of tumors to a more aggressive metastatic phenotype. Over the past decade, techniques have emerged that allow the interrogation of the tumor microenvironment with high resolution and molecularly specific probes. Techniques are available to interrogate perfusion, vascular distribution, pH, and pO(2) nondestructively in living tissues with relatively high precision. Studies employing these methods have provided new insights into the causes and consequences of the hostile tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, it is quite exciting that there are emerging techniques that generate tumor image contrast via ill-defined mechanisms. Elucidation of these mechanisms will yield further insights into the tumor microenvironment. This review attempts to identify techniques and their application to tumor biology, with an emphasis on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches. Examples are also discussed using electron MR, optical, and radionuclear imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Department of Biochemistry, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona HSC, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024, USA.
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