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Taso M, Aramendía-Vidaurreta V, Englund EK, Francis S, Franklin S, Madhuranthakam AJ, Martirosian P, Nayak KS, Qin Q, Shao X, Thomas DL, Zun Z, Fernández-Seara MA. Update on state-of-the-art for arterial spin labeling (ASL) human perfusion imaging outside of the brain. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1754-1776. [PMID: 36747380 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of developments for arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging in the body (i.e., outside of the brain). It is part of a series of review/recommendation papers from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Perfusion Study Group. In this review, we focus on specific challenges and developments tailored for ASL in a variety of body locations. After presenting common challenges, organ-specific reviews of challenges and developments are presented, including kidneys, lungs, heart (myocardium), placenta, eye (retina), liver, pancreas, and muscle, which are regions that have seen the most developments outside of the brain. Summaries and recommendations of acquisition parameters (when appropriate) are provided for each organ. We then explore the possibilities for wider adoption of body ASL based on large standardization efforts, as well as the potential opportunities based on recent advances in high/low-field systems and machine-learning. This review seeks to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of ASL for applications in the body, highlighting ongoing challenges and solutions that aim to enable more widespread use of the technique in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Taso
- Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Erin K Englund
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suzanne Franklin
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ananth J Madhuranthakam
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Imaging Research Center, and Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Petros Martirosian
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Krishna S Nayak
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qin Qin
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zungho Zun
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Zhu X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Chu Z, Wang RK, Xu Y, Lu L, Zou H. A moderate dosage of coffee causes acute retinal capillary perfusion decrease in healthy young individuals. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:460. [PMID: 36451130 PMCID: PMC9710088 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Caffeinated beverages are very popular across populations and cultures, but quantitative evidence of the acute effects of moderate coffee doses on retinal perfusion is sparse and contradicting. Thus, the aim of this randomized, cross-over and parallel-group design study was to investigate whether moderate consumption of coffee alters macular retinal capillary perfusion in young healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty-seven young healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Acute changes in retinal microvasculature were assessed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA) at baseline, 0.5 h, and 2 h after intake of coffee, or water. Meanwhile, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and retina-choroid blood flow were evaluated in a parallel-group design (4 participants each in coffee or water group) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling sequences. RESULTS Two hours after coffee intake, blood caffeine concentration increased from 0 to 5.05 ± 1.36 µg/mL. Coffee caused a significant decrease in retinal vessel diameter index (VDI) (19.05 ± 0.24 versus [vs] 19.13 ± 0.26; p < 0.001) and CBF in the frontal lobe (77.47 ± 15.21 mL/100 mL/min vs. 84.13 ± 15.55 mL/100 mL/min; p < 0.05) 2 h after intake. However, it significantly increased retina-choroid blood flow after 0.5 and 2 h (163.18 ± 61.07 mL/100 mL/min vs. 132.68 ± 70.47 mL/100 mL/min, p < 0.001, and 161.21 ± 47.95 vs. 132.68 ± 70.47; p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate the acute effects of daily dose coffee consumption on retinal capillary perfusion using SD-OCTA combinate with blood flow MRI. The findings imply that although moderate coffee intake caused a significant increase in retina-choroid blood flow, there was a significant acute decrease both in macular retinal capillary perfusion and CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- grid.452752.30000 0004 8501 948XDepartment of Preventive Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 380 Kangding Road, 200040 Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628 Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100 Haining Road, 200080 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Zhu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyi Wang
- Department of Medical Administration, Huizhou First Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongdi Chu
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yi Xu
- grid.452752.30000 0004 8501 948XDepartment of Preventive Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 380 Kangding Road, 200040 Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628 Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100 Haining Road, 200080 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lu
- grid.452752.30000 0004 8501 948XDepartment of Preventive Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 380 Kangding Road, 200040 Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628 Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100 Haining Road, 200080 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- grid.452752.30000 0004 8501 948XDepartment of Preventive Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, No. 380 Kangding Road, 200040 Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628 Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100 Haining Road, 200080 Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Cai L, Niu H, Ren P, Liu Y, Zhang T, Liu D, Zhao E, Zhu L, Li J, Qiao P, Zheng W, Wang Z. The effect of dobutamine on ocular blood flow of healthy adults: A 3D pseudocontinuous aterial spin labelling study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1003915. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Ocular blood flow (OBF) is an important risk factor for incidence, prevalence and progression of some ocular disorders. To date, there are very limited therapeutic options to increase OBF. This study investigated the effect of dobutamine on OBF of heathy adults using 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labelling (3D-pcASL), and explored the risk factors associated with OBF.Methods: Forty-three healthy participants (86 eyes) were given an intravenous injection of dobutamine. We measured OBF using 3D-pcASL with a 3.0T- MRI scanner, OBF values were independently obtained by two doctors from the OBF map. We also collected physiological parameters using a vital signs monitor. The OBF and physiological parameters in the in the period before and after dobutamine injection states were obtained.Results: OBF increased significantly after dobutamine injection using paired t test method (from 22.43 ± 9.87 to 47.73 ± 14.02 ml/min/100g, p < 0.001). Age, heart rate and systolic blood pressure were the main risk factors affecting OBF using logistic regression analysis (all p values < 0.05).Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study observing the effect of dobutamine on OBF. Our findings indicated that intravenously injected dobutamine increased OBF, making it a possible option to counteract ocular vascular ischaemia in the future.
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Ava S, Tamam Y, Hazar L, Karahan M, Erdem S, Dursun ME, Keklikçi U. Relationship between optical coherence tomography angiography and visual evoked potential in patients with multiple sclerosis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:873-878. [PMID: 35225535 PMCID: PMC9114564 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_431_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to identify an easy-to-apply biomarker by correlating visual evoked potential (VEP) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Our study was planned prospectively. Patients with MS were divided into two groups, VEP prolonged group 1 and VEP normal group 2. Age-matched and gender-matched healthy individuals (group 3) were included as the control group. Vascular density (VD) of the optic nerve head (ONH) and radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs) were measured and recorded by OCTA. The optic nerve damage of patients was measured and recorded with a VEP device. Results: Thirty-two eyes were included in group 1, 50 eyes were included in group 2, and 51 healthy eyes were included in group 3. In terms of visual acuity, group 1 was significantly lower than the other groups (P < 0.001). Regardless of the prolongation of p100 latency in patients with MS, whole image, inside disc ONH VD and in the same sectors in RPC VD were found to be significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found to be significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 and group 3 (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between low ONH VD and RPC VD and prolonged VEP P100 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: VEP measurements can be correlated with OCTA measurements in patients with MS and can be used as a biomarker to determine the degree of optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ava
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tamam
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Leyla Hazar
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mine Karahan
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Erdem
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Dursun
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Ugur Keklikçi
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Diabetic mice have retinal and choroidal blood flow deficits and electroretinogram deficits with impaired responses to hypercapnia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259505. [PMID: 34882677 PMCID: PMC8659412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate neuronal and vascular functional deficits in the retina and their association in a diabetic mouse model. We measured electroretinography (ERG) responses and choroidal and retinal blood flow (ChBF, RBF) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy and diabetic mice under basal conditions and under hypercapnic challenge. Methods Ins2Akita diabetic (Diab, n = 8) and age-matched, wild-type C57BL/6J mice (Ctrl, n = 8) were studied under room air and moderate hypercapnia (5% CO2). Dark-adapted ERG a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured for a series of flashes. Regional ChBF and RBF under air and hypercapnia were measured using MRI in the same mice. Results Under room air, Diab mice had compromised ERG b-wave and OPs (e.g., b-wave amplitude was 422.2±10.7 μV in Diab vs. 600.1±13.9 μV in Ctrl, p < 0.001). Under hypercapnia, OPs and b-wave amplitudes were significantly reduced in Diab (OPs by 30.3±3.0% in Diab vs. -3.0±3.6% in Ctrl, b-wave by 17.9±1.4% in Diab vs. 1.3±0.5% in Ctrl). Both ChBF and RBF had significant differences in regional blood flow, with Diab mice having substantially lower blood flow in the nasal region (ChBF was 5.4±1.0 ml/g/min in Diab vs. 8.6±1.0 ml/g/min in Ctrl, RBF was 0.91±0.10 ml/g/min in Diab vs. 1.52±0.24 ml/g/min in Ctrl). Under hypercapnia, ChBF increased in both Ctrl and Diab without significant group difference (31±7% in Diab vs. 17±7% in Ctrl, p > 0.05), but an increase in RBF was not detected for either group. Conclusions Inner retinal neuronal function and both retinal and choroidal blood flow were impaired in Diab mice. Hypercapnia further compromised inner retinal neuronal function in diabetes, while the blood flow response was not affected, suggesting that the diabetic retina has difficulty adapting to metabolic challenges due to factors other than impaired blood flow regulation.
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Chen Z, Xu H, Liu M, Li C, Huang H, Ma L. The evaluation of the maculopathy using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 18:67-73. [PMID: 34238169 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210707165613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) technique could not only quantify blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown leading to macular edema associated with diabetes but also provide a two-dimensional imaging method that is not interfered by refracting media. OBJECTIVE The current study was aimed to evaluate the macular change in patients with diabetic retinopathy using the DCE-MRI technique. METHODS Twenty patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 20 normal controls (NC) were included. The fast spoiled gradient-echo sequence was used to perform dynamic contrast T1WI enhancement on a 3.0T MR system. The assessments of the macular region, optic papilla, and nasal retina were performed with quantitative DCE-MRI evaluation using Omni-Kinetics software. RESULTS The maximal concentration, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUCconcentration-time), and maximal slope of macular region were significantly higher in DR [0.270(0.03,1.20)mmol/100ml, 2.71(0.04,9.91) mmol*min, and 0.38(0.06,3.18) mmol/min, respectively] than that [0.169(0.03,0.72) mmol/、1.25(0.13,10.41) mmol*min, and 0.245(0.06,1.34) mmol/min] in NC (U value = 515.00 and P value = 0.080, U value = 433.00 and P value = 0.000, and U value = 563.00 and P value = 0.023, respectively). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the area under AUCconcentration-time was 0.729±0.058 with the cut-off value of 1.479 mmol*min (sensitivity 80.00% and specificity 62.50%) for macular region. CONCLUSION The quantitative DCE-MRI technique could be used to evaluate the maculopathy associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Chunfang Li
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Houbin Huang
- Deapartment of Ophthalmology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572013, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Hou Y, Song S, Sun J, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li J, Li H. Non-invasive Diagnosis and Prognosis Values of 3D Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:682708. [PMID: 34150814 PMCID: PMC8211895 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.682708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 3D Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling (3D-PCASL) MRI and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) have been applied to detect ocular blood flow (BF). We aim to characterize the ocular BF in diabetic retinopathy (DR) using 3D-PCASL and OCTA, to discuss the relationship between ocular and cerebral BF, and to evaluate their potential utility to assess the severity of DR. Methods: A total of 66 participants (132 eyes) were included. Seventy-two eyes were classified in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group, and 60 were in the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy NPDR group. Ocular and cerebral BF values were detected by 3D-PCASL using a 3.0T MRI scanner with two post-labeling delays (PLDs). Vessel density (VD)/perfusion density (PD) of the macular or peripapillary area were detected by OCTA. Parameters and clinical characteristics were compared between the PDR and NPDR eyes utilizing two-sample t-tests and chi-square tests. Spearman's rank correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analyses were performed to evaluate the factors' role in DR severity. Results: The perfusions of the retinal/choroidal plexus (RCP), optic nerve head (ONH)/optic nerve (ON), and VD/PD of macular/peripapillary area in the PDR group were significantly lower compared to the NPDR group (p < 0.05). They were protective factors for PDR [ORs = 0.842 for RCP (1.5 s PLD), 0.910 for ONH (1.5 s PLD), 0.905 for ON (both 1.5 and 2.5 s PLD), 0.707 for macular VD, 0.652 for peripapillary VD, p < 0.05, respectively]. Ocular BF had a positive correlation with BF of the occipital lobe (OL) and temporal lobe (TL) in the cerebrum. The BF of RCP (lower than 7.825 mL/min/100 g at 1.5 s PLD) indicated PDR [areas under the curve (AUCs) = 0.682, 95% CI: 0.588–0.777, sensitivity: 70.7% specificity: 63.9%]. The AUC of RCP (PLD = 1.5 s) BF combined with peripapillary VD was 0.841 (95% CI: 0.588–0.777, sensitivity: 75.9% specificity: 82.9%). Conclusions: 3D-pcASL and OCTA may be effective non-invasive methods to measure ocular blood flow in DR patients and assess the severity of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Deparment of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wang H, Sun J, Li J, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Z. Ocular Blood Flow Measurements in Diabetic Retinopathy Using 3D Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:791-798. [PMID: 33140547 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing between the two broad categories of diabetic retinopathy (DR), nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR), is significant, as the therapeutic strategies for each are completely different. PURPOSE To characterize the ocular blood flow (OBF) of DR patients and evaluate the potential utility of OBF values in categorizing DR. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS A total of 41 DR patients (82 eyes) were recruited in our study. Group 1 comprised 48 eyes with NPDR, and Group 2 comprised 34 eyes with PDR. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D-pcASL) with two postlabeling delays (PLDs) was acquired at 3.0T MR. ASSESSMENT OBF values were independently obtained by two doctors from the OBF map. STATISTICAL TESTS OBF values and clinical characteristics were compared between the groups using two-sample t-tests and chi-square tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The consistency of OBF values reported by the two doctors was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS OBF values at PLDs of 1.5 seconds and 2.5 seconds were significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 (P < 0.05 for both PLDs). The OBF values of Group 2 showed a greater increase than those of Group 1 from PLD 1.5 to 2.5 seconds. The AUC of OBF at the 1.5 seconds PLD was 0.90, with a cutoff of 7.73 mL/min/100 g, and the AUC of the OBF at the 2.5 seconds PLD was 0.75, with a cutoff of 8.44 mL/min/100 g. The ICC between the two observers was 0.844 for the OBF at 1.5 seconds PLD and 0.872 for the OBF at 2.5 seconds PLD. DATA CONCLUSION PDR can be differentiated from NPDR by the value of OBF as measured by 3D-pcASL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lim HB, Kim YW, Nam KY, Ryu CK, Jo YJ, Kim JY. Signal Strength as an Important Factor in the Analysis of Peripapillary Microvascular Density Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16299. [PMID: 31705032 PMCID: PMC6841660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of the scan image is important in peripapillary circulation analysis using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). We aimed to investigate the effects of signal strength (SS) on the peripapillary microvascular density acquired from OCTA. A total of 259 eyes from 259 young healthy subjects were included. Peripapillary OCTA images using 3 × 3 mm angiography scan were acquired from all participants. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the SS: SS 7, SS 8, SS 9, and SS 10. Vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) of the superficial capillary plexus were calculated. VD and PD were compared among the four groups, and linear regression analyses were performed to identify and evaluate the clinical factors associated with average VD. As the SS increased from 7 to 10, the average VD and PD increased; these increases were statistically significant (all, p < 0.001). Regression analyses showed that four factors were significantly correlated with average VD: age (partial r = 0.133), average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (partial r = 0.169), cup/disc ratio (partial r =-0.481), and SS (partial r = 0.413). SS is a significant factor affecting peripapillary microvascular density, and its influence is similar to well-known structural parameters associated with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Bin Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yup Nam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon Kuk Ryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Jo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeul Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Retinal function has long been studied with psychophysical methods in humans, whereas detailed functional studies of vision have been conducted mostly in animals owing to the invasive nature of physiological approaches. There are exceptions to this generalization, for example, the electroretinogram. This review examines exciting recent advances using in vivo retinal imaging to understand the function of retinal neurons. In some cases, the methods have existed for years and are still being optimized. In others, new methods such as optophysiology are revealing novel patterns of retinal function in animal models that have the potential to change our understanding of the functional capacity of the retina. Together, the advances in retinal imaging mark an important milestone that shifts attention away from anatomy alone and begins to probe the function of healthy and diseased eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hunter
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
- The Institute of Optics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA
| | - William H Merigan
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
| | - Jesse B Schallek
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA; , ,
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14604, USA
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Khanal S, Turnbull PRK, Vaghefi E, Phillips JR. Repeatability of Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in Measuring Blood Perfusion in the Human Eye. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:966-974. [PMID: 30252997 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying blood perfusion in ocular tissues is challenging, partly because the majority of the blood is carried by the choroid, which is difficult to visualize because it is located between the retina and sclera. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the intra- and interday repeatability of MRI measures of chorio-retinal blood perfusion. STUDY TYPE Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. POPULATION Twenty young healthy adults (six male, age: 25 ± 5 years) scanned twice within a single session repeated at the same time of day on 2 days. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI at 3.0T using pseudocontinuous ASL (PCASL) labeling scheme and a 3D turbo-gradient-spin-echo (TGSE) acquisition, including axial T2 -weighted structural images using a 2D turbo-spin-echo (TSE) sequence. ASSESSMENTS Region-of-interest analysis for assessment of chorio-retinal blood perfusion. STATISTICAL TESTS Intra- and interday repeatability of measures analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson's correlation analysis, paired t-tests, and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS The mean chorio-retinal perfusion was 77.86 (standard deviation [SD] = 29.80) ml/100ml/min. Perfusion measurements correlated strongly within a single session (r = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.880-0.980], P < 0.001) and between the two sessions based on a single run (r = 0.80 [0.582-0.913], P < 0.001), and two runs (r = 0.80 [0.479-0.918], P < 0.001). There were mean differences of 2.69 [16.85 to -22.23] ml/100ml/min for intraday measures, -7.44 [27.45 to -42.32] ml/100ml/min for single-run interday measures, and 5.73 [28.71 to -40.17] ml/100ml/min for two-run interday measures, but none were significant (all P > 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION Quantitative ASL-MRI measurements of chorio-retinal blood perfusion showed high intra- and interday repeatability. The ASL-MRI technique provides reliable measures of chorio-retinal perfusion in vivo. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:966-974.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ehsan Vaghefi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John R Phillips
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Vaghefi E, Kauv K, Pan W, Squirrell D. Application of Arterial Spin Labelling in Detecting Retinal Ischemia. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2017; 8:545-557. [PMID: 29422857 PMCID: PMC5803724 DOI: 10.1159/000485316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Here, we have tried to quantify the chorioretinal blood perfusion in patients who are clinically identified to be suffering from retinal ischemia using arterial spin labelling (ASL) MRI. Method Four participants, diagnosed with retinal ischemia based on their structural OCT and angiography test, were then scanned using anatomical MRI as well as ASL. We optimized MR parameters to maximize resolution and target fixation, blinking, and breathing ques to minimize motion artifacts. Results Participants had a maximum of ∼50 mL/100 mL/min of blood perfusion, which is below the normal values of ∼200 mL/100 mL/min. It also appeared that thinning of the choroid contributes more to the measured decreased chorioretinal perfusion, compared to slowed arterial filling time. Conclusion Decreased chorioretinal perfusion is a multifactorial event and has been implicated in several posterior eye pathologies. Based on our current results, it seems that ischemia of the eye could be due to anatomy (tissue volume) and/or functionality (arterial flow).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Vaghefi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Kauv
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wilson Pan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Squirrell
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland District Health Board Ophthalmology Services, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) of the vitreous humor and Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) of the retina in abused children with retinal hemorrhages. Clin Imaging 2017; 44:38-41. [PMID: 28399448 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study speculated that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the vitreous humor might be altered in the setting of abusive head trauma (AHT) with retinal hemorrhages (RH). Fourty-four subjects were analyzed (n=20 AHT cases; n=24 controls). There was no statistically significant difference in normalized ADC values between the cases and controls (-0.14 and -0.08 respectively, p=0.46), but analysis of RH by susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) compared to dilated funduscopic exam demonstrated statistically significant correlation (p=0.003 and 0.012). Our results suggest that SWI serves as a more sensitive diagnostic tool for detection of ocular injury in AHT than ADC.
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14
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Moult EM, Choi W, Boas DA, Baumann B, Clermont AC, Feener EP, Fujimoto JG. Evaluating anesthetic protocols for functional blood flow imaging in the rat eye. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:16005. [PMID: 28056146 PMCID: PMC5217081 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.1.016005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the suitability of five different anesthetic protocols (isoflurane, isoflurane–xylazine, pentobarbital, ketamine–xylazine, and ketamine–xylazine–vecuronium) for functional blood flow imaging in the rat eye. Total retinal blood flow was measured at a series of time points using an ultrahigh-speed Doppler OCT system. Additionally, each anesthetic protocol was qualitatively evaluated according to the following criteria: (1) time-stability of blood flow, (2) overall rate of blood flow, (3) ocular immobilization, and (4) simplicity. We observed that different anesthetic protocols produced markedly different blood flows. Different anesthetic protocols also varied with respect to the four evaluated criteria. These findings suggest that the choice of anesthetic protocol should be carefully considered when designing and interpreting functional blood flow studies in the rat eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Moult
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge 02139, United States
| | - WooJhon Choi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge 02139, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, United States
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge 02139, United States
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Waehringer Guertel 18, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Allen C. Clermont
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Research Division, One Joslin Place, Boston 02215, United States
| | - Edward P. Feener
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Research Division, One Joslin Place, Boston 02215, United States
| | - James G. Fujimoto
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge 02139, United States
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15
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Akil H, Falavarjani KG, Sadda SR, Sadun AA. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of the Optic Disc; an Overview. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2017; 12:98-105. [PMID: 28299012 PMCID: PMC5340069 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Different diseases of the optic disc may be caused by or lead to abnormal vasculature at the optic nerve head. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel technology that provides high resolution mapping of the retinal and optic disc vessels. Recent studies have shown the ability of OCTA to visualize vascular abnormalities in different optic neuropathies. In addition, quantified OCTA measurements were found promising for differentiating optic neuropathies from healthy eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Akil
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Application of Arterial Spin Labelling in the Assessment of Ocular Tissues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6240504. [PMID: 27066501 PMCID: PMC4811053 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6240504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arterial spin labelling (ASL) is a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality, capable of measuring blood perfusion without the use of a contrast agent. While ASL implementation for imaging the brain and monitoring cerebral blood flow has been reviewed in depth, the technique is yet to be widely used for ocular tissue imaging. The human retina is a very thin but highly stratified structure and it is also situated close to the surface of the body which is not ideal for MR imaging. Hence, the application of MR imaging and ASL in particular has been very challenging for ocular tissues and retina. That is despite the fact that almost all of retinal pathologies are accompanied by blood perfusion irregularities. In this review article, we have focused on the technical aspects of the ASL and their implications for its optimum adaptation for retinal blood perfusion monitoring. Retinal blood perfusion has been assessed through qualitative or invasive quantitative methods but the prospect of imaging flow using ASL would increase monitoring and assessment of retinal pathologies. The review provides details of ASL application in human ocular blood flow assessment.
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17
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Tsiapa I, Tsilimbaris MK, Papadaki E, Bouziotis P, Pallikaris IG, Karantanas AH, Maris TG. High resolution MR eye protocol optimization: Comparison between 3D-CISS, 3D-PSIF and 3D-VIBE sequences. Phys Med 2015; 31:774-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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18
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Fowkes LA, Koh DM, Collins DJ, Jerome NP, MacVicar D, Chua SC, Pearson ADJ. Childhood extracranial neoplasms: the role of imaging in drug development and clinical trials. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:1600-15. [PMID: 26045035 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in children older than 1 year of age and new drugs are necessary to improve outcomes. Imaging is crucial to the drug development process and assessment of therapeutic response. In adults, tumours are often assessed with CT using size criteria. Unfortunately, techniques established in adults are not necessarily applicable in children due to differing pathophysiology, ability to cooperate and increased susceptibility to ionising radiation. MRI, in particular quantitative MRI, has to date not been fully utilised in children with extracranial neoplasms. The specific challenges of imaging in children, the potential for functional imaging techniques to inform upon and their inclusion in clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Fowkes
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK.
| | - Dow-Mu Koh
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
| | - David J Collins
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, Surrey, UK
| | - Neil P Jerome
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, Surrey, UK
| | - David MacVicar
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
| | - Sue C Chua
- Nuclear Medicine & PET Department, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew D J Pearson
- Paediatric Drug Development Unit, Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, SM2 5PT, Surrey, UK
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19
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20
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Wang X, Jia Y, Spain R, Potsaid B, Liu JJ, Baumann B, Hornegger J, Fujimoto JG, Wu Q, Huang D. Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic nerve head and parafovea in multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:1368-73. [PMID: 24831719 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography in the optic nerve head (ONH) and parafoveal regions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Fifty-two MS eyes and 21 healthy control (HC) eyes were included. There were two MS subgroups: 38 MS eyes without an optic neuritis (ON) history (MS -ON), and 14 MS eyes with an ON history (MS +ON). The OCT images were captured by high-speed 1050 nm swept-source OCT. The ONH flow index (FI) and parafoveal FI were quantified from OCT angiograms. RESULTS The mean ONH FI was 0.160 ± 0.010 for the HC group, 0.156 ± 0.017 for the MS-ON group, and 0.140 ± 0.020 for the MS+ON group. The ONH FI of the MS+ON group was reduced by 12.5% compared to HC eyes (p=0.004). A higher percentage of MS+ON eyes had abnormal ONH FI compared to HC patients (43% vs 5%, p=0.01). Mean parafoveal FIs were 0.126 ± 0.007, 0.127 ± 0.010, and 0.129 ± 0.005 for the HC, MS-ON, and MS +ON groups, respectively, and did not differ significantly among them. The coefficient of variation (CV) of intravisit repeatability and intervisit reproducibility were 1.03% and 4.53% for ONH FI, and 1.65% and 3.55% for parafoveal FI. CONCLUSIONS Based on OCT angiography, the FI measurement is feasible, highly repeatable and reproducible, and it is suitable for clinical measurement of ONH and parafoveal perfusion. The ONH FI may be useful in detecting damage from ON and quantifying its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rebecca Spain
- Department of Neurology, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Potsaid
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan J Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joachim Hornegger
- Pattern Recognition Lab and School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James G Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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21
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Duong TQ. Magnetic resonance imaging of the retina: from mice to men. Magn Reson Med 2014; 71:1526-30. [PMID: 23716429 PMCID: PMC3783549 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications to study rodent, cat, non-human primate, and human retinas. These techniques include T(1) - and T(2) -weighted anatomical, diffusion, blood flow, blood volume, blood-oxygenation level dependent, manganese-enhanced, physiological, and functional MRI. Applications to study the retinas in diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinal degeneration are also reviewed. MRI offers some unique advantages compared with existing imaging techniques and has the potential to further our understanding of physiology and function in healthy and diseased retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Q Duong
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research Imaging Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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22
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Emeterio Nateras OS, Harrison JM, Muir ER, Zhang Y, Peng Q, Chalfin S, Gutierrez JE, Johnson DA, Kiel JW, Duong TQ. Choroidal blood flow decreases with age: an MRI study. Curr Eye Res 2014; 39:1059-67. [PMID: 24655028 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.892997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify that a visual fixation protocol with cued eye blinks achieves sufficient stability for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) blood-flow measurements and to determine if choroidal blood flow (ChBF) changes with age in humans. METHODS The visual fixation stability achievable during an MRI scan was measured in five normal subjects using an eye-tracking camera outside the MRI scanner. Subjects were instructed to blink immediately after recorded MRI sound cues but to otherwise maintain stable visual fixation on a small target. Using this fixation protocol, ChBF was measured with MRI using a 3 Tesla clinical scanner in 17 normal subjects (24-68 years old). Arterial and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured to calculate perfusion pressure in the same subjects. RESULTS The mean temporal fluctuations (standard deviation) of the horizontal and vertical displacements were 29 ± 9 μm and 38 ± 11 μm within individual fixation periods, and 50 ± 34 μm and 48 ± 19 μm across different fixation periods. The absolute displacements were 67 ± 31 μm and 81 ± 26 μm. ChBF was negatively correlated with age (R = -0.7, p = 0.003), declining 2.7 ml/100 ml/min per year. There were no significant correlations between ChBF versus perfusion pressure, arterial pressure, or IOP. There were also no significant correlations between age versus perfusion pressure, arterial pressure, or IOP. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age was the only measured independent variable that was significantly correlated with ChBF (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The visual fixation protocol with cued eye blinks was effective in achieving sufficient stability for MRI measurements. ChBF had a significant negative correlation with age.
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Beenakker JWM, van Rijn GA, Luyten GPM, Webb AG. High-resolution MRI of uveal melanoma using a microcoil phased array at 7 T. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1864-1869. [PMID: 24123279 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High-field MRI is a promising technique for the characterisation of ocular tumours, both in vivo and after enucleation. For in vivo imaging at 7 T, a dedicated three-element microcoil array was constructed as a high-sensitivity receive-only device. Using a dedicated blink/fixation protocol, high-resolution in vivo images could be acquired within 3 min in volunteers and patients with no requirement for post-acquisition image registration. Quantitative measures of axial length, aqueous depth and lens thickness in a healthy volunteer were found to agree well with standard ocular biometric techniques. In a patient with uveal melanoma, in vivo MRI gave excellent tumour/aqueous body contrast. Ex vivo imaging of the enucleated eye showed significant heterogeneity within the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W M Beenakker
- C. J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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24
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Shih YYI, De La Garza BH, Huang S, Li G, Wang L, Duong TQ. Comparison of retinal and cerebral blood flow between continuous arterial spin labeling MRI and fluorescent microsphere techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:609-15. [PMID: 24227681 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare basal retinal and cerebral blood flow (BF) values using continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) MRI and fluorescent microspheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 41 animals were used. BF was measured using an established microsphere technique (a mixture of 2.5 million 8 μm green and 0.5 million 10 μm blue fluorescent microspheres) and CASL MRI blood flow measurement in the rat retina and brain at 7 Tesla (T) and 11.7T, respectively. RESULTS Retinal BF by MRI was 1.18 ± 0.57 mL/g/min and choroidal BF was 8.14 ± 1.8 mL/g/min (n = 6). Microsphere retinal BF was 9.12 ± 2.8 μL/min per tissue and choroidal BF was 73.38 ± 44 μL/min per tissue (n = 18), corresponding to a retinal BF value of 1.22 ± 0.36 mL/g/min by means of a wet weight conversion. The wet-weight of the choroid could not be determined. To corroborate our findings, cerebral BF (CBF) by MRI was also analyzed. In the cerebral cortices, CBF was 0.91 ± 0.29 mL/g/min (n = 14) by CASL MRI and 1.09 ± 0.37 mL/g/min (n = 6) by microspheres. There were no significant differences found between MRI and microsphere blood flow in the retina and brain. CONCLUSION BF values in the rat retina and cerebral cortex by MRI are in agreement with those obtained by the microsphere technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu I Shih
- Departments of Neurology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Ponticorvo A, Cardenas D, Dunn AK, Ts’o D, Duong TQ. Laser speckle contrast imaging of blood flow in rat retinas using an endoscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:090501. [PMID: 24064947 PMCID: PMC3782556 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) offers a cost-effective means to image blood flow in vivo. However, it is not commonly used to image rodent retinas because of the challenges associated with imaging through the curved cornea and delivering light through the highly scattering lens. A solution to overcome these problems by using LSCI in conjunction with an endoscope to obtain high spatiotemporal blood flow images is described. Its utility is demonstrated by imaging blood flow changes in rat retinas using hyperoxic, hypercapnic, and visual (flicker) stimulations. Hypercapnia increases blood flow, hyperoxia decreases blood flow, and visual stimulation increases blood flow in the retina relative to basal conditions. The time-to-peak of the LSCI response to visual stimulation is also measured. This approach may prove useful to investigate dysregulation in blood flow-evoked responses in retinal diseases and to evaluate treatment strategies in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Ponticorvo
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Research Imaging Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Damon Cardenas
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Research Imaging Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Andrew K. Dunn
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Daniel Ts’o
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Research Imaging Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Address all correspondence to: Timothy Q. Duong, University of Texas Health Science Center, Research Imaging Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78229. Tel: 210 567 8100; Fax: 210 567 8152; E-mail:
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Park SH, Wang DJJ, Duong TQ. Balanced steady state free precession for arterial spin labeling MRI: Initial experience for blood flow mapping in human brain, retina, and kidney. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1044-50. [PMID: 23664680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We implemented pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) with 2D and 3D balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) readout for mapping blood flow in the human brain, retina, and kidney, free of distortion and signal dropout, which are typically observed in the most commonly used echo-planar imaging acquisition. High resolution functional brain imaging in the human visual cortex was feasible with 3D bSSFP pCASL. Blood flow of the human retina could be imaged with pCASL and bSSFP in conjunction with a phase cycling approach to suppress the banding artifacts associated with bSSFP. Furthermore, bSSFP based pCASL enabled us to map renal blood flow within a single breath hold. Control and test-retest experiments suggested that the measured blood flow values in retina and kidney were reliable. Because there is no specific imaging tool for mapping human retina blood flow and the standard contrast agent technique for mapping renal blood flow can cause problems for patients with kidney dysfunction, bSSFP based pCASL may provide a useful tool for the diagnosis of retinal and renal diseases and can complement existing imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hong Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
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Li G, Shih YYI, Kiel JW, De La Garza BH, Du F, Duong TQ. MRI study of cerebral, retinal and choroidal blood flow responses to acute hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2013; 112:118-24. [PMID: 23623996 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) in many tissues is stable during significant fluctuations in systemic arterial blood pressure or perfusion pressure under normal conditions. The regulatory mechanisms responsible for this non-passive BF behavior include both local and neural control mechanisms. This study evaluated cerebral BF (CBF), retinal BF (RBF) and choroidal BF (ChBF) responses to acute blood pressure increases in rats using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A transient increase in blood pressure inside the MRI scanner was achieved by mechanically inflating a balloon catheter to occlude the descending aorta near the diaphragm. We verified the rat model of mechanical occlusion and MRI approach by first measuring blood-flow regulatory responses to changing BP in the brain under normoxia and hypercapnia where the phenomenon is well documented. Retinal and choroidal blood-flow responses to transient increased arterial pressure were then investigated. In response to an acute increase in blood pressure, RBF exhibited autoregulatory behavior and ChBF exhibited baroregulation similar to that seen in the cerebral circulation. This approach may prove useful to investigate retinal and choroidal vascular dysregulation in rat models of retinal diseases with suspected vascular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, USA
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Zhang Y, Harrison JM, Nateras OSE, Chalfin S, Duong TQ. Decreased retinal-choroidal blood flow in retinitis pigmentosa as measured by MRI. Doc Ophthalmol 2013; 126:187-97. [PMID: 23408312 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-013-9374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinal and choroidal blood flow (BF) using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as visual function measured by the electroretinogram (ERG) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS MRI studies were performed in 6 RP patients (29-67 years) and 5 healthy volunteers (29-64 years) on a 3-Tesla scanner with a custom-made surface coil. Quantitative BF was measured using the pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labeling technique at 0.5 × 0.8 × 6.0 mm. Full-field ERGs of all patients were recorded. Amplitudes and implicit times of standard ERGs were analyzed. RESULTS Basal BF in the posterior retinal-choroid was 142 ± 16 ml/100ml/min (or 1.14 ± 0.13 μl/mm(2)/min) in the control group and was 70 ±19 ml/100ml/min (or 0.56 ± 0.15 μl/mm(2)/min) in the RP group. Retinal-choroidal BF was significantly reduced by 52 ± 8 % in RP patients compared to controls (P<0.05). ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes of RP patients were reduced, and b-wave implicit times were delayed. There were statistically significant correlations between a-wave amplitude and BF value (r=0.9, P<0.05) but not between b-wave amplitude and BF value (r =0.7, P=0.2). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a novel non-invasive MRI approach to measure quantitative retinal and choroidal BF in RP patients. We found that retinal-choroidal BF was markedly reduced and significantly correlated with reduced amplitudes of the a-wave of the standard combined ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Fanea L, Fagan AJ. Review: magnetic resonance imaging techniques in ophthalmology. Mol Vis 2012; 18:2538-60. [PMID: 23112569 PMCID: PMC3482169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging the eye with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proved difficult due to the eye's propensity to move involuntarily over typical imaging timescales, obscuring the fine structure in the eye due to the resulting motion artifacts. However, advances in MRI technology help to mitigate such drawbacks, enabling the acquisition of high spatiotemporal resolution images with a variety of contrast mechanisms. This review aims to classify the MRI techniques used to date in clinical and preclinical ophthalmologic studies, describing the qualitative and quantitative information that may be extracted and how this may inform on ocular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fanea
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Physics Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania,Department of Radiology, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrew J. Fagan
- Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging, St. James’s Hospital Dublin / University of Dublin Trinity College, Ireland
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De La Garza BH, Li G, Shih YYI, Duong TQ. Layer-specific manganese-enhanced MRI of the retina in light and dark adaptation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:4352-8. [PMID: 22669725 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To employ functional manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to image layer-specific changes in calcium-dependent activities in the rat retina during light versus dark adaptation. METHODS Functional MEMRI at 20 × 20 × 700 μm was used to study light and dark adaptation in the same animals (N = 10) in which one eye was covered and the fellow eye was not. The activity encoding of the light and dark adaptation was achieved in awake conditions and imaged under anesthesia. T(1)-weighted MRI at 11.7 tesla (T) was performed using two identical radiofrequency transceiver coils to allow interleaved MRI acquisitions of the two eyes. An intravascular contrast agent was also used to verify layer assignments. RESULTS MEMRI detected contrasts among the inner retina, outer retina, and choroid. Independent confirmation of the vascular layers and boundaries between layers was documented with an intravascular contrast agent. The retinal layer thicknesses agreed with published data. The outer retina had lower MEMRI activity in light compared with dark adaption (P < 0.001), consistent with the increased metabolic demand associated with the "dark current." The inner retina had higher MEMRI activity in light compared with dark adaption (P < 0.05). The choroid MEMRI activity was not statistically different between light and dark adaptation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a high-resolution MEMRI protocol to image functional activities among different layers of the retinas in awake animals during light and dark adaptation. This approach could have potential applications in animal models of retinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H De La Garza
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Zhang Y, San Emeterio Nateras O, Peng Q, Rosende CA, Duong TQ. Blood flow MRI of the human retina/choroid during rest and isometric exercise. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:4299-305. [PMID: 22661466 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate blood flow (BF) in the human retina/choroid during rest and handgrip isometric exercise using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Four healthy volunteers (25-36 years old) in multiple sessions (1-3) on different days. MRI studies were performed on a 3-Tesla scanner using a custom-made surface coil (7×5cm in diameter) at the spatial resolution of 0.5×0.8×6.0 mm. BF was measured using the pseudo-continuous arterial-spin-labeling technique with background suppression and turbo-spin-echo acquisition. During MRI, subjects rested for 1 minute followed by 1 minute of handgrip, repeating three times, while maintaining stable eye fixation on a target with cued eye blinks at the end of each data acquisition (every 4.6 seconds). RESULTS Robust BF of the unanesthetized human retina/choroid was detected. Basal BF in the posterior retina/choroid was 149±48 mL/100 mL/min with a mean heart rate of 60±5 beats per minute, mean arterial pressure of 78±5 mm Hg, ocular perfusion pressure of 67±4 mm Hg at rest (mean±SD, n=4 subjects). Handgrip significantly increased retina/choroid BF by 25%±7%, heart rate by 19%±8%, mean arterial pressure by 22%±5% (measured at the middle of the handgrip task), and ocular perfusion pressure by 25%±6% (averaged across the entire handgrip task) (P<0.01), but did not change intraocular pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, and respiration rate (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a novel MRI application to image quantitative BF of the human retina/choroid during rest and isometric exercise. Retina/choroid BF increases during brief handgrip exercise, paralleling increases in mean arterial pressure. Handgrip exercise changes ocular perfusion pressure free of potential drug side effect and can be done in the MRI scanner. MRI offers quantitative BF with large field of view without depth limitation, potentially providing insights into retinal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Muir ER, De La Garza B, Duong TQ. Blood flow and anatomical MRI in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:221-8. [PMID: 22392583 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the sensitivity of an arterial spin labeling MRI method to image changes in retinal and choroidal blood flow (BF) and anatomical thickness of the retina in the rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. High-resolution (42 × 42 μm) MRI was performed on rd10 mice and age-matched controls at 25, 35, and 60 days of age (n = 6 each group) on a 7-T scanner. Anatomical MRI was acquired, and quantitative BF was imaged using arterial spin labeling MRI with a separate cardiac labeling coil. Histology was obtained to confirm thickness changes in the retina. In control mice, the retinal and choroidal vascular layers were quantitatively resolved. In rd10 mice, retinal BF decreased progressively over time, while choroidal BF was unchanged. The rd10 retina became progressively thinner at later time points compared with age-matched controls by anatomical MRI and histology (P < 0.01). BF and anatomical MRI were capable of detecting decreased BF and thickness in the rd10 mouse retina. Because BF is tightly coupled to metabolic function, BF MRI has the potential to noninvasively assess retinal diseases in which metabolism and function are perturbed and to evaluate novel treatments, complementing existing retinal imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Shih YYI, Li G, Muir ER, De La Garza BH, Kiel JW, Duong TQ. Pharmacological MRI of the choroid and retina: blood flow and BOLD responses during nitroprusside infusion. Magn Reson Med 2011; 68:1273-8. [PMID: 22183830 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitroprusside, a vasodilatory nitric oxide donor, is clinically used during vascular surgery and to lower blood pressure in acute hypertension. This article reports a novel application of blood flow (BF) and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI on an 11.7T scanner to image the rat chorioretinal BF and BOLD changes associated with graded nitroprusside infusion. At low doses (1 or 2 μg/kg/min), nitroprusside increased BF as expected but decreased BOLD signals, showing an intriguing BF-BOLD uncoupling. At high doses (3-5 μg/kg/min), nitroprusside decreased BF and markedly decreased BOLD signals. To our knowledge, this is the first pharmacological MRI application of the retina. This approach has potential to open up new avenues to study the drug-related hemodynamic functions and to evaluate the effects of novel therapeutic interventions on BOLD and BF in the normal and diseased retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu I Shih
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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De La Garza BH, Muir ER, Shih YYI, Duong TQ. 3D magnetic resonance microscopy of the ex vivo retina. Magn Reson Med 2011; 67:1154-8. [PMID: 22009721 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
3D-MR microscopy at 11.7T and 20 × 20 × 57 μm resolution was performed on formalin-fixed rat eyes with: (I) no contrast agent and (II) Gadodiamide (Omniscan(®) ) added to the fixative. Group I data showed generally poor contrast among layers. Group II data showed markedly better lamina-specific contrast with the nerve fiber + ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer being hypointense, and the inner plexiform, outer plexiform, outer nuclear layer, and the segments being hyperintense. The signal-to-noise ratio in group II was higher than group I, consistent with Gadodiamide acting as a T(1) -contrast agent. All major retinal layers were assigned and their thicknesses quantified with corroboration by histology. MR microscopy allows nondestructive examination of valuable specimens and could have applications in disease and in vivo.
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Nair G, Pardue MT, Kim M, Duong TQ. Manganese-enhanced MRI reveals multiple cellular and vascular layers in normal and degenerated retinas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 34:1422-9. [PMID: 21964629 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To use manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) at 25 × 25 × 800 μm(3) to image different retinal and vascular layers in the rat retinas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Manganese-chloride was injected intraocularly in normal (n = 5) and Royal College of Surgeons (RCS, an model of photoreceptor degeneration) (n = 5) rats at postnatal day 90. MEMRI at 4.7 T was performed 24 hours later. MRI was repeated following intravenous Gd-DTPA in the same animals to highlight the vasculatures. Layer assignment and thickness were compared to histology. RESULTS MEMRI 24 hours after intravitreal manganese-chloride injection revealed seven bands of alternating hyper- and hypointensities, corresponding histologically to the ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, photoreceptor-segment layer, and choroidal vascular layer. Intravenous Gd-DTPA-which does not cross the blood-retinal barrier and the retinal pigment epithelium-further enhanced the two layers bounding the retina, corresponding to the retinal and choroidal vascular layers, but not the avascular outer nuclear layer and the photoreceptor-segment layer. MEMRI of the RCS retinas revealed the loss of the outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, and photoreceptor-segment layer. Histological analysis corroborated the MRI laminar assignments and thicknesses. CONCLUSION Lamina-specific retinal structures neurodegenerative changes to structure in retinal diseases can be detected using MEMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Nair
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School and Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Yerkes Imaging Center, Neuroscience Division, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Zhang Y, Nateras OSE, Peng Q, Kuranov RV, Harrison JM, Milner TE, Duong TQ. Lamina-specific anatomic magnetic resonance imaging of the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:7232-7. [PMID: 21828153 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human retina faces two major challenges: eye movement and hardware limitation that could preclude human retinal MRI with adequate spatiotemporal resolution. This study investigated eye-fixation stability and high-resolution anatomic MRI of the human retina on a 3-Tesla (T) MRI scanner. Comparison was made with optical coherence tomography (OCT) on the same subjects. METHODS Eye-fixation stability of protocols used in MRI was evaluated on four normal volunteers using an eye tracker. High-resolution MRI (100 × 200 × 2000 μm) protocol was developed on a 3-T scanner. Subjects were instructed to maintain stable eye fixation on a target with cued blinks every 8 seconds during MRI. OCT imaging of the retina was performed. Retinal layer thicknesses measured with MRI and OCT were analyzed for matching regions of the same eyes close to the optic nerve head. RESULTS The temporal SDs of the horizontal and vertical displacements were 78 ± 51 and 130 ± 51 μm (±SD, n = 4), respectively. MRI detected three layers within the human retina, consistent with MRI findings in rodent, feline, and baboon retinas. The hyperintense layer 1 closest to the vitreous likely consisted of nerve fiber, ganglion cell, and inner nuclear layer; the hypointense layer 2, the outer nuclear layer and the inner and outer segments; and the hyperintense layer 3, the choroid. The MRI retina/choroid thickness was 711 ± 37 μm, 19% (P < 0.05) thicker than OCT thickness (579 ± 34 μm). CONCLUSIONS This study reports high-resolution MRI of lamina-specific structures in the human retina. These initial results are encouraging. Further improvement in spatiotemporal resolution is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Shih YYI, De la Garza BH, Muir ER, Rogers WE, Harrison JM, Kiel JW, Duong TQ. Lamina-specific functional MRI of retinal and choroidal responses to visual stimuli. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5303-10. [PMID: 21447679 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate lamina-specific functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of retinal and choroidal responses to visual stimulation of graded luminance, wavelength, and frequency. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-resolution (60 × 60 μm) MRI was achieved using the blood-pool contrast agent, monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) and a high-magnetic-field (11.7 T) scanner to image functional changes in the normal rat retina associated with various visual stimulations. MION functional MRI measured stimulus-evoked blood-volume (BV) changes. Graded luminance, wavelength, and frequency were investigated. Stimulus-evoked fMRI signal changes from the retinal and choroidal vascular layers were analyzed. RESULTS MRI revealed two distinct laminar signals that corresponded to the retinal and choroidal vascular layers bounding the retina and were separated by the avascular layer in between. The baseline outer layer BV index was 2-4 times greater than the inner layer BV, consistent with higher choroidal vascular density. During visual stimulation, BV responses to flickering light of different luminance, frequency, and wavelength in the inner layer were greater than those in the outer layer. The inner layer responses were dependent on luminance, frequency, and wavelength, whereas the outer layer responses were not, suggesting differential neurovascular coupling between the two vasculatures. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of simultaneous resolution of layer-specific functional responses of the retinal and choroid vascular layers to visual stimulation in the retina. This imaging approach could have applications in early detection and longitudinal monitoring of retinal diseases where retinal and choroidal hemodynamics may be differentially perturbed at various stages of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu I Shih
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Effects of common anesthetics on eye movement and electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2011; 122:163-76. [PMID: 21519880 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-011-9271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides non-invasive images of retinal anatomy, physiology, and function with depth-resolved laminar resolution. Eye movement and drift, however, could limit high spatial resolution imaging, and anesthetics that minimize eye movement could significantly attenuate retinal function. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal anesthetic preparations to minimize eye movement and maximize visual-evoked retinal response in rats. Eye movements were examined by imaging of the cornea with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera under isoflurane, urethane, ketamine/xylazine, and propofol anesthesia at typical dosages in rats. Combination of the paralytic pancuronium bromide with isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine anesthesia was also examined for the eye movement studies. Visual-evoked retinal responses were evaluated using full-field electroretinography (ERG) under isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, urethane, and ketamine/xylazine + pancuronium anesthesia in rats. The degree of eye movement, measured as displacement per unit time, was the smallest under 1% isoflurane + pancuronium anesthesia. The ketamine/xylazine groups showed larger dark-adapted ERG a- and b-waves than other anesthetics tested. The isoflurane group showed the shortest b-wave implicit times. Photopic ERGs in the ketamine/xylazine groups showed the largest b-waves with the isoflurane group showing slightly shorter implicit times at the higher flash intensities. Oscillatory potentials revealed an early peak in the isoflurane group compared with ketamine/xylazine and urethane groups. Pancuronium did not affect the a- and b-wave, but did increase oscillatory potential amplitudes. Compared with the other anesthetics tested here, ketamine/xylazine + pancuronium was the best combination to minimize eye movement and maximize retinal function. These findings should set the stage for further development and application of high-resolution functional imaging techniques, such as MRI, to study retinal anatomy, physiology, and function in anesthetized rats.
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Duong TQ. Magnetic resonance imaging of the retina: A brief historical and future perspective. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2011; 25:137-43. [PMID: 23960915 PMCID: PMC3729810 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This invited review starts with a brief introduction of retinal anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging techniques with contrast to optics, followed by a history and future perspective on MRI applications to investigate the retinas of rodents, non-human primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Q. Duong
- Address: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Research Imaging Institute, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel.: +1 567 8100; fax: +1 210 567 8152.
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Zhang Y, Wey HY, San Emeterio Nateras O, Peng Q, De La Garza BH, Duong TQ. Anatomical, blood oxygenation level-dependent, and blood flow MRI of nonhuman primate (baboon) retina. Magn Reson Med 2011; 66:546-54. [PMID: 21360746 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to demonstrate high-resolution anatomical, blood oxygenation level-dependent, and blood flow MRI on large nonhuman primate retinas using a 3-Tesla clinical scanner as a first step toward translation. Baboon was chosen because of its evolutionary similarity to human. Anesthetized preparation, free of eye-movement artifacts, was used to evaluate clinical scanner hardware feasibility and optimize multimodal protocols for retinal MRI. Anatomical MRI (0.1×0.2×2.0 mm3) before contrast-agent injection detected three alternating bright-dark-bright layers. The hyperintense inner strip nearest to the vitreous was enhanced by an intravascular contrast agent, which likely included the ganglion and bipolar cell layer and the embedded retinal vessels. The hypointense middle strip showed no contrast enhancement, which likely included the avascular outer unclear layer and photoreceptor segments. The hyperintense outer strip showed contrast enhancement, which likely corresponded to the choroid vascular layer. In the posterior retina, the total thickness including the choroid was 617±101 μm (±standard deviation, n=7). Blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI (0.3×0.6×2.0 mm3) of oxygen inhalation relative to air increased the signals by 6.5±1.4%. Basal blood flow (2×2×2 mm3) was 83±30 mL/100 g/min (air), and hypercapnia increased blood flow by 25±9% (P<0.05). This study demonstrates multimodal MRI to image anatomy, physiology, and function on large nonhuman primate retinas using a clinical scanner, offering encouraging data to explore human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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