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Chukanov NV, Shchepin RV, Joshi SM, Kabir MSH, Salnikov OG, Svyatova A, Koptyug IV, Gelovani JG, Chekmenev EY. Synthetic Approaches for 15 N-Labeled Hyperpolarized Heterocyclic Molecular Imaging Agents for 15 N NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in Microtesla Magnetic Fields. Chemistry 2021; 27:9727-9736. [PMID: 33856077 PMCID: PMC8273115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NMR hyperpolarization techniques enhance nuclear spin polarization by several orders of magnitude resulting in corresponding sensitivity gains. This enormous sensitivity gain enables new applications ranging from studies of small molecules by using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy to real-time metabolic imaging in vivo. Several hyperpolarization techniques exist for hyperpolarization of a large repertoire of nuclear spins, although the 13 C and 15 N sites of biocompatible agents are the key targets due to their widespread use in biochemical pathways. Moreover, their long T1 allows hyperpolarized states to be retained for up to tens of minutes. Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a low-cost and ultrafast hyperpolarization technique that has been shown to be versatile for the hyperpolarization of 15 N nuclei. Although large sensitivity gains are enabled by hyperpolarization, 15 N natural abundance is only ∼0.4 %, so isotopic labeling of the molecules to be hyperpolarized is required in order to take full advantage of the hyperpolarized state. Herein, we describe selected advances in the preparation of 15 N-labeled compounds with the primary emphasis on using these compounds for SABRE polarization in microtesla magnetic fields through spontaneous polarization transfer from parahydrogen. Also, these principles can certainly be applied for hyperpolarization of these emerging contrast agents using dynamic nuclear polarization and other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Chukanov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman V Shchepin
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Health Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Sameer M Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mohammad S H Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentiev Prospekt 5, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra Svyatova
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Juri G Gelovani
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Kondo Y, Nonaka H, Takakusagi Y, Sando S. Entwicklung molekularer Sonden für die hyperpolarisierte NMR‐Bildgebung im biologischen Bereich. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kondo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Institute of Quantum Life Science National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage Chiba-city 263-8555 Japan
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage Chiba-city 263-8555 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Department of Bioengineering Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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Kondo Y, Nonaka H, Takakusagi Y, Sando S. Design of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Molecular Probes for Hyperpolarized Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14779-14799. [PMID: 32372551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear hyperpolarization has emerged as a method to dramatically enhance the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy. By application of this powerful tool, small molecules with stable isotopes have been used for highly sensitive biomedical molecular imaging. The recent development of molecular probes for hyperpolarized in vivo analysis has demonstrated the ability of this technique to provide unique metabolic and physiological information. This review presents a brief introduction of hyperpolarization technology, approaches to the rational design of molecular probes for hyperpolarized analysis, and examples of molecules that have met with success in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kondo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Institute of Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba-city, 263-8555, Japan.,National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba-city, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Teleanu F, Sadet A, Vasos PR. Symmetry versus entropy: Long-lived states and coherences. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:63-75. [PMID: 33632418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new molecular symmetry-based approaches for magnetic resonance have been invented. The implications of these discoveries will be significant for molecular imaging via magnetic resonance, in vitro as well as in vivo, for quantum computing and for other fields. Since the initial observation in 2004 in Southampton that effective spin symmetry can be instilled in a molecule during magnetic resonance experiments, spin states that are resilient to relaxation mechanisms have been increasingly used. Most of these states are related to the nuclear singlet in a pair of J-coupled spins. Tailored relaxation rate constants for magnetization became available in molecules of different sizes and structures, as experimental developments broadened the scope of symmetry-adapted spin states. The ensuing access to timescales longer than the classically-attained ones by circa one order of magnitude allows the study of processes such as slow diffusion or slow exchange that were previously beyond reach. Long-lived states formed by differences between populations of singlets and triplets have overcome the limitations imposed by longitudinal relaxation times (T1) by factors up to 40. Long-lived coherences formed by superpositions of singlets and triplets have overcome the limit of classical transverse coherence (T2) by a factor 9. We present here an overview of the development and applications of long-lived states (LLS) and long-lived coherences (LLC's) and considerations on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Teleanu
- Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, Laser Gamma Experiments Department (LGED), "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania; College for Advanced Performance Studies, Babeș-Bolyai University, Mihail Kogălniceanu Street 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Interdisciplinary School of Doctoral Studies, University of Bucharest, B-dul Regina Elisabeta, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aude Sadet
- Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, Laser Gamma Experiments Department (LGED), "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania
| | - Paul R Vasos
- Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, Laser Gamma Experiments Department (LGED), "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125 Bucharest-Măgurele, Romania; Interdisciplinary School of Doctoral Studies, University of Bucharest, B-dul Regina Elisabeta, Bucharest, Romania.
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Levitt MH. Long live the singlet state! JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:69-74. [PMID: 31307892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of long-lived states in NMR is reviewed. The relationship of long-lived-state phenomena to those associated with spin isomerism is discussed. A brief overview is given of key developments in the field of long-lived states, including chemical symmetry-switching, the role of magnetic equivalence and magnetic inequivalence, long-lived coherences, hyperpolarized NMR involving long-lived states, quantum-rotor-induced polarization, and parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarization. Current application areas of long-lived states are reviewed, and a peer into the crystal ball reveals future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
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Hövener JB, Pravdivtsev AN, Kidd B, Bowers CR, Glöggler S, Kovtunov KV, Plaumann M, Katz-Brull R, Buckenmaier K, Jerschow A, Reineri F, Theis T, Shchepin RV, Wagner S, Bhattacharya P, Zacharias NM, Chekmenev EY. Parahydrogen-Based Hyperpolarization for Biomedicine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11140-11162. [PMID: 29484795 PMCID: PMC6105405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) is one of the most versatile and useful physical effects used for human imaging, chemical analysis, and the elucidation of molecular structures. However, its full potential is rarely used, because only a small fraction of the nuclear spin ensemble is polarized, that is, aligned with the applied static magnetic field. Hyperpolarization methods seek other means to increase the polarization and thus the MR signal. A unique source of pure spin order is the entangled singlet spin state of dihydrogen, parahydrogen (pH2 ), which is inherently stable and long-lived. When brought into contact with another molecule, this "spin order on demand" allows the MR signal to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. Considerable progress has been made in the past decade in the area of pH2 -based hyperpolarization techniques for biomedical applications. It is the goal of this Review to provide a selective overview of these developments, covering the areas of spin physics, catalysis, instrumentation, preparation of the contrast agents, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrey N Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bryce Kidd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - C Russell Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Von-Siebold-Strasse 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Department of Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kai Buckenmaier
- Magnetic resonance center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Sq. East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Francesca Reineri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Roman V Shchepin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 1161 21st Ave South, MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37027, USA
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Pratip Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Niki M Zacharias
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) and Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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7
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Hövener J, Pravdivtsev AN, Kidd B, Bowers CR, Glöggler S, Kovtunov KV, Plaumann M, Katz‐Brull R, Buckenmaier K, Jerschow A, Reineri F, Theis T, Shchepin RV, Wagner S, Bhattacharya P, Zacharias NM, Chekmenev EY. Parawasserstoff‐basierte Hyperpolarisierung für die Biomedizin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Bernd Hövener
- Sektion Biomedizinische Bildgebung, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Klinik für Radiologie und Neuroradiologie Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Am Botanischen Garten 14 24118 Kiel Deutschland
| | - Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Sektion Biomedizinische Bildgebung, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Klinik für Radiologie und Neuroradiologie Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Am Botanischen Garten 14 24118 Kiel Deutschland
| | - Bryce Kidd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Southern Illinois University Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - C. Russell Bowers
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- Max Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration Von-Siebold-Straße 3A 37075 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institut für Biometrie und Medizinische Informatik Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Leipziger Straße 44 39120 Magdeburg Deutschland
| | - Rachel Katz‐Brull
- Department of Radiology Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Kai Buckenmaier
- Magnetresonanz-Zentrum Max Planck-Institut für biologische Kybernetik Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry New York University 100 Washington Sq. East New York NY 10003 USA
| | - Francesca Reineri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences University of Torino via Nizza 52 Torino Italien
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS) Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences 1161 21st Ave South, MCN AA-1105 Nashville TN 37027 USA
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA 90048 USA
| | - Pratip Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Niki M. Zacharias
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS) Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences 1161 21st Ave South, MCN AA-1105 Nashville TN 37027 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Leninskiy Prospekt 14 Moscow 119991 Russland
- Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) and Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 USA
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Stavarache C, Hanganu A, Paun A, Paraschivescu C, Matache M, Vasos PR. Long-lived states detect interactions between small molecules and diamagnetic metal ions. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 284:15-19. [PMID: 28938134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived states of nuclear spin order were used for the first time to probe interactions between molecules and diamagnetic metal ions. Proton spin states with lifetimes twice as long as the spin-lattice relaxation time constants of the same nuclei were promoted on the methoxyphenyl and tolyl substituents of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative. The transient interaction of this oxadiazole derivative with silver(I) ions significantly speeds up the relaxation rate constants of proton long-lived states. The interactions between silver and organic compounds lead to the formation of coordination polymers that can be used for the preparation of bio-compatible materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stavarache
- Institute of Organic Chemistry "C.D. Nenitescu" of the Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Hanganu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry "C.D. Nenitescu" of the Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania; Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Paun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Codruta Paraschivescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paul R Vasos
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 36-46 B-dul M. Kogalniceanu, 050107 Bucharest, Romania; Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI-NP)/Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics & Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Reactorului St., 30, PO Box MG-6, 077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.
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Balzan R, Fernandes L, Pidial L, Comment A, Tavitian B, Vasos PR. Pyruvate cellular uptake and enzymatic conversion probed by dissolution DNP-NMR: the impact of overexpressed membrane transporters. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:579-583. [PMID: 27859555 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate membrane crossing and its lactate dehydrogenase-mediated conversion to lactate in cells featuring different levels of expression of membrane monocarboxylate transporters (MCT4) were probed by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced NMR. Hyperpolarized 13 C-1-labeled pyruvate was transferred to suspensions of rodent tumor cell carcinoma, cell line 39. The pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate monitored by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization-NMR in carcinoma cells featuring native MCT4 expression level was lower than the rate observed for cells in which the human MCT4 gene was overexpressed. The enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase was also assessed in buffer solutions, following the real-time pyruvate-to-lactate conversion speeds at different enzyme concentrations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Balzan
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, UFR Biomédicale et des Sciences de Base, Université Paris Descartes - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fernandes
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, UFR Biomédicale et des Sciences de Base, Université Paris Descartes - CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Pidial
- PARCC - Inserm U970 - Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Comment
- EPFL, Institute of Physics of Biological Systems, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Tavitian
- PARCC - Inserm U970 - Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Paul R Vasos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, UFR Biomédicale et des Sciences de Base, Université Paris Descartes - CNRS, Paris, France
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10
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Pileio G. Singlet NMR methodology in two-spin-1/2 systems. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 98-99:1-19. [PMID: 28283084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses methodology developed over the past 12years in order to access and manipulate singlet order in systems comprising two coupled spin-1/2 nuclei in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Pulse sequences that are valid for different regimes are discussed, and fully analytical proofs are given using different spin dynamics techniques that include product operator methods, the single transition operator formalism, and average Hamiltonian theory. Methods used to filter singlet order from byproducts of pulse sequences are also listed and discussed analytically. The theoretical maximum amplitudes of the transformations achieved by these techniques are reported, together with the results of numerical simulations performed using custom-built simulation code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pileio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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11
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Brown LJ, Pileio G, Levitt MH, Brown RCD. Synthesis of carbon-13 labeled oxalates exhibiting extended nuclear singlet state lifetimes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 60:135-139. [PMID: 27990671 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical perdeuterated doubly 13 C labelled oxalates exhibit extended lifetimes in the nuclear singlet state. Synthesis of 1,2 13 C2 oxalates from commercially available precursors is described, facilitating preparation of unsymmetrical oxalates in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Giuseppe Pileio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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12
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Bornet A, Jannin S. Optimizing dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:13-21. [PMID: 26920826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article is a short review of some of our recent developments in dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP). We present the basic principles of d-DNP, and motivate our choice to step away from conventional approaches. We then introduce a modified d-DNP recipe that can be summed up as follows. (i) Using broad line polarizing agents to efficiently polarize 1H spins. (ii) Increasing the magnetic field to 6.7 T and above. (iii) Applying microwave frequency modulation. (iv) Applying (1)H-(13)C cross polarization. (v) Transferring hyperpolarized solution through a magnetic tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bornet
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sami Jannin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland.
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Balzan R, Fernandes L, Comment A, Pidial L, Tavitian B, Vasos PR. Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR. J Vis Exp 2016:53548. [PMID: 26967906 DOI: 10.3791/53548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR measurements of metabolic transformations. Hyperpolarization via dissolution DNP circumvents part of the sensitivity issues thanks to the large out-of-equilibrium nuclear magnetization stemming from the electron-to-nucleus spin polarization transfer. The high NMR signal obtained can be used to monitor chemical reactions in real time. The downside of hyperpolarized NMR resides in the limited time window available for signal acquisition, which is usually on the order of the nuclear spin longitudinal relaxation time constant, T1, or, in favorable cases, on the order of the relaxation time constant associated with the singlet-state of coupled nuclei, TLLS. Cellular uptake of endogenous molecules and metabolic rates can provide essential information on tumor development and drug response. Numerous previous hyperpolarized NMR studies have demonstrated the relevancy of pyruvate as a metabolic substrate for monitoring enzymatic activity in vivo. This work provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and methods required for the study of enzymatic reactions, in particular the pyruvate-to-lactate conversion rate in presence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), by hyperpolarized NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Balzan
- LCBPT - UMR8601, Institut de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes;
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul R Vasos
- LCBPT - UMR8601, Institut de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes;
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14
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DeVience SJ, Walsworth RL, Rosen MS. Probing scalar coupling differences via long-lived singlet states. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 262:42-49. [PMID: 26717036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We probe small scalar coupling differences via the coherent interactions between two nuclear spin singlet states in organic molecules. We show that the spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC) technique enables the coherent transfer of singlet order between one spin pair and another. The transfer is mediated by the difference in syn and anti vicinal or long-range J couplings among the spins. By measuring the transfer rate, we calculate a J coupling difference of 8±2mHz in phenylalanine-glycine-glycine and 2.57±0.04Hz in glutamate. We also characterize a coherence between two singlet states in glutamate, which may enable the creation of a long-lived quantum memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J DeVience
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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15
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Pourfathi M, Clapp J, Kadlecek SJ, Keenan CD, Ghosh RK, Kuzma NN, Rizi RR. Low-temperature dynamic nuclear polarization of gases in Frozen mixtures. Magn Reson Med 2015; 76:1007-14. [PMID: 26444315 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a new cryogenic technique for preparing gaseous compounds in solid mixtures for polarization using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). METHODS (129) Xe and (15) N2 O samples were prepared using the presented method. Samples were hyperpolarized at 1.42K at 5 Tesla. (129) Xe was polarized at 1.65K and 1.42K to compare enhancement. Polarization levels for both samples and T1 relaxation times for the (129) Xe sample were measured. Sample pulverization for the (129) Xe and controlled annealing for both samples were introduced as additional steps in sample preparation. RESULTS Enhancement increased by 15% due to a temperature drop from 1.65K to 1.42K for the (129) Xe sample. A polarization level of 20 ± 3% for the (129) Xe sample was achieved, a two-fold increase from 10 ± 1% after pulverization of the sample at 1.42K. T1 of the (129) Xe sample was increased by more than three-fold by means of annealing. In the case of (15) N2 O, annealing led to a ∼two-fold increase in the signal level after DNP. CONCLUSION The presented technique for producing and manipulating solid gas/glassing agent/radical mixtures for DNP led to high polarization levels in (129) Xe and (15) N2 O samples. These methods show potential for polarizing other gases using DNP technology. Magn Reson Med 76:1007-1014, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Pourfathi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justin Clapp
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline D Keenan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajat K Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas N Kuzma
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahim R Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Ghosh RK, Kuzma NN, Kadlecek SJ, Rizi RR. Versatile pulse sequence device to conserve hyperpolarization for NMR and MRI studies. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1822-30. [PMID: 25976973 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Levitt and co-workers have described the M2S pulse sequence which transfers between longitudinal and singlet spin order. Building on this work, we describe the construction of a portable M2S pulse sequence generator to increase the relaxation time of polarized compounds. Additionally, we investigate the efficiency of spin order transfer under conditions where physical parameters of the system are not known precisely. THEORY AND METHODS A portable M2S generator is built. Longitudinally polarized N2O is converted to the singlet state by both adiabatic transfer and by the M2S sequence. Density matrix simulations are used to model the effects of mismatched chemical shift, flip angle, and scalar couplings. RESULTS Density matrix simulations suggest that to convert 95% of the longitudinal m = 1 triplet state population to the singlet order we must match the Larmor precession frequency to the excitation radiofrequency field by 10%, the scalar couplings must be determined to better than 0.6%, and the flip angle must be calibrated to better than 2%. CONCLUSION The sequence is robust against many mismatched physical parameters of the species we are converting. Additionally, the instrument's portability allows for the conversion of hyperpolarized species near a polarizer. The lifetime is increased by ∼12-fold. This is highly advantageous in systems where the hyperpolarized media relax rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat K Ghosh
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas N Kuzma
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Kadlecek
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahim R Rizi
- Institutional Information: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Pileio G, Dumez JN, Pop IA, Hill-Cousins JT, Brown RCD. Real-space imaging of macroscopic diffusion and slow flow by singlet tagging MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 252:130-134. [PMID: 25697953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging can be used to study motional processes such as flow and diffusion, but the accessible timescales are limited by longitudinal relaxation. The spatially selective conversion from magnetization to long-lived singlet order in designer molecules makes it possible to tag a region of interest for an extended period of time, of the order of several minutes. Here we exploit this concept of "singlet tagging" to monitor diffusion over a macroscopic scale as well as very slow flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pileio
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Jean-Nicolas Dumez
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK; Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
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18
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Sadet A, Fernandes L, Kateb F, Balzan R, Vasos PR. Long-lived coherences: Improved dispersion in the frequency domain using continuous-wave and reduced-power windowed sustaining irradiation. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:054203. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4891565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Nagashima K, Rao DK, Pagès G, Velan SS, Kuchel PW. Long-lived spin state of a tripeptide in stretched hydrogel. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2014; 59:31-41. [PMID: 24627038 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal (T 1), transverse (T 2), and singlet state (T s) relaxation times of the geminal backbone protons (CH2) of L-Leu-Gly-Gly were studied by NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T in a bovine hide gelatin gel composed in D2O at 25 °C. Gelatin granules were dissolved in a hot solution of the tripeptide and then the solution was allowed to gel inside a flexible silicone tubing. With increases in gelatin content, the T 2 and T s of the CH2 protons correspondingly decreased (T s/T 2 ~ constant), while the change in T 1 was relatively small. The largest observed T s/T 1 value was 3.3 at 46% w/v gelatin that was the lowest gelatin content examined. Stretching the tubing, and hence the gel, brought about anisotropic alignment of the constituents resulting in residual quadrupolar splitting of the resonance from D2O in (2)H NMR spectra, and residual dipolar splitting of the CH2 resonance in (1)H NMR spectra. WALTZ-16 decoupling during the relaxation intervals extended the singlet state relaxation time, but the efficacy diminished as the gels were stretched. Theoretically predicted T 1, T 2, and T s values, assuming intramolecular dipolar coupling as the only source of relaxation, were within the same order of magnitude as the experimentally observed values. Overall we showed that it is possible to observe a long-lived spin state in an anisotropic medium when T 2 is shorter than T 1 in the presence of non-zero residual dipolar couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaz Nagashima
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, 11 Bioplis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore,
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20
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Emondts M, Ledbetter MP, Pustelny S, Theis T, Patton B, Blanchard JW, Butler MC, Budker D, Pines A. Long-lived heteronuclear spin-singlet states in liquids at a zero magnetic field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:077601. [PMID: 24579636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.077601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report an observation of long-lived spin-singlet states in a 13C-1H spin pair in a zero magnetic field. In 13C-labeled formic acid, we observe spin-singlet lifetimes as long as 37 s, about a factor of 3 longer than the T1 lifetime of dipole polarization in the triplet state. In contrast to common high-field experiments, the observed coherence is a singlet-triplet coherence with a lifetime T2 longer than the T1 lifetime of dipole polarization in the triplet manifold. Moreover, we demonstrate that heteronuclear singlet states formed between a 1H and a 13C nucleus can exhibit longer lifetimes than the respective triplet states even in the presence of additional spins that couple to the spin pair of interest. Although long-lived homonuclear spin-singlet states have been extensively studied, this is the first experimental observation of analogous singlet states in heteronuclear spin pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Emondts
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and AOSense, 767 North Mary Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA
| | - S Pustelny
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Center for Magneto-Optical Research, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - T Theis
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Patton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Blanchard
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M C Butler
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Pines
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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21
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Marco-Rius I, Tayler MCD, Kettunen MI, Larkin TJ, Timm KN, Serrao EM, Rodrigues TB, Pileio G, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Levitt MH, Brindle KM. Hyperpolarized singlet lifetimes of pyruvate in human blood and in the mouse. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1696-704. [PMID: 23946252 PMCID: PMC4238807 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized NMR is a promising technique for non-invasive imaging of tissue metabolism in vivo. However, the pathways that can be studied are limited by the fast T1 decay of the nuclear spin order. In metabolites containing pairs of coupled nuclear spins-1/2, the spin order may be maintained by exploiting the non-magnetic singlet (spin-0) state of the pair. This may allow preservation of the hyperpolarization in vivo during transport to tissues of interest, such as tumors, or to detect slower metabolic reactions. We show here that in human blood and in a mouse in vivo at millitesla fields the (13)C singlet lifetime of [1,2-(13)C2]pyruvate was significantly longer than the (13)C T1, although it was shorter than the T1 at field strengths of several tesla. We also examine the singlet-derived NMR spectrum observed for hyperpolarized [1,2-(13)C2]lactate, originating from the metabolism of [1,2-(13)C2]pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
| | | | - Mikko I Kettunen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J Larkin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
| | - Kerstin N Timm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
| | - Eva M Serrao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
| | - Tiago B Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research InstituteCambridge, UK
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22
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DeVience SJ, Walsworth RL, Rosen MS. Preparation of nuclear spin singlet states using spin-lock induced crossing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:173002. [PMID: 24206484 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.173002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a broadly applicable technique to create nuclear spin singlet states in organic molecules and other many-atom systems. We employ a novel pulse sequence to produce a spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC) of the spin singlet and triplet energy levels, which enables triplet-singlet polarization transfer and singlet-state preparation. We demonstrate the utility of the SLIC method by producing a long-lived nuclear spin singlet state on two strongly coupled proton pairs in the tripeptide molecule phenylalanine-glycine-glycine dissolved in D(2)O and by using SLIC to measure the J couplings, chemical shift differences, and singlet lifetimes of the proton pairs. We show that SLIC is more efficient at creating nearly equivalent nuclear spin singlet states than previous pulse sequence techniques, especially when triplet-singlet polarization transfer occurs on the same time scale as spin-lattice relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J DeVience
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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23
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Devience SJ, Walsworth RL, Rosen MS. Nuclear spin singlet states as a contrast mechanism for NMR spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1204-1212. [PMID: 23606451 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of complex chemical mixtures often contain unresolved or hidden spectral components, especially when strong background signals overlap weaker peaks. In this article we demonstrate a quantum filter utilizing nuclear spin singlet states, which allows undesired NMR spectral background to be removed and target spectral peaks to be uncovered. The quantum filter is implemented by creating a nuclear spin singlet state with spin quantum numbers j = 0, mz = 0 in a target molecule, applying a continuous RF field to both preserve the singlet state and saturate the magnetization of undesired molecules and then mapping the target molecule singlet state back into an NMR observable state so that its spectrum can be read out unambiguously. The preparation of the target singlet state can be carefully controlled with pulse sequence parameters, so that spectral contrast can be achieved between molecules with very similar structures. We name this NMR contrast mechanism 'Suppression of Undesired Chemicals using Contrast-Enhancing Singlet States' (SUCCESS) and we demonstrate it in vitro for three target molecules relevant to neuroscience: aspartate, threonine and glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Devience
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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24
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Kuzma NN, Håkansson P, Pourfathi M, Ghosh RK, Kara H, Kadlecek SJ, Pileio G, Levitt MH, Rizi RR. Lineshape-based polarimetry of dynamically-polarized (15)N2O in solid-state mixtures. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 234:90-94. [PMID: 23851025 PMCID: PMC4006749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of (15)N2O, known for its long-lived singlet-state order at low magnetic field, is demonstrated in organic solvent/trityl mixtures at ∼1.5 K and 5 T. Both (15)N polarization and intermolecular dipolar broadening are strongly affected by the sample's thermal history, indicating spontaneous formation of N2O clusters. In situ (15)N NMR reveals four distinct powder-pattern spectra, attributed to the chemical-shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors of the two (15)N nuclei, further split by the intramolecular dipolar coupling between their magnetic moments. (15)N polarization is estimated by fitting the free-induction decay (FID) signals to the analytical model of four single-quantum transitions. This analysis implies (10.2±2.2)% polarization after 37 h of DNP, and provides a direct, instantaneous probe of the absolute (15)N polarization, without a need for time-consuming referencing to a thermal-equilibrium NMR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Kuzma
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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25
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Witte C, Schröder L. NMR of hyperpolarised probes. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:788-802. [PMID: 23033215 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the sensitivity of NMR experiments is an ongoing field of research to help realise the exquisite molecular specificity of this technique. Hyperpolarisation of various nuclei is a powerful approach that enables the use of NMR for molecular and cellular imaging. Substantial progress has been achieved over recent years in terms of both tracer preparation and detection schemes. This review summarises recent developments in probe design and optimised signal encoding, and promising results in sensitive disease detection and efficient therapeutic monitoring. The different methods have great potential to provide molecular specificity not available by other diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Witte
- ERC Project BiosensorImaging, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Pileio G, Bowen S, Laustsen C, Tayler MCD, Hill-Cousins JT, Brown LJ, Brown RCD, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Levitt MH. Recycling and imaging of nuclear singlet hyperpolarization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5084-8. [PMID: 23489087 DOI: 10.1021/ja312333v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The strong enhancement of NMR signals achieved by hyperpolarization decays, at best, with a time constant of a few minutes. Here, we show that a combination of long-lived singlet states, molecular design, magnetic field cycling, and specific radiofrequency pulse sequences allows repeated observation of the same batch of polarized nuclei over a period of 30 min and more. We report a recycling protocol in which the enhanced nuclear polarization achieved by dissolution-DNP is observed with full intensity and then returned to singlet order. MRI experiments may be run on a portion of the available spin polarization, while the remaining is preserved and made available for a later use. An analogy is drawn with a "spin bank" or "resealable container" in which highly polarized spin order may be deposited and retrieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pileio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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27
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Tayler MCD, Levitt MH. Accessing Long-Lived Nuclear Spin Order by Isotope-Induced Symmetry Breaking. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2120-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- School of Chemistry, Southampton University, SO17 1BJ Southampton, U.K
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28
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Ghosh RK, Kadlecek SJ, Kuzma NN, Rizi RR. Determination of the singlet state lifetime of dissolved nitrous oxide from high field relaxation measurements. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:174508. [PMID: 22583250 DOI: 10.1063/1.4710984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal spin relaxation due to modulation of dipolar interactions often limits the development of hyperpolarized magnetic tracers. Recently, it has been demonstrated that transferring spin order to a singlet state significantly increases the polarization lifetimes in systems where nitrous oxide is dissolved in a liquid solvent. Additionally, previous studies have suggested that the longitudinal relaxation of nitrous oxide is largely dominated by the spin-rotation interaction. Models of spin-relaxation under Brownian motion naïvely predict the angular momentum reorienting correlation time of the spin rotation interaction to be inversely proportional to the viscosity of the solution. This dependence implies the singlet lifetime can be lengthened by increasing the dissolving solvent's viscosity-an extension which is not observed. Our work formulates a model which describes the relaxation of nitrous oxide dissolved in various solvents. We investigate the effect of altering the temperature of the solvent, as well as the effect of varying solute-solvent interactions on the singlet state as well as the longitudinal polarization lifetime. We predict the singlet lifetime for nitrous oxide dissolved in several solvents by fitting rotational and angular momentum correlation times measured at high magnetic field, and relate singlet relaxation to translational diffusion constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat K Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 338 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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29
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Tayler MCD, Marco-Rius I, Kettunen MI, Brindle KM, Levitt MH, Pileio G. Direct Enhancement of Nuclear Singlet Order by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7668-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge
CB2 1GA, U.K
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Mikko I. Kettunen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge
CB2 1GA, U.K
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge
CB2 1GA, U.K
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge
CB2 0RE, U.K
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- School of Chemistry, Southampton University, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Giuseppe Pileio
- School of Chemistry, Southampton University, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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30
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Bocan J, Pileio G, Levitt MH. Sensitivity enhancement and low-field spin relaxation in singlet NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16032-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Torres AM, Ghadirian B, Price WS. Diffusion–diffraction using singlet spin states and various NMR coherences in a J-coupled AX spin system. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20063e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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