1
|
Sharma A, Cressman E, Attaluri A, Kraitchman DL, Ivkov R. Current Challenges in Image-Guided Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy for Liver Cancer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2768. [PMID: 36014633 PMCID: PMC9414548 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For patients diagnosed with advanced and unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver transplantation remains the best option to extend life. Challenges with organ supply often preclude liver transplantation, making palliative non-surgical options the default front-line treatments for many patients. Even with imaging guidance, success following treatment remains inconsistent and below expectations, so new approaches are needed. Imaging-guided thermal therapy interventions have emerged as attractive procedures that offer individualized tumor targeting with the potential for the selective targeting of tumor nodules without impairing liver function. Furthermore, imaging-guided thermal therapy with added standard-of-care chemotherapies targeted to the liver tumor can directly reduce the overall dose and limit toxicities commonly seen with systemic administration. Effectiveness of non-ablative thermal therapy (hyperthermia) depends on the achieved thermal dose, defined as time-at-temperature, and leads to molecular dysfunction, cellular disruption, and eventual tissue destruction with vascular collapse. Hyperthermia therapy requires controlled heat transfer to the target either by in situ generation of the energy or its on-target conversion from an external radiative source. Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is a nanotechnology-based thermal therapy that exploits energy dissipation (heat) from the forced magnetic hysteresis of a magnetic colloid. MHT with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) requires the targeted deposition of MNPs into the tumor, followed by exposure of the region to an AMF. Emerging modalities such as magnetic particle imaging (MPI) offer additional prospects to develop fully integrated (theranostic) systems that are capable of providing diagnostic imaging, treatment planning, therapy execution, and post-treatment follow-up on a single platform. In this review, we focus on recent advances in image-guided MHT applications specific to liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Erik Cressman
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA 17057, USA
| | - Dara L. Kraitchman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Healy S, Bakuzis AF, Goodwill PW, Attaluri A, Bulte JWM, Ivkov R. Clinical magnetic hyperthermia requires integrated magnetic particle imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1779. [PMID: 35238181 PMCID: PMC9107505 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials that respond to clinical magnetic devices have significant potential as cancer nanotheranostics. The complexities of their physics, however, introduce challenges for these applications. Hyperthermia is a heat‐based cancer therapy that improves treatment outcomes and patient survival when controlled energy delivery is combined with accurate thermometry. To date, few technologies have achieved the needed evolution for the demands of the clinic. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) offers this potential, but to be successful it requires particle‐imaging technology that provides real‐time thermometry. Presently, the only technology having the potential to meet these requirements is magnetic particle imaging (MPI), for which a proof‐of‐principle demonstration with MFH has been achieved. Successful clinical translation and adoption of integrated MPI/MFH technology will depend on successful resolution of the technological challenges discussed. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Healy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andris F Bakuzis
- Instituto de Física and CNanoMed, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Z, Namsrai B, Han Z, Joshi P, Rao JS, Ravikumar V, Sharma A, Ring HL, Idiyatullin D, Magnuson EC, Iaizzo PA, Tolkacheva EG, Garwood M, Rabin Y, Etheridge M, Finger EB, Bischof JC. Vitrification and Rewarming of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Loaded Rat Hearts. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100873. [PMID: 35668819 PMCID: PMC9164386 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To extend the preservation of donor hearts beyond the current 4-6 h, this paper explores heart cryopreservation by vitrification-cryogenic storage in a glass-like state. While organ vitrification is made possible by using cryoprotective agents (CPA) that inhibit ice during cooling, failure occurs during convective rewarming due to slow and non-uniform rewarming which causes ice crystallization and/or cracking. Here an alternative, "nanowarming", which uses silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (sIONPs) perfusion loaded through the vasculature is explored, that allows a radiofrequency coil to rewarm the organ quickly and uniformly to avoid convective failures. Nanowarming has been applied to cells and tissues, and a proof of principle study suggests it is possible in the heart, but proper physical and biological characterization especially in organs is still lacking. Here, using a rat heart model, controlled machine perfusion loading and unloading of CPA and sIONPs, cooling to a vitrified state, and fast and uniform nanowarming without crystallization or cracking is demonstrated. Further, nanowarmed hearts maintain histologic appearance and endothelial integrity superior to convective rewarming and indistinguishable from CPA load/unload control hearts while showing some promising organ-level (electrical) functional activity. This work demonstrates physically successful heart vitrification and nanowarming and that biological outcomes can be expected to improve by reducing or eliminating CPA toxicity during loading and unloading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Baterdene Namsrai
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Purva Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joseph Sushil Rao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vasanth Ravikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hattie L Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Djaudat Idiyatullin
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elliott C Magnuson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul A Iaizzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elena G Tolkacheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erik B Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao Z, Ring HL, Sharma A, Namsrai B, Tran N, Finger EB, Garwood M, Haynes CL, Bischof JC. Preparation of Scalable Silica-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Nanowarming. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901624. [PMID: 32099753 PMCID: PMC7029634 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation technology allows long-term banking of biological systems. However, a major challenge to cryopreserving organs remains in the rewarming of large volumes (>3 mL), where mechanical stress and ice formation during convective warming cause severe damage. Nanowarming technology presents a promising solution to rewarm organs rapidly and uniformly via inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) preloaded by perfusion into the organ vasculature. This use requires the IONPs to be produced at scale, heat quickly, be nontoxic, remain stable in cryoprotective agents (CPAs), and be washed out easily after nanowarming. Nanowarming of cells and blood vessels using a mesoporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (msIONP) in VS55, a common CPA, has been previously demonstrated. However, production of msIONPs is a lengthy, multistep process and provides only mg Fe per batch. Here, a new microporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (sIONP) that can be produced in as little as 1 d while scaling up to 1.4 g Fe per batch is presented. sIONP high heating, biocompatibility, and stability in VS55 is also verified, and the ability to perfusion load and washout sIONPs from a rat kidney as evidenced by advanced imaging and ICP-OES is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Hattie L. Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Minnesota2021 6th Street S.E.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Baterdene Namsrai
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Minnesota420 Delaware Street SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Nam Tran
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Minnesota420 Delaware Street SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Minnesota2021 6th Street S.E.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant St SEMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Minnesota111 Church St.MinneapolisMN55455USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
O'Brien-Moran Z, Bowen CV, Rioux JA, Brewer KD. Cell density quantification with TurboSPI: R 2* mapping with compensation for off-resonance fat modulation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 33:469-481. [PMID: 31872356 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-019-00817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tracking the migration of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled immune cells in vivo is valuable for understanding the immunogenic response to cancer and therapies. Quantitative cell tracking using TurboSPI-based R2* mapping is a promising development to improve accuracy in longitudinal studies on immune recruitment. However, off-resonance fat signal isochromats lead to modulations in the signal time-course that can be erroneously fit as R2* signal decay, overestimating the density of labeled cells, while excluding voxels with fat-typical modulations results in underestimation of cell density in voxels with mixed content. Approaches capable of accurate R2* estimation in the presence of fat are needed. METHODS We propose a dual-decay (separate R2f* and R2w* for fat and water) Dixon-based signal model that accounts for the presence of fat in a voxel to provide better estimates of SPIO-induced dephasing. This model was tested in silico, in phantoms with varying quantities of fat and SPIO-labeled cells, and in 5 mice injected with SPIO-labeled CD8+ T cells. RESULTS In silico single voxel simulations illustrate how the proposed dual-decay model provides stable R2w* estimates that are invariant to fat content. The proposed model outperforms previous methods when applied to in vitro samples of SPIO-labeled cells and oil prepared with oil content ≥ 15%. Preliminary in vivo results show that, compared to previous methods, the dual-decay model improves the balance of R2* mapping in fat-dense areas, which will yield more reliable analysis in future cell tracking studies. DISCUSSION The proposed model is a promising tool for quantitative TurboSPI R2* cell tracking, with further refinements offering the possibility of better specificity and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe O'Brien-Moran
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chris Van Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - James Allen Rioux
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kimberly Dawn Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada. .,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ring HL, Gao Z, Sharma A, Han Z, Lee C, Brockbank KGM, Greene ED, Helke KL, Chen Z, Campbell LH, Weegman B, Davis M, Taylor M, Giwa S, Fahy GM, Wowk B, Pagotan R, Bischof JC, Garwood M. Imaging the distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in hypothermic perfused tissues. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1750-1759. [PMID: 31815324 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herein, we evaluate the use of MRI as a tool for assessing iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) distribution within IONP perfused organs and vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) (i.e., hindlimbs) prepared for cryopreservation. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on room-temperature organs and VCAs perfused with IONPs and were assessed at 9.4 T. Quantitative T1 mapping and T 2 ∗ -weighted images were acquired using sweep imaging with Fourier transformation and gradient-echo sequences, respectively. Verification of IONP localization was performed through histological assessment and microcomputer tomography. RESULTS Quantitative imaging was achieved for organs and VCAs perfused with up to 642 mMFe (36 mgFe /mL), which is above previous demonstrations of upper limit detection in agarose (35.7mMFe [2 mgFe /mL]). The stability of IONPs in the perfusate had an effect on the quality of distribution and imaging within organs or VCA. Finally, MRI provided more accurate IONP localization than Prussian blue histological staining in this system, wherein IONPs remain primarily in the vasculature. CONCLUSION Using MRI, we were able to assess the distribution of IONPs throughout organs and VCAs varying in complexity. Additional studies are necessary to better understand this system and validate the calibration between T1 measurements and IONP concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hattie L Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston
| | | | | | - Monica Davis
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael Taylor
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sebastian Giwa
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc., Fontana, California
| | | | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weiger M, Pruessmann KP. Short-T 2 MRI: Principles and recent advances. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:237-270. [PMID: 31779882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among current modalities of biomedical and diagnostic imaging, MRI stands out by virtue of its versatile contrast obtained without ionizing radiation. However, in various cases, e.g., water protons in tissues such as bone, tendon, and lung, MRI performance is limited by the rapid decay of resonance signals associated with short transverse relaxation times T2 or T2*. Efforts to address this shortcoming have led to a variety of specialized short-T2 techniques. Recent progress in this field expands the choice of methods and prompts fresh considerations with regard to instrumentation, data acquisition, and signal processing. In this review, the current status of short-T2 MRI is surveyed. In an attempt to structure the growing range of techniques, the presentation highlights overarching concepts and basic methodological options. The most frequently used approaches are described in detail, including acquisition strategies, image reconstruction, hardware requirements, means of introducing contrast, sources of artifacts, limitations, and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weiger
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Klaas P Pruessmann
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mallett CL, Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Shapiro EM. Tracking Neural Progenitor Cell Migration in the Rodent Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:995. [PMID: 30686969 PMCID: PMC6337062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurogenesis and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is important across the biomedical spectrum, from learning about normal brain development and studying disease to engineering new strategies in regenerative medicine. In adult mammals, NPCs proliferate in two main areas of the brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone, and continue to migrate even after neurogenesis has ceased within the rest of the brain. In healthy animals, NPCs migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb, and in diseased animals, NPCs migrate toward lesions such as stroke and tumors. Here we review how MRI-based cell tracking using iron oxide particles can be used to monitor and quantify NPC migration in the intact rodent brain, in a serial and relatively non-invasive fashion. NPCs can either be labeled directly in situ by injecting particles into the lateral ventricle or RMS, where NPCs can take up particles, or cells can be harvested and labeled in vitro, then injected into the brain. For in situ labeling experiments, the particle type, injection site, and image analysis methods have been optimized and cell migration toward stroke and multiple sclerosis lesions has been investigated. Delivery of labeled exogenous NPCs has allowed imaging of cell migration toward more sites of neuropathology, which may enable new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for as-of-yet untreatable neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L. Mallett
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Dorela D. Shuboni-Mulligan
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|