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Maïza A, Hamoudi R, Mabondzo A. Targeting the Multiple Complex Processes of Hypoxia-Ischemia to Achieve Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5449. [PMID: 38791487 PMCID: PMC11121719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of newborn brain damage stemming from a lack of oxygenated blood flow in the neonatal period. Twenty-five to fifty percent of asphyxiated infants who develop HIE die in the neonatal period, and about sixty percent of survivors develop long-term neurological disabilities. From the first minutes to months after the injury, a cascade of events occurs, leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening, neuronal death and inflammation. To date, the only approach proposed in some cases is therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Unfortunately, TH is only partially protective and is not applicable to all neonates. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the basic molecular mechanisms of brain damage in hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and on the different therapeutic strategies in HI that have been used and explores a major limitation of unsuccessful therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane Maïza
- CEA, DMTS, SPI, Neurovascular Unit Research & Therapeutic Innovation Laboratory, Paris-Saclay University, CEDEX 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Center of Excellence of Precision Medicine, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Aloïse Mabondzo
- CEA, DMTS, SPI, Neurovascular Unit Research & Therapeutic Innovation Laboratory, Paris-Saclay University, CEDEX 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
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Le Guennec L, Weiss N. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in intensive care unit. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:303-312. [PMID: 38028637 PMCID: PMC10658046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is characterized by a peculiar vascularization termed blood-brain barrier (BBB), which regulates the exchange of cells and molecules between the cerebral tissue and the whole body. BBB dysfunction is a life-threatening condition since its presence corresponds to a marker of severity in most diseases encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). During critical illness, inflammatory response, cytokine release, and other phenomena activating the brain endothelium contribute to alterations in the BBB and increase its permeability to solutes, cells, nutrients, and xenobiotics. Moreover, patients in the ICU are often old, with underlying acute or chronic diseases, and overly medicated due to their critical condition; these factors could also contribute to the development of BBB dysfunction. An accurate diagnostic approach is critical for the identification of the mechanisms underlying BBB alterations, which should be rapidly managed by intensivists. Several methods were developed to investigate the BBB and assess its permeability. Nevertheless, in humans, exploration of the BBB requires the use of indirect methods. Imaging and biochemical methods can be used to study the abnormal passage of molecules through the BBB. In this review, we describe the structural and functional characteristics of the BBB, present tools and methods for probing this interface, and provide examples of the main diseases managed in the ICU that are related to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Le Guennec
- Département de neurologie, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité de Médecine Intensive Réanimation àorientation neurologique, Paris 75013, France
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique en REanimation et Soins intensifs du Patient en Insuffisance Respiratoire aiguE (GRC-RESPIRE) Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Nicolas Weiss
- Département de neurologie, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Unité de Médecine Intensive Réanimation àorientation neurologique, Paris 75013, France
- Groupe de Recherche Clinique en REanimation et Soins intensifs du Patient en Insuffisance Respiratoire aiguE (GRC-RESPIRE) Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) Study Group, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Maladies métaboliques, Biliaires et fibro-inflammatoire du foie, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris 75013, France
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Collier GJ, Schulte RF, Rao M, Norquay G, Ball J, Wild JM. Imaging gas-exchange lung function and brain tissue uptake of hyperpolarized 129 Xe using sampling density-weighted MRSI. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:2217-2226. [PMID: 36744585 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging of the different resonances of hyperpolarized 129 Xe in the brain and lungs was performed using a 3D sampling density-weighted MRSI technique in healthy volunteers. METHODS Four volunteers underwent dissolved-phase hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging in the lung with the MRSI technique, which was designed to improve the point-spread function while preserving SNR (1799 phase-encoding steps, 14-s breath hold, 2.1-cm isotropic resolution). A frequency-tailored RF excitation pulse was implemented to reliably excite both the 129 Xe gas and dissolved phase (tissue/blood signal) with 0.1° and 10° flip angles, respectively. Images of xenon gas in the lung airspaces and xenon dissolved in lung tissue/blood were used to generate quantitative signal ratio maps. The method was also optimized and used for imaging dissolved resonances of 129 Xe in the brain in 2 additional volunteers. RESULTS High-quality regional spectra of hyperpolarized 129 Xe were achieved in both the lung and the brain. Ratio maps of the different xenon resonances were obtained in the lung with sufficient SNR (> 10) at both 1.5 T and 3 T, making a triple Lorentzian fit possible and enabling the measurement of relaxation times and xenon frequency shifts on a voxel-wise basis. The imaging technique was successfully adapted for brain imaging, resulting in the first demonstration of 3D xenon brain images with a 2-cm isotropic resolution. CONCLUSION Density-weighted MRSI is an SNR and encoding-efficient way to image 129 Xe resonances in the lung and the brain, providing a valuable tool to quantify regional spectroscopic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem J Collier
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,INSIGNEO institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Ball
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,INSIGNEO institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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4
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Magnetic resonance imaging analysis predicts nanoparticle concentration delivered to the brain parenchyma. Commun Biol 2022; 5:964. [PMID: 36109574 PMCID: PMC9477799 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound in combination with the introduction of microbubbles into the vasculature effectively opens the blood brain barrier (BBB) to allow the passage of therapeutic agents. Increased permeability of the BBB is typically demonstrated with small-molecule agents (e.g., 1-nm gadolinium salts). Permeability to small-molecule agents, however, cannot reliably predict the transfer of remarkably larger molecules (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) required by numerous therapies. To overcome this issue, we developed a magnetic resonance imaging analysis based on the ΔR2* physical parameter that can be measured intraoperatively for efficient real-time treatment management. We demonstrate successful correlations between ΔR2* values and parenchymal concentrations of 3 differently sized (18 nm–44 nm) populations of liposomes in a rat model. Reaching an appropriate ΔR2* value during treatment can reflect the effective delivery of large therapeutic agents. This prediction power enables the achievement of desirable parenchymal drug concentrations, which is paramount to obtaining effective therapeutic outcomes. ΔR2* values from MRI analysis correlate with concentrations of liposomes in the size range of 18–44 nm in a rat model.
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Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Rao MR, Li T, Agostino M, Wild JM, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging of the brain: Achievements and future challenges. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:83-105. [PMID: 35253919 PMCID: PMC9314594 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) brain MRI is a promising imaging modality currently under extensive development. HP 129 Xe is nontoxic, capable of dissolving in pulmonary blood, and is extremely sensitive to the local environment. After dissolution in the pulmonary blood, HP 129 Xe travels with the blood flow to the brain and can be used for functional imaging such as perfusion imaging, hemodynamic response detection, and blood-brain barrier permeability assessment. HP 129 Xe MRI imaging of the brain has been performed in animals, healthy human subjects, and in patients with Alzheimer's disease and stroke. In this review, the overall progress in the field of HP 129 Xe brain imaging is discussed, along with various imaging approaches and pulse sequences used to optimize HP 129 Xe brain MRI. In addition, current challenges and limitations of HP 129 Xe brain imaging are discussed, as well as possible methods for their mitigation. Finally, potential pathways for further development are also discussed. HP 129 Xe MRI of the brain has the potential to become a valuable novel perfusion imaging technique and has the potential to be used in the clinical setting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhwesha R Rao
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tao Li
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Agostino
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of IICD, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Norquay G, Collier GJ, Rodgers OI, Gill AB, Screaton NJ, Wild J. Standalone portable xenon-129 hyperpolariser for multicentre clinical magnetic resonance imaging of the lungs. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20210872. [PMID: 35100003 PMCID: PMC9153725 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Design and build a portable xenon-129 (129Xe) hyperpolariser for clinically accessible 129Xe lung MRI. METHODS The polariser system consists of six main functional components: (i) a laser diode array and optics; (ii) a B0 coil assembly; (iii) an oven containing an optical cell; (iv) NMR and optical spectrometers; (v) a gas-handling manifold; and (vi) a cryostat within a permanent magnet. All components run without external utilities such as compressed air or three-phase electricity, and require just three mains sockets for operation. The system can be manually transported in a lightweight van and rapidly installed on a small estates footprint in a hospital setting. RESULTS The polariser routinely provides polarised 129Xe for routine clinical lung MRI. To test the concept of portability and rapid deployment, it was transported 200 km, installed at a hospital with no previous experience with the technology and 129Xe MR images of a diagnostic quality were acquired the day after system transport and installation. CONCLUSION This portable 129Xe hyperpolariser system could form the basis of a cost-effective platform for wider clinical dissemination and multicentre evaluation of 129Xe lung MR imaging. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Our work successfully demonstrates the feasibility of multicentre clinical 129Xe MRI with a portable hyperpolariser system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guilhem J Collier
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Oliver I Rodgers
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew B Gill
- Department of Radiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Screaton
- Department of Radiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jim Wild
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Friedlander Y, Zanette B, Lindenmaier A, Li D, Kadlecek S, Santyr G, Kassner A. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI of the rat brain with chemical shift saturation recovery and spiral-IDEAL readout. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1971-1979. [PMID: 34841605 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of 129 Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) combined with spiral-IDEAL imaging for simultaneous measurement of the time-course of red blood cell (RBC) and brain tissue signals in the rat brain. METHODS Images of both the RBC and brain tissue 129 Xe signals from the brains of five rats were obtained using interleaved spiral-IDEAL imaging following chemical shift saturation pulses applied at multiple CSSR delay times, τ. A linear fit of the signals to τ was used to calculate the slope of the signal for both RBC and brain tissue compartments on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Gas transfer was evaluated by measuring the ratio of the whole brain tissue-to-RBC signal intensities as a function of τ. To investigate the relationship between the CSSR images and gas transfer in the brain, the experiments were repeated during hypercapnic ventilation. RESULTS Hypercapnia, affected the ratio of the tissue-to-RBC signal intensity (p = 0.026), consistent with an increase in gas transfer. CONCLUSION CSSR with spiral-IDEAL imaging is feasible for acquisition of 129 Xe RBC and brain tissue time-course images in the rat brain. Differences in the time-course of the signal intensity ratios are consistent with gas transfer changes expected under hypercapnic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonni Friedlander
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon Zanette
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Lindenmaier
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Li
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giles Santyr
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Kassner
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Grynko V, Shepelytskyi Y, Li T, Hassan A, Granberg K, Albert MS. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe multi-slice imaging of the human brain using a 3D gradient echo pulse sequence. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3175-3181. [PMID: 34272774 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the possibility of performing multi-slice in-vivo human brain MRI using hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) in two different orientations and to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). METHODS Two healthy female participants were imaged during a single breath-hold of HP 129 Xe using a Philips Achieva 3.0T MRI scanner (Philips, Andover, MA). Each HP 129 Xe multi-slice brain image was acquired during separate HP 129 Xe breath-holds using 3D gradient echo (GRE) imaging. The acquisition started 10 s after the inhalation of 1 L of HP 129 Xe. Overall, four sagittal and three axial images were acquired (seven imaging sessions per participant). The SNR was calculated for each slice in both orientations. RESULTS The first ever HP 129 Xe multi-slice images of the brain were acquired in axial and sagittal orientations. The HP 129 Xe signal distribution correlated well with the gray matter distribution. The highest SNR values were close in the axial and sagittal orientations (19.46 ± 3.25 and 18.76 ± 4.94, respectively). Additionally, anatomical features, such as the ventricles, were observed in both orientations. CONCLUSION The possibility of using multi-slice HP 129 Xe human brain magnetic resonance imaging was demonstrated for the first time. HP 129 Xe multi-slice MRI can be implemented for brain imaging to improve current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Grynko
- Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Li
- Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Granberg
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Shepelytskyi Y, Grynko V, Li T, Hassan A, Granberg K, Albert MS. The effects of an initial depolarization pulse on dissolved phase hyperpolarized 129 Xe brain MRI. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:3147-3155. [PMID: 34254356 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of an initial 90° depolarization RF pulse on the dissolved-phase hyperpolarized (HP) xenon-129 (129 Xe) brain imaging and to compare the SNR variability of HP 129 Xe images acquired without an initial depolarization RF pulse to those following the initial depolarization pulse. METHODS Five cognitive normal healthy volunteers were imaged using a Philips Achieva 3.0T MRI scanner during a single breath-hold following inhalation of 1 L of HP 129 Xe. Each participant underwent six HP 129 Xe scans. Three scans were performed using conventional single-slice projection HP 129 Xe brain imaging, and the other three scans were performed using the HP 129 Xe time-of-flight imaging with an initial rectangular depolarization pulse. RESULTS Although the utilization of an initial depolarization results in the reduction of the mean image SNR, the presence of an initial depolarization RF pulse reduces the SNR variability of the HP 129 Xe brain image by a factor of 2.26. The highest SNR variability was observed from the posterior brain region, where the anterior region possessed the lower level of signal variability. CONCLUSION An initial 90° depolarization RF pulse, applied prior to the HP 129 Xe image acquisition, reduced the HP 129 Xe signal variability more than two times between the different breath-hold images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Shepelytskyi
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vira Grynko
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Granberg
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Marshall H, Stewart NJ, Chan HF, Rao M, Norquay G, Wild JM. In vivo methods and applications of xenon-129 magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:42-62. [PMID: 33632417 PMCID: PMC7933823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised gas lung MRI using xenon-129 can provide detailed 3D images of the ventilated lung airspaces, and can be applied to quantify lung microstructure and detailed aspects of lung function such as gas exchange. It is sensitive to functional and structural changes in early lung disease and can be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression and therapy response. The ability of 129Xe to dissolve into the blood stream and its chemical shift sensitivity to its local environment allow monitoring of gas exchange in the lungs, perfusion of the brain and kidneys, and blood oxygenation. This article reviews the methods and applications of in vivo129Xe MR in humans, with a focus on the physics of polarisation by optical pumping, radiofrequency coil and pulse sequence design, and the in vivo applications of 129Xe MRI and MRS to examine lung ventilation, microstructure and gas exchange, blood oxygenation, and perfusion of the brain and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Marshall
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Stewart
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ho-Fung Chan
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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11
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Rao MR, Norquay G, Stewart NJ, Wild JM. Measuring 129 Xe transfer across the blood-brain barrier using MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:2939-2949. [PMID: 33458859 PMCID: PMC7986241 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study develops a tracer kinetic model of xenon uptake in the human brain to determine the transfer rate of inhaled hyperpolarized 129 Xe from cerebral blood to gray matter that accounts for the effects of cerebral physiology, perfusion and magnetization dynamics. The 129 Xe transfer rate is expressed using a tracer transfer coefficient, which estimates the quantity of hyperpolarized 129 Xe dissolved in cerebral blood under exchange with depolarized 129 Xe dissolved in gray matter under equilibrium of concentration. THEORY AND METHODS Time-resolved MR spectra of hyperpolarized 129 Xe dissolved in the human brain were acquired from three healthy volunteers. Acquired spectra were numerically fitted with five Lorentzian peaks in accordance with known 129 Xe brain spectral peaks. The signal dynamics of spectral peaks for gray matter and red blood cells were quantified, and correction for the 129 Xe T1 dependence upon blood oxygenation was applied. 129 Xe transfer dynamics determined from the ratio of the peaks for gray matter and red blood cells was numerically fitted with the developed tracer kinetic model. RESULTS For all the acquired NMR spectra, the developed tracer kinetic model fitted the data with tracer transfer coefficients between 0.1 and 0.14. CONCLUSION In this study, a tracer kinetic model was developed and validated that estimates the transfer rate of HP 129 Xe from cerebral blood to gray matter in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhwesha R Rao
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and Insigneo Institute of In-silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and Insigneo Institute of In-silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil J Stewart
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and Insigneo Institute of In-silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and Insigneo Institute of In-silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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