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Rasmussen CW, Bøgh N, Ringgaard S, Birn H, Vaeggemose M, Schulte RF, Laustsen C. Daytime Variation in Kidney Perfusion, Oxygenation, and Sodium Concentration Assessed by Multiparametric MRI in Healthy Volunteers. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:1603-1611. [PMID: 37656067 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MRI can provide information on kidney structure, perfusion, and oxygenation. Furthermore, it allows for the assessment of kidney sodium concentrations and handling, allowing multiparametric evaluation of kidney physiology. Multiparametric MRI is promising for establishing prognosis and monitoring treatment responses in kidney diseases, but its intraindividual variation during the day is unresolved. PURPOSE To investigate the variation in multiparametric MRI measurements from the morning to the evening. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Ten healthy volunteers, aged 29 ± 5 without history of kidney disease. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T/T1 mapping, blood-oxygen level dependent imaging, arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging, diffusion weighted imaging, and sodium imaging. ASSESSMENT A multiparametric MRI protocol, yielding T1, R2*, ADC, renal blood flow and renal sodium levels, was acquired in the morning, noon, and evening. The participants were fasting prior to the first examination. Urine biochemical analyses were performed to complement MRI data. The cortex and medulla were analyzed separately in a semi-automatic fashion, and gradients of total sodium concentration (TSC) and R2* gradients were calculated from outer cortex to inner medulla. STATISTICAL TEST Analyses of variance and mixed-effects models to estimate differences from time of day. Coefficients of variation to assess variability within and between participants. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The coefficients of variation varied from 5% to 18% for proton-based parametric sequences, while it was 38% for TSC over a day. DATA CONCLUSION Multiparametric MRI is stable over the day. The coefficients of variation over a day were lower for proton multiparametric MRI, but higher for sodium MRI. EVIDENCE LEVEL 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla W Rasmussen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Bøgh
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Ringgaard
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Vaeggemose
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- GE HealthCare, Broendby, Denmark
| | | | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Chen Q, Worthoff WA, Shah NJ. Accelerated multiple-quantum-filtered sodium magnetic resonance imaging using compressed sensing at 7 T. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 107:138-148. [PMID: 38171423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple-quantum-filtered (MQF) sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as enhanced single-quantum and triple-quantum-filtered imaging of 23Na (eSISTINA), enables images to be weighted towards restricted sodium, a promising biomarker in clinical practice, but often suffers from clinically infeasible acquisition times and low image quality. This study aims to mitigate the above limitation by implementing a novel eSISTINA sequence at 7 T with the application of compressed sensing (CS) to accelerate eSISTINA acquisitions without a noticeable loss of information. METHODS A novel eSISTINA sequence with a 3D spiral-based sampling scheme was implemented at 7 T for the application of CS. Fully sampled datasets were obtained from one phantom and ten healthy subjects, and were then retrospectively undersampled by various undersampling factors. CS undersampled reconstructions were compared to fully sampled and undersampled nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) reconstructions. Reconstruction performance was evaluated based on structural similarity (SSIM), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), weightings towards total and compartmental sodium, and in vivo quantitative estimates. RESULTS CS-based phantom and in vivo images have less noise and better structural delineation while maintaining the weightings towards total, non-restricted (predominantly extracellular), and restricted (primarily intracellular) sodium. CS generally outperforms NUFFT with a higher SNR and a better SSIM, except for the SSIM in TQ brain images, which is likely due to substantial noise contamination. CS enables in vivo quantitative estimates with <15% errors at an undersampling factor of up to two. CONCLUSIONS Successful implementation of an eSISTINA sequence with an incoherent sampling scheme at 7 T was demonstrated. CS can accelerate eSISTINA by up to twofold at 7 T with reduced noise levels compared to NUFFT, while maintaining major structural information, reasonable weightings towards total and compartmental sodium, and relatively reliable in vivo quantification. The associated reduction in acquisition time has the potential to facilitate the clinical applicability of MQF sodium MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wieland A Worthoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - 11, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; JARA-BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Schramm G, Filipovic M, Qian Y, Alivar A, Lui YW, Nuyts J, Boada F. Resolution enhancement, noise suppression, and joint T2* decay estimation in dual-echo sodium-23 MR imaging using anatomically guided reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:1404-1418. [PMID: 38044789 PMCID: PMC10916150 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium MRI is challenging because of the low tissue concentration of the 23 Na nucleus and its extremely fast biexponential transverse relaxation rate. In this article, we present an iterative reconstruction framework using dual-echo 23 Na data and exploiting anatomical prior information (AGR) from high-resolution, low-noise, 1 H MR images. This framework enables the estimation and modeling of the spatially varying signal decay due to transverse relaxation during readout (AGRdm), which leads to images of better resolution and reduced noise resulting in improved quantification of the reconstructed 23 Na images. METHODS The proposed framework was evaluated using reconstructions of 30 noise realizations of realistic simulations of dual echo twisted projection imaging (TPI) 23 Na data. Moreover, three dual echo 23 Na TPI brain datasets of healthy controls acquired on a 3T Siemens Prisma system were reconstructed using conventional reconstruction, AGR and AGRdm. RESULTS Our simulations show that compared to conventional reconstructions, AGR and AGRdm show improved bias-noise characteristics in several regions of the brain. Moreover, AGR and AGRdm images show more anatomical detail and less noise in the reconstructions of the experimental data sets. Compared to AGR and the conventional reconstruction, AGRdm shows higher contrast in the sodium concentration ratio between gray and white matter and between gray matter and the brain stem. CONCLUSION AGR and AGRdm generate 23 Na images with high resolution, high levels of anatomical detail, and low levels of noise, potentially enabling high-quality 23 Na MR imaging at 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schramm
- Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yongxian Qian
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University (NYU), New York, New York, USA
| | - Alaleh Alivar
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University (NYU), New York, New York, USA
| | - Yvonne W. Lui
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University (NYU), New York, New York, USA
| | - Johan Nuyts
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernando Boada
- Radiological Sciences Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Licht C, Reichert S, Guye M, Schad LR, Rapacchi S. Multidimensional compressed sensing to advance 23 Na multi-quantum coherences MRI. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:926-941. [PMID: 37881829 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium (23 Na) multi-quantum coherences (MQC) MRI was accelerated using three-dimensional (3D) and a dedicated five-dimensional (5D) compressed sensing (CS) framework for simultaneous Cartesian single (SQ) and triple quantum (TQ) sodium imaging of in vivo human brain at 3.0 and 7.0 T. THEORY AND METHODS 3D 23 Na MQC MRI requires multi-echo paired with phase-cycling and exhibits thus a multidimensional space. A joint reconstruction framework to exploit the sparsity in all imaging dimensions by extending the conventional 3D CS framework to 5D was developed. 3D MQC images of simulated brain, phantom and healthy brain volunteers obtained from 3.0 T and 7.0 T were retrospectively and prospectively undersampled. Performance of the CS models were analyzed by means of structural similarity index (SSIM), root mean squared error (RMSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal quantification of tissue sodium concentration and TQ/SQ ratio. RESULTS It was shown that an acceleration of three-fold, leading to less than2 × 10 $$ 2\times 10 $$ min of scan time with a resolution of8 × 8 × 20 mm 3 $$ 8\times 8\times 20\;{\mathrm{mm}}^3 $$ at 3.0 T, are possible. 5D CS improved SSIM by 3%, 5%, 1% and reduced RMSE by 50%, 30%, 8% for in vivo SQ, TQ, and TQ/SQ ratio maps, respectively. Furthermore, for the first time prospective undersampling enabled unprecedented high resolution from8 × 8 × 20 mm 3 $$ 8\times 8\times 20\;{\mathrm{mm}}^3 $$ to6 × 6 × 10 mm 3 $$ 6\times 6\times 10\;{\mathrm{mm}}^3 $$ MQC images of in vivo human brain at 7.0 T without extending acquisition time. CONCLUSION 5D CS proved to allow up to three-fold acceleration retrospectively on 3.0 T data. 2-fold acceleration was demonstrated prospectively at 7.0 T to reach higher spatial resolution of 23 Na MQC MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Licht
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannhein, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Intelligent System in Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Reichert
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannhein, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Intelligent System in Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannhein, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Intelligent System in Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stanislas Rapacchi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
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Gast LV, Platt T, Nagel AM, Gerhalter T. Recent technical developments and clinical research applications of sodium ( 23Na) MRI. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 138-139:1-51. [PMID: 38065665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sodium is an essential ion that plays a central role in many physiological processes including the transmembrane electrochemical gradient and the maintenance of the body's homeostasis. Due to the crucial role of sodium in the human body, the sodium nucleus is a promising candidate for non-invasively assessing (patho-)physiological changes. Almost 10 years ago, Madelin et al. provided a comprehensive review of methods and applications of sodium (23Na) MRI (Madelin et al., 2014) [1]. More recent review articles have focused mainly on specific applications of 23Na MRI. For example, several articles covered 23Na MRI applications for diseases such as osteoarthritis (Zbyn et al., 2016, Zaric et al., 2020) [2,3], multiple sclerosis (Petracca et al., 2016, Huhn et al., 2019) [4,5] and brain tumors (Schepkin, 2016) [6], or for imaging certain organs such as the kidneys (Zollner et al., 2016) [7], the brain (Shah et al., 2016, Thulborn et al., 2018) [8,9], and the heart (Bottomley, 2016) [10]. Other articles have reviewed technical developments such as radiofrequency (RF) coils for 23Na MRI (Wiggins et al., 2016, Bangerter et al., 2016) [11,12], pulse sequences (Konstandin et al., 2014) [13], image reconstruction methods (Chen et al., 2021) [14], and interleaved/simultaneous imaging techniques (Lopez Kolkovsky et al., 2022) [15]. In addition, 23Na MRI topics have been covered in review articles with broader topics such as multinuclear MRI or ultra-high-field MRI (Niesporek et al., 2019, Hu et al., 2019, Ladd et al., 2018) [16-18]. During the past decade, various research groups have continued working on technical improvements to sodium MRI and have investigated its potential to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Clinical research applications of 23Na MRI have covered a broad spectrum of diseases, mainly focusing on the brain, cartilage, and skeletal muscle (see Fig. 1). In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of methodological and hardware developments, as well as a review of various clinical research applications of sodium (23Na) MRI in the last decade (i.e., published from the beginning of 2013 to the end of 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena V Gast
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tanja Platt
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Teresa Gerhalter
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Rodriguez GG, Yu Z, Shaykevich S, O’Donnell LF, Aguilera L, Cloos MA, Madelin G. Super-resolution of sodium images from simultaneous 1 H MRF/ 23 Na MRI acquisition. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4959. [PMID: 37186038 PMCID: PMC10527031 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a super-resolution method that generates a high-resolution (HR) sodium (23 Na) image from simultaneously acquired low-resolution (LR) 23 Na density-weighted MRI and HR proton density, T1 , and T2 maps from proton (1 H) MR fingerprinting in the brain at 7 T. The core of our method is a partial least squares regression between the HR (1 H) images and the LR (23 Na) image. An iterative loop and deconvolution with the point spread function of each acquired image were included in the algorithm to generate a final HR 23 Na image without losing features from the LR 23 Na image. The method was applied to simultaneously acquired HR proton and LR sodium data with in-plane resolution ratios between sodium and proton data of 3.8 and 1.9 and the same slice thickness. Four volunteers were scanned to evaluate the method's performance. For the data with a resolution ratio of 3.8, the mean absolute difference between the generated and ground truth HR 23 Na images was in the range of 1.5%-7.2% of the ground truth with a multiscale structural similarity index (M-SSIM) of 0.93 ± 0.03. For the data with a resolution ratio of 1.9, the mean absolute difference was in the range of 4.8%-6.3% with an M-SSIM of 0.95 ± 0.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo G. Rodriguez
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Zidan Yu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Langone Health
- Departement of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sarah Shaykevich
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Langone Health
| | - Lauren F. O’Donnell
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Liz Aguilera
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Martijn A. Cloos
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Guillaume Madelin
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Langone Health
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Ruck L, Mennecke A, Wilferth T, Lachner S, Müller M, Egger N, Doerfler A, Uder M, Nagel AM. Influence of image contrasts and reconstruction methods on the classification of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in simulated sodium magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1102-1116. [PMID: 36373186 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the classifiability of small multiple sclerosis (MS)-like lesions in simulated sodium (23 Na) MRI for different 23 Na MRI contrasts and reconstruction methods. METHODS 23 Na MRI and 23 Na inversion recovery (IR) MRI of a phantom and simulated brain with and without lesions of different volumes (V = 1.3-38.2 nominal voxels) were simulated 100 times by adding Gaussian noise matching the SNR of real 3T measurements. Each simulation was reconstructed with four different reconstruction methods (Gridding without and with Hamming filter, Compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction without and with anatomical 1 H prior information). Based on the mean signals within the lesion volumes of simulations with and without lesions, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were determined and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the classifiability for each lesion volume. RESULTS Lesions show higher classifiability in 23 Na MRI than in 23 Na IR MRI. For typical parameters and SNR of a 3T scan, the voxel normed minimal classifiable lesion volume (AUC > 0.9) is 2.8 voxels for 23 Na MRI and 19 voxels for 23 Na IR MRI, respectively. In terms of classifiability, Gridding with Hamming filter and CS without anatomical 1 H prior outperform CS reconstruction with anatomical 1 H prior. CONCLUSION Reliability of lesion classifiability strongly depends on the lesion volume and the 23 Na MRI contrast. Additional incorporation of 1 H prior information in the CS reconstruction was not beneficial for the classification of small MS-like lesions in 23 Na MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ruck
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelika Mennecke
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Wilferth
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lachner
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nico Egger
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Doerfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Handa P, Samkaria A, Sharma S, Arora Y, Mandal PK. Comprehensive Account of Sodium Imaging and Spectroscopy for Brain Research. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:859-875. [PMID: 35324144 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium (23Na) is a vital component of neuronal cells and plays a key role in various signal transmission processes. Hence, information on sodium distribution in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides useful information on neuronal health. 23Na MRI and MR spectroscopy (MRS) improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical monitoring of neurological diseases but confront some inherent limitations that lead to low signal-to-noise ratio, longer scan time, and diminished partial volume effects. Recent advancements in multinuclear MR technology have helped in further exploration in this domain. We aim to provide a comprehensive description of 23Na MRI and MRS for brain research including the following aspects: (a) theoretical background for understanding 23Na MRI and MRS fundamentals; (b) technological advancements of 23Na MRI with respect to pulse sequences, RF coils, and sodium compartmentalization; (c) applications of 23Na MRI in the early diagnosis and prognosis of various neurological disorders; (d) structural-chronological evolution of sodium spectroscopy in terms of its numerous applications in human studies; (e) the data-processing tools utilized in the quantitation of sodium in the respective anatomical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Handa
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Shallu Sharma
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Yashika Arora
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122051, India
| | - Pravat K. Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122051, India
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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Chen Q, Shah NJ, Worthoff WA. Compressed Sensing in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Techniques, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:1340-1356. [PMID: 34918429 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium (23 Na) yields the second strongest nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal in biological tissues and plays a vital role in cell physiology. Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide insights into cell integrity and tissue viability relative to pathologies without significant anatomical alternations, and thus it is considered to be a potential surrogate biomarker that provides complementary information for standard hydrogen (1 H) MRI in a noninvasive and quantitative manner. However, sodium MRI suffers from a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio and long acquisition times due to its relatively low NMR sensitivity. Compressed sensing-based (CS-based) methods have been shown to accelerate sodium imaging and/or improve sodium image quality significantly. In this manuscript, the basic concepts of CS and how CS might be applied to improve sodium MRI are described, and the historical milestones of CS-based sodium MRI are briefly presented. Representative advanced techniques and evaluation methods are discussed in detail, followed by an expose of clinical applications in multiple anatomical regions and diseases as well as thoughts and suggestions on potential future research prospects of CS in sodium MRI. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN-Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wieland A Worthoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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