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Garcia Corrales AV, Verberk SGS, Haidar M, Grajchen E, Dehairs J, Vanherle S, Loix M, Weytjens T, Gervois P, Matsuzaka T, Lambrichts I, Swinnen JV, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA. Fatty acid elongation by ELOVL6 hampers remyelination by promoting inflammatory foam cell formation during demyelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301030120. [PMID: 37669365 PMCID: PMC10500284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the formation of multiple focal demyelinating lesions within the central nervous system (CNS). These lesions mainly consist of phagocytes that play a key role in lesion progression and remyelination, and therefore represent a promising therapeutic target in MS. We recently showed that unsaturated fatty acids produced by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 induce inflammatory foam cell formation during demyelination. These fatty acids are elongated by the "elongation of very long chain fatty acids" proteins (ELOVLs), generating a series of functionally distinct lipids. Here, we show that the expression and activity of ELOVLs are altered in myelin-induced foam cells. Especially ELOVL6, an enzyme responsible for converting saturated and monounsaturated C16 fatty acids into C18 species, was found to be up-regulated in myelin phagocytosing phagocytes in vitro and in MS lesions. Depletion of Elovl6 induced a repair-promoting phagocyte phenotype through activation of the S1P/PPARγ pathway. Elovl6-deficient foamy macrophages showed enhanced ABCA1-mediated lipid efflux, increased production of neurotrophic factors, and reduced expression of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, our data show that ELOVL6 hampers CNS repair, as Elovl6 deficiency prevented demyelination and boosted remyelination in organotypic brain slice cultures and the mouse cuprizone model. These findings indicate that targeting ELOVL6 activity may be an effective strategy to stimulate CNS repair in MS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida V. Garcia Corrales
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Sanne G. S. Verberk
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Elien Grajchen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Tine Weytjens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gervois
- Department of Cardiology and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-8575, Japan
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Department of Cardiology and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F. J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek3590, Belgium
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Zeinali H, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Diosgenin ameliorates cellular and molecular changes in multiple sclerosis in C57BL/6 mice. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 55:103211. [PMID: 34425463 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is especially known as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Current treatments for MS are mostly based on controlling neuroinflammation and there are no treatments to promote the remyelination process at present. Diosgenin is a known herbal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, which has also been shown to stimulate the growth of myelin in vitro. However, there is no or little evidence about diosgenin effects; specially on myelination, neuroprotection and its corresponding mechanisms in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as the most valid experimental model of MS. In this study, the therapeutic effect of diosgenin on clinical signs of EAE, and the corresponding cellular and molecular mechanisms have been examined with emphasis on myelination and neuroprotection mechanisms. EAE was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antigen in C57BL/6 mice. Diosgenin was gavaged (100 mg/kg) daily with the onset of paralysis signs (half tail paralysis) until the 18th post-immunization day in the treatment group. Blood and spinal cord tissue sampling was performed on post-immunization day 18. Lumbar spinal cord inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration were assessed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E), Luxol Fast Blue (LFB), and Bielschowsky's silver staining methods, respectively. Serum and spinal cord tissue level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and tissue levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) as inflammatory markers, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A (MAP1LC3A), and activity dependent neuroprotector homeobox (ADNP) as neuroprotective markers were assayed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The clinical score of EAE in the diosgenin treatment group was significantly reduced compared to the EAE group on days 15 to 18 after induction of the EAE (p < 0.001). Inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss scores also decreased significantly in the diosgenin treatment group compared to the EAE group (p < 0.05). Serum and spinal cord tissue level of TNFα and tissue level of MMP-9 considerably decreased in the diosgenin treatment group in comparison with the EAE group (p < 0.01). Diosgenin treatment had no significant effects on the tissue levels of IL-17, ADNP and MAP1LC3A. Therefore, diosgenin improved the clinical signs of EAE through lowering neuroinflammation, demyelination and axonal degeneration, but did not significantly affect the neuroprotective factors in this study. As a result, diosgenin could be a good candidate for new MS treatment strategies that, in addition to their anti-inflammatory effects, also enhance myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Zeinali
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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4
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Aguado T, Huerga-Gómez A, Sánchez-de la Torre A, Resel E, Chara JC, Matute C, Mato S, Galve-Roperh I, Guzman M, Palazuelos J. Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol promotes functional remyelination in the mouse brain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4176-4192. [PMID: 34216154 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Research on demyelinating disorders aims to find novel molecules that are able to induce oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation to promote central nervous system remyelination and functional recovery. Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most prominent active constituent of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, confers neuroprotection in animal models of demyelination. However, the possible effect of THC on myelin repair has never been studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH By using oligodendroglia-specific reporter mouse lines in combination with two models of toxin-induced demyelination, we analysed the effect of THC on the processes of oligodendrocyte regeneration and functional remyelination. KEY RESULTS We show that THC administration enhanced oligodendrocyte regeneration, white matter remyelination and motor function recovery. THC also promoted axonal remyelination in organotypic cerebellar cultures. THC remyelinating action relied on the induction of oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation upon cell cycle exit and via CB1 cannabinoid receptor activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our study identifies THC administration as a promising pharmacological strategy aimed to promote functional CNS remyelination in demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Aguado
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Huerga-Gómez
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aníbal Sánchez-de la Torre
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Chara
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Biocruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Biocruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzman
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Palazuelos
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Melero-Jerez C, Fernández-Gómez B, Lebrón-Galán R, Ortega MC, Sánchez-de Lara I, Ojalvo AC, Clemente D, de Castro F. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells support remyelination in a murine model of multiple sclerosis by promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Glia 2020; 69:905-924. [PMID: 33217041 PMCID: PMC7894183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent variant of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the relapsing–remitting form, characterized by symptomatic phases followed by periods of total/partial recovery. Hence, it is possible that these patients can benefit from endogenous agents that control the inflammatory process and favor spontaneous remyelination. In this context, there is increasing interest in the role of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MDSCs speed up infiltrated T‐cell anergy and apoptosis. In different animal models of MS, a milder disease course is related to higher presence/density of MDSCs in the periphery, and smaller demyelinated lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). These observations lead us to wonder whether MDSCs might not only exert an anti‐inflammatory effect but might also have direct influence on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and remyelination. In the present work, we reveal for the first time the relationship between OPCs and MDSCs in EAE, relationship that is guided by the distance from the inflammatory core. We describe the effects of MDSCs on survival, proliferation, as well as potent promoters of OPC differentiation toward mature phenotypes. We show for the first time that osteopontin is remarkably present in the analyzed secretome of MDSCs. The ablation of this cue from MDSCs‐secretome demonstrates that osteopontin is the main MDSC effector on these oligodendroglial cells. These data highlight a crucial pathogenic interaction between innate immunity and the CNS, opening ways to develop MDSC‐ and/or osteopontin‐based therapies to promote effective myelin preservation and repair in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-de Lara
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Ojalvo
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
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Pons V, Rivest S. Beneficial Roles of Microglia and Growth Factors in MS, a Brief Review. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:284. [PMID: 33173466 PMCID: PMC7538672 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain resident immune cells; they can produce a large variety of growth factors (GFs) to prevent neuronal damages and promote recovery. In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia can play both benefic and deleterious roles, depending on different factors and disease context. In multiple sclerosis, microglia are involved in both demyelination (DM) and remyelination (RM) processes. Recent studies suggest a beneficial role of microglia in regenerative processes. These include the regenerative development of myelin after DM. This review gives an overlook of how microglia and GFs can influence the RM properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Liaw K, Zhang Z, Kannan S. Neuronanotechnology for brain regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:3-18. [PMID: 31668648 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and harnessing regenerative pathways while suppressing the growth-inhibiting processes of the biological response to injury is the central goal of stimulating neurogenesis after central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, due to the complexity of the mature CNS involving a plethora of cellular pathways and extracellular cues, as well as difficulties in accessibility without highly invasive procedures, clinical successes of regenerative medicine for CNS injuries have been extremely limited. Current interventions primarily focus on stabilization and mitigation of further neuronal death rather than direct stimulation of neurogenesis. In the past few decades, nanotechnology has offered substantial innovations to the field of regenerative medicine. Their nanoscale features allow for the fine tuning of biological interactions for enhancing drug delivery and stimulating cellular processes. This review gives an overview of nanotechnology applications in CNS regeneration organized according to cellular and extracellular targets and discuss future directions for the field.
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8
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Fluvoxamine stimulates oligodendrogenesis of cultured neural stem cells and attenuates inflammation and demyelination in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4923. [PMID: 28687730 PMCID: PMC5501834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) require medications controlling severity of the pathology and depression, affecting more than half of the patients. In this study, the effect of antidepressant drug fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Nanomolar concentrations of fluvoxamine significantly increased cell viability and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) through increasing mRNA expression of Notch1, Hes1 and Ki-67, and protein levels of NICD. Also, physiological concentrations of fluvoxamine were optimal for NSC differentiation toward oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons. In addition, fluvoxamine attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) severity, a rat MS model, by significantly decreasing its clinical scores. Moreover, fluvoxamine treated EAE rats showed a decrease in IFN-γ serum levels and an increase in IL-4, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines respectively, compared to untreated EAE rats. Furthermore, immune cell infiltration and demyelination plaque significantly decreased in spinal cords of fluvoxamine-treated rats, which was accompanied by an increase in protein expression of MBP and GFAP positive cells and a decrease in lactate serum levels, a new biomarker of MS progression. In summary, besides its antidepressant activity, fluvoxamine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of NSCs particularly toward oligodendrocytes, a producer of CNS myelin.
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Yang T, Zheng Q, Zhao H, Zhang QX, Li M, Qi F, Li KN, Fang L, Wang L, Fan YP. Effect of Bushen Yisui Capsule () on oligodendrocyte lineage genes 1 and 2 in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 22:932-940. [PMID: 26919831 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Bushen Yisui Capsule (, BSYSC) on the oligodendrocyte lineage genes (Olig) 1 and Olig2 in C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in order to explore the remyelination effect of BSYSC. METHODS The mice were randomly divided into normal control (NC), EAE model (EAE-M), prednisone acetate (PA, 6 mg/kg), BSYSC high-dose (3.02 g/kg) and BSYSC low-dose (1.51 g/kg) groups. The mice were induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55. The neurological function scores were assessed once daily. The pathological changes in mice brains were observed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The protein expressions of myelin basic protein (MBP), Olig1 and Olig2 in brains were measured by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expressions of Olig1 and Olig 2 was also determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the EAE-M mice, (1) the neurological function scores were significantly decreased in BSYSC-treated mice on days 22 to 40 (P<0.01); (2) the inflammatory cells and demyelination in brains were reduced in BSYSC-treated EAE mice; (3) the protein expression of MBP was markedly increased in BSYSC-treated groups on day 18 and 40 respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01); (4) the protein expression of Olig1 was increased in BSYSC (3.02 g/kg)-treated EAE mice on day 40 (P<0.01). Protein and mRNA expression of Olig2 was increased in BSYSC-treated EAE mice on day 18 and 40 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The effects of BSYSC on reducing demyelination and promoting remyelination might be associated with the increase of Olig1 and Olig2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China.,Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Fang Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Kang-Ning Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ling Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100059, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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10
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Stimulation of monocytes, macrophages, and microglia by amphotericin B and macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes remyelination. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1136-48. [PMID: 25609628 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1797-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to stimulate remyelination may lead to recovery from demyelinating injuries and protect axons. One such strategy is the activation of immune cells with clinically used medications, since a properly directed inflammatory response can have healing properties through mechanisms such as the provision of growth factors and the removal of cellular debris. We previously reported that the antifungal medication amphotericin B is an activator of circulating monocytes, and their tissue-infiltrated counterparts and macrophages, and of microglia within the CNS. Here, we describe that amphotericin B activates these cells through engaging MyD88/TRIF signaling. When mice were subjected to lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the spinal cord, systemic injections of nontoxic doses of amphotericin B and another activator, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), further elevated the representation of microglia/macrophages at the site of injury. Treatment with amphotericin B, particularly in combination with MCSF, increased the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and promoted remyelination within lesions; these pro-regenerative effects were mitigated in mice treated with clodronate liposomes to reduce circulating monocytes and tissue-infiltrated macrophages. Our results have identified candidates among currently used medications as potential therapies for the repair of myelin.
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11
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Michailidou I, de Vries HE, Hol EM, van Strien ME. Activation of endogenous neural stem cells for multiple sclerosis therapy. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:454. [PMID: 25653584 PMCID: PMC4299409 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, leading to severe neurological deficits. Current MS treatment regimens, consist of immunomodulatory agents aiming to reduce the rate of relapses. However, these agents are usually insufficient to treat chronic neurological disability. A promising perspective for future therapy of MS is the regeneration of lesions with replacement of the damaged oligodendrocytes or neurons. Therapies targeting to the enhancement of endogenous remyelination, aim to promote the activation of either the parenchymal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells or the subventricular zone-derived neural stem cells (NSCs). Less studied but highly potent, is the strategy of neuronal regeneration with endogenous NSCs that although being linked to numerous limitations, is anticipated to ameliorate cognitive disability in MS. Focusing on the forebrain, this review highlights the role of NSCs in the regeneration of MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Michailidou
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Miriam E van Strien
- Department of Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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Yu L, Croze E, Yamaguchi KD, Tran T, Reder AT, Litvak V, Volkert MR. Induction of a unique isoform of the NCOA7 oxidation resistance gene by interferon β-1b. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:186-99. [PMID: 25330068 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that interferon (IFN)-β-1b induces an alternative-start transcript containing the C-terminal TLDc domain of nuclear receptor coactivator protein 7 (NCOA7), a member of the OXR family of oxidation resistance proteins. IFN-β-1b induces NCOA7-AS (alternative start) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy individuals and multiple sclerosis patients and human fetal brain cells, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, and fibrosarcoma cells. NCOA7-AS is a previously undocumented IFN-β-inducible gene that contains only the last 5 exons of full-length NCOA7 plus a unique first exon (exon 10a) that is not found in longer forms of NCOA7. This exon encodes a domain closely related to an important class of bacterial aldo-keto oxido-reductase proteins that play a critical role in regulating redox activity. We demonstrate that NCOA7-AS is induced by IFN and LPS, but not by oxidative stress and exhibits, independently, oxidation resistance activity. We further demonstrate that induction of NCOA7-AS by IFN is dependent on IFN-receptor activation, the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, and a canonical IFN-stimulated response element regulatory sequence upstream of exon 10a. We describe a new role for IFN-βs involving a mechanism of action that leads to an increase in resistance to inflammation-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Yu
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
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13
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Gudi V, Gingele S, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:73. [PMID: 24659953 PMCID: PMC3952085 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrogliosis and microglia activation are characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other central nervous system (CNS) lesions the exact functions of these events are not fully understood. Animal models help to understand the complex interplay between the different cell types of the CNS and uncover general mechanisms of damage and repair of myelin sheaths. The so called cuprizone model is a toxic model of demyelination in the CNS white and gray matter, which lacks an autoimmune component. Cuprizone induces apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes that leads to a robust demyelination and profound activation of both astrocytes and microglia with regional heterogeneity between different white and gray matter regions. Although not suitable to study autoimmune mediated demyelination, this model is extremely helpful to elucidate basic cellular and molecular mechanisms during de- and particularly remyelination independently of interactions with peripheral immune cells. Phagocytosis and removal of damaged myelin seems to be one of the major roles of microglia in this model and it is well known that removal of myelin debris is a prerequisite of successful remyelination. Furthermore, microglia provide several signals that support remyelination. The role of astrocytes during de- and remyelination is not well defined. Both supportive and destructive functions have been suggested. Using the cuprizone model we could demonstrate that there is an important crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia. In this review we focus on the role of glial reactions and interaction in the cuprizone model. Advantages and limitations of as well as its potential therapeutic relevance for the human disease MS are critically discussed in comparison to other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
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Medina-Rodríguez EM, Arenzana FJ, Pastor J, Redondo M, Palomo V, García de Sola R, Gil C, Martínez A, Bribián A, de Castro F. Inhibition of endogenous phosphodiesterase 7 promotes oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation and survival. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3449-62. [PMID: 23661015 PMCID: PMC11113628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) are generated in specific sites within the neural tube and then migrate to colonize the entire CNS, where they differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are characterized by the death of these cells. The CNS reacts to demyelination and by promoting spontaneous remyelination, an effect mediated by endogenous OPCs, cells that represent approximately 5-7 % of the cells in the adult brain. Numerous factors influence oligodendrogliogenesis and oligodendrocyte differentiation, including morphogens, growth factors, chemotropic molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and intracellular cAMP levels. Here, we show that during development and in early adulthood, OPCs in the murine cerebral cortex contain phosphodiesterase-7 (PDE7) that metabolizes cAMP. We investigated the effects of different PDE7 inhibitors (the well-known BRL-50481 and two new ones, TC3.6 and VP1.15) on OPC proliferation, survival, and differentiation. While none of the PDE7 inhibitors analyzed altered OPC proliferation, TC3.6 and VP1.15 enhanced OPC survival and differentiation, processes in which ERK intracellular signaling played a key role. PDE7 expression was also observed in OPCs isolated from adult human brains and the differentiation of these OPCs into more mature oligodendroglial phenotypes was accelerated by treatment with both new PDE7 inhibitors. These findings reveal new roles for PDE7 in regulating OPC survival and differentiation during brain development and in adulthood, and they may further our understanding of myelination and facilitate the development of therapeutic remyelination strategies for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Medina-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda”, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - F. J. Arenzana
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda”, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - J. Pastor
- Neurofisiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Redondo
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Palomo
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C. Gil
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Martínez
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Bribián
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda”, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Parc Cientific de Barcelona & Cell Biology Department, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca “La Peraleda”, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Galanin transgenic mice with elevated circulating galanin levels alleviate demyelination in a cuprizone-induced MS mouse model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33901. [PMID: 22442732 PMCID: PMC3307774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a presumed autoimmune etiology. Approved treatments for MS are immunoregulatory and are able to reduce the inflammatory components of the disease. However, these treatments do not suppress progressive clinical disability. Approaches that directly protect myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and enhance remyelination are likely to improve long-term outcomes and reduce the rate of axonal damage. Galanin (GAL) is a bioactive neuropeptide that is widely distributed throughout the nervous system and has diverse neuromodulatory effects. In this study, using the cuprizone (CPZ) demyelination model of MS, we demonstrate that GAL has pronounced neuroprotective effects with respect to demyelination and remyelination. Using our GAL transgenic mouse (GAL-Tg), we identified a novel attenuation of OLs against CPZ induced demyelination, which was exerted independently of progenitor cells. Alleviation of myelin breakdown in the GAL-Tg mice was observed to be significant. Furthermore, we observed changes in the expression of the GAL receptor GalR1 during the demyelination and remyelination processes. Our data strongly indicate that GAL has the capacity to influence the outcome of primary insults that directly target OLs, as opposed to cases where immune activation is the primary pathogenic event. Taken together, these results suggest that GAL is a promising next-generation target for the treatment of MS.
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Katz Sand IB, Krieger S. Emerging strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite extraordinary advances in the field of neuroimmunology, ideal treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis remains an unmet need. Existing treatments are only partially effective in preventing multiple sclerosis relapses, have a limited impact on the accrual of disability, have not been effective in progressive forms of the disease, and treatment remains preventive rather than restorative. This review provides an overview of emerging therapies and targets, and incorporates strategies for two different approaches to multiple sclerosis: prevention, through immune modulation; and repair, through neuroprotection and remyelination. Agents at all stages of development, from late-stage clinical trials of BG-12, teriflunomide, alemtuzumab, daclizumab and anti-CD20 agents, to novel approaches in preclinical testing, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Katz Sand
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1138, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stephen Krieger
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, Box 1138, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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