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Gingele S, Möllenkamp TM, Henkel F, Schröder L, Hümmert MW, Skripuletz T, Stangel M, Gudi V. Automated analysis of gray matter damage in aged mice reveals impaired remyelination in the cuprizone model. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13218. [PMID: 37927164 PMCID: PMC10901622 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by myelin loss, axonal damage, and glial scar formation. Still, the underlying processes remain unclear, as numerous pathways and factors have been found to be involved in the development and progression of the disease. Therefore, it is of great importance to find suitable animal models as well as reliable methods for their precise and reproducible analysis. Here, we describe the impact of demyelination on clinically relevant gray matter regions of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, using the previously established cuprizone model for aged mice. We could show that bioinformatic image analysis methods are not only suitable for quantification of cell populations, but also for the assessment of de- and remyelination processes, as numerous objective parameters can be considered for reproducible measurements. After cuprizone-induced demyelination, subsequent remyelination proceeded slowly and remained incomplete in all gray matter areas studied. There were regional differences in the number of mature oligodendrocytes during remyelination suggesting region-specific differences in the factors accounting for remyelination failure, as, even in the presence of oligodendrocytes, remyelination in the cortex was found to be impaired. Upon cuprizone administration, synaptic density and dendritic volume in the gray matter of aged mice decreased. The intensity of synaptophysin staining gradually restored during the subsequent remyelination phase, however the expression of MAP2 did not fully recover. Microgliosis persisted in the gray matter of aged animals throughout the remyelination period, whereas extensive astrogliosis was of short duration as compared to white matter structures. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the application of the cuprizone model in aged mice mimics the impaired regeneration ability seen in human pathogenesis more accurately than commonly used protocols with young mice and therefore provides an urgently needed animal model for the investigation of remyelination failure and remyelination-enhancing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gingele
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Florian Henkel
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | | | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Department of Translational Medicine NeuroscienceNovartis Institute for BioMedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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2
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Gudi V, Grieb P, Linker RA, Skripuletz T. CDP-choline to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the need for a clinical trial. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2599-2605. [PMID: 37449595 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and neuronal cell death, resulting in functional disability. Remyelination is the natural repair process of demyelination, but it is often incomplete or fails in multiple sclerosis. Available therapies reduce the inflammatory state and prevent clinical relapses. However, therapeutic approaches to increase myelin repair in humans are not yet available. The substance cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline, is ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cells and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of cellular phospholipids. Regenerative properties have been shown in various animal models of diseases of the central nervous system. We have already shown that the compound CDP-choline improves myelin regeneration in two animal models of multiple sclerosis. However, the results from the animal models have not yet been studied in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this review, we summarise the beneficial effects of CDP-choline on biolipid metabolism and turnover with regard to inflammatory and regenerative processes. We also explain changes in phospholipid and sphingolipid homeostasis in multiple sclerosis and suggest a possible therapeutic link to CDP-choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Schröder LJ, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Skripuletz T, Stangel M, Gudi V, Kalinke U. Dynamics of reactive astrocytes fosters tissue regeneration after cuprizone-induced demyelination. Glia 2023; 71:2573-2590. [PMID: 37455566 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and others. Here, we studied astrocytes during de- and remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model. To this end, we exploited the ribosomal tagging (RiboTag) technology that is based on Cre-mediated cell type-selective HA-tagging of ribosomes. Analyses were performed in the corpus callosum of GFAP-Cre+/- Rpl22HA/wt mice 5 weeks after cuprizone feeding, at the peak of demyelination, and 0.5 and 2 weeks after cuprizone withdrawal, when remyelination and tissue repair is initiated. After 5 weeks of cuprizone feeding, reactive astrocytes showed inflammatory signatures with enhanced expression of genes that modulate leukocyte migration (Tlr2, Cd86, Parp14) and they produced the chemokine CXCL10, as verified by histology. Furthermore, demyelination-induced reactive astrocytes expressed numerous ligands including Cx3cl1, Csf1, Il34, and Gas6 that act on homeostatic as well as activated microglia and thus potentially mediate activation and recruitment of microglia and enhancement of their phagocytotic activity. During early remyelination, HA-tagged cells displayed reduced inflammatory response signatures, as indicated by shutdown of CXCL10 production, and enhanced expression of osteopontin (SPP1) as well as of factors that are relevant for tissue remodeling (Timp1), regeneration and axonal repair. During late remyelination, the signatures shifted towards resolving inflammation by active suppression of lymphocyte activation and differentiation and support of glia cell differentiation. In conclusion, we detected highly dynamic astroglial transcriptomic signatures in the cuprizone model, which reflects excessive communication among glia cells and highlights different astrocyte functions during neurodegeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara-Jasmin Schröder
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Groh J, Abdelwahab T, Kattimani Y, Hörner M, Loserth S, Gudi V, Adalbert R, Imdahl F, Saliba AE, Coleman M, Stangel M, Simons M, Martini R. Microglia-mediated demyelination protects against CD8 + T cell-driven axon degeneration in mice carrying PLP defects. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6911. [PMID: 37903797 PMCID: PMC10616105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration and functional decline in myelin diseases are often attributed to loss of myelin but their relation is not fully understood. Perturbed myelinating glia can instigate chronic neuroinflammation and contribute to demyelination and axonal damage. Here we study mice with distinct defects in the proteolipid protein 1 gene that develop axonal damage which is driven by cytotoxic T cells targeting myelinating oligodendrocytes. We show that persistent ensheathment with perturbed myelin poses a risk for axon degeneration, neuron loss, and behavioral decline. We demonstrate that CD8+ T cell-driven axonal damage is less likely to progress towards degeneration when axons are efficiently demyelinated by activated microglia. Mechanistically, we show that cytotoxic T cell effector molecules induce cytoskeletal alterations within myelinating glia and aberrant actomyosin constriction of axons at paranodal domains. Our study identifies detrimental axon-glia-immune interactions which promote neurodegeneration and possible therapeutic targets for disorders associated with myelin defects and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tassnim Abdelwahab
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yogita Kattimani
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Hörner
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neurodegeneration, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Loserth
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Adalbert
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Health Sciences Education, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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5
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Schröder LJ, Thiesler H, Gretenkort L, Möllenkamp TM, Stangel M, Gudi V, Hildebrandt H. Corrigendum: Polysialic acid promotes remyelination in cerebellar slice cultures by Siglec-E-dependent modulation of microglia polarization. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1275048. [PMID: 37680864 PMCID: PMC10482400 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1275048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1207540.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara-Jasmin Schröder
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lina Gretenkort
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Schröder LJ, Thiesler H, Gretenkort L, Möllenkamp TM, Stangel M, Gudi V, Hildebrandt H. Polysialic acid promotes remyelination in cerebellar slice cultures by Siglec-E-dependent modulation of microglia polarization. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1207540. [PMID: 37492129 PMCID: PMC10365911 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1207540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Spontaneous restoration of myelin after demyelination occurs, but its efficiency declines during disease progression. Efficient myelin repair requires fine-tuning inflammatory responses by brain-resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. Accordingly, promising therapeutic strategies aim at controlling inflammation to promote remyelination. Polysialic acid (polySia) is a polymeric glycan with variable chain lengths, presented as a posttranslational modification on select protein carriers. PolySia emerges as a negative regulator of inflammatory microglia and macrophage activation and has been detected on oligodendrocyte precursors and reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions. As shown recently, polySia-modified proteins can also be released by activated microglia, and the intrinsically released protein-bound and exogenously applied free polySia were equally able to attenuate proinflammatory microglia activation via the inhibitory immune receptor Siglec-E. In this study, we explore polySia as a candidate substance for promoting myelin regeneration by immunomodulation. Lysophosphatidylcholine-induced demyelination of organotypic cerebellar slice cultures was used as an experimental model to analyze the impact of polySia with different degrees of polymerization (DP) on remyelination and inflammation. In lysophosphatidylcholine-treated cerebellar slice cultures, polySia-positive cells were abundant during demyelination but largely reduced during remyelination. Based on the determination of DP24 as the minimal polySia chain length required for the inhibition of inflammatory BV2 microglia activation, pools with short and long polySia chains (DP8-14 and DP24-30) were generated and applied to slice cultures during remyelination. Unlike DP8-14, treatment with DP24-30 significantly improved remyelination, increased arginase-1-positive microglia ratios, and reduced the production of nitric oxide in wildtype, but not in Siglec-E-deficient slice cultures. In vitro differentiation of oligodendrocytes was not affected by DP24-30. Collectively, these results suggest a beneficial effect of exogenously applied polySia DP24-30 on remyelination by Siglec-E-dependent microglia regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara-Jasmin Schröder
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lina Gretenkort
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinic for Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Molina-Gonzalez I, Holloway RK, Jiwaji Z, Dando O, Kent SA, Emelianova K, Lloyd AF, Forbes LH, Mahmood A, Skripuletz T, Gudi V, Febery JA, Johnson JA, Fowler JH, Kuhlmann T, Williams A, Chandran S, Stangel M, Howden AJM, Hardingham GE, Miron VE. Astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction regulates central nervous system regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3372. [PMID: 37291151 PMCID: PMC10250470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Failed regeneration of myelin around neuronal axons following central nervous system damage contributes to nerve dysfunction and clinical decline in various neurological conditions, for which there is an unmet therapeutic demand. Here, we show that interaction between glial cells - astrocytes and mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes - is a determinant of remyelination. Using in vivo/ ex vivo/ in vitro rodent models, unbiased RNA sequencing, functional manipulation, and human brain lesion analyses, we discover that astrocytes support the survival of regenerating oligodendrocytes, via downregulation of the Nrf2 pathway associated with increased astrocytic cholesterol biosynthesis pathway activation. Remyelination fails following sustained astrocytic Nrf2 activation in focally-lesioned male mice yet is restored by either cholesterol biosynthesis/efflux stimulation, or Nrf2 inhibition using the existing therapeutic Luteolin. We identify that astrocyte-oligodendrocyte interaction regulates remyelination, and reveal a drug strategy for central nervous system regeneration centred on targeting this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rebecca K Holloway
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zoeb Jiwaji
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sarah A Kent
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Wellcome Trust Translational Neuroscience PhD programme, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amy F Lloyd
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindsey H Forbes
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ayisha Mahmood
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - James A Febery
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Centre, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Waisman Centre, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jill H Fowler
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, D-48129, Germany
| | - Anna Williams
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 5UU, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Andrew J M Howden
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- United Kingdom Multiple Sclerosis Society Edinburgh Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Center for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St.Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research at St.Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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8
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Kaddatz H, Joost S, Nedelcu J, Chrzanowski U, Schmitz C, Gingele S, Gudi V, Stangel M, Zhan J, Santrau E, Greiner T, Frenz J, Müller-Hilke B, Müller M, Amor S, van der Valk P, Kipp M. Cuprizone-induced demyelination triggers a CD8-pronounced T cell recruitment. Glia 2020; 69:925-942. [PMID: 33245604 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes is a key characteristic of many neurological diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In progressive MS, where effective treatment options are limited, peripheral immune cells can be found at the site of demyelination and are suggested to play a functional role during disease progression. In this study, we hypothesize that metabolic oligodendrocyte injury, caused by feeding the copper chelator cuprizone, is a potent trigger for peripheral immune cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS). We used immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry to evaluate the composition, density, and activation status of infiltrating T lymphocytes in cuprizone-intoxicated mice and post-mortem progressive MS tissues. Our results demonstrate a predominance of CD8+ T cells along with high proliferation rates and cytotoxic granule expression, indicating an antigenic and pro-inflammatory milieu in the CNS of cuprizone-intoxicated mice. Numbers of recruited T cells and the composition of lymphocytic infiltrates in cuprizone-intoxicated mice were found to be comparable to those found in progressive MS lesions. Finally, amelioration of the cuprizone-induced pathology by treating mice with laquinimod significantly reduces the number of recruited T cells. Overall, this study provides strong evidence that toxic demyelination is a sufficient trigger for T cells to infiltrate the demyelinated CNS. Further investigation of the mode of action and functional consequence of T cell recruitment might offer promising new therapeutic approaches for progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sarah Joost
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Nedelcu
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Chrzanowski
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emily Santrau
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theresa Greiner
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Frenz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Analysing, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Analysing, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Gingele S, Pul R, Sardari M, Borbor M, Henkel F, Moellenkamp TM, Gudi V, Happle C, Grychtol R, Habener A, Hansen G, Hermann DM, Stangel M, Kleinschnitz C, Skuljec J. FoxP3 deficiency causes no inflammation or neurodegeneration in the murine brain. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 342:577216. [PMID: 32199198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) maintain immunological self-tolerance and their functional or numerical deficits are associated with progression of several neurological diseases. We examined the effects of Treg absence on the structure and integrity of the unchallenged murine brain. When compared to control, Treg-deficient FoxP3sf mutant mice showed no differences in brain size, myelin amount and oligodendrocyte numbers. FoxP3sf strain displayed no variations in quantity of neurons and astrocytes, whereas microglia numbers were slightly reduced. We demonstrate lack of neuroinflammation and parenchymal responses in the brains of Treg-deficient mice, suggesting a minor Treg role in absence of blood-brain barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Maryam Sardari
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Mina Borbor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Florian Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thiemo M Moellenkamp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
| | - Ruth Grychtol
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
| | - Anika Habener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jelena Skuljec
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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10
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Chhatbar C, Detje CN, Grabski E, Borst K, Spanier J, Ghita L, Elliott DA, Jordão MJC, Mueller N, Sutton J, Prajeeth CK, Gudi V, Klein MA, Prinz M, Bradke F, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling of Neurons and Astrocytes Regulates Microglia Activation during Viral Encephalitis. Cell Rep 2020; 25:118-129.e4. [PMID: 30282022 PMCID: PMC7103936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In sterile neuroinflammation, a pathological role is proposed for microglia, whereas in viral encephalitis, their function is not entirely clear. Many viruses exploit the odorant system and enter the CNS via the olfactory bulb (OB). Upon intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus instillation, we show an accumulation of activated microglia and monocytes in the OB. Depletion of microglia during encephalitis results in enhanced virus spread and increased lethality. Activation, proliferation, and accumulation of microglia are regulated by type I IFN receptor signaling of neurons and astrocytes, but not of microglia. Morphological analysis of myeloid cells shows that type I IFN receptor signaling of neurons has a stronger impact on the activation of myeloid cells than of astrocytes. Thus, in the infected CNS, the cross talk among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia is critical for full microglia activation and protection from lethal encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David A Elliott
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marta Joana Costa Jordão
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nora Mueller
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - James Sutton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael A Klein
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Hensel N, Raker V, Förthmann B, Detering NT, Kubinski S, Buch A, Katzilieris-Petras G, Spanier J, Gudi V, Wagenknecht S, Kopfnagel V, Werfel TA, Stangel M, Beineke A, Kalinke U, Paludan SR, Sodeik B, Claus P. HSV-1 triggers paracrine fibroblast growth factor response from cortical brain cells via immediate-early protein ICP0. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:248. [PMID: 31791351 PMCID: PMC6889453 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE) which is characterized by severe brain damage and long-term disabilities. Different cell types including neurons and astrocytes become infected in the course of an HSE which leads to an activation of glial cells. Activated glial cells change their neurotrophic factor profile and modulate inflammation and repair. The superfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is one of the largest family of neurotrophic factors comprising 22 ligands. FGFs induce pro-survival signaling in neurons and an anti-inflammatory answer in glial cells thereby providing a coordinated tissue response which favors repair over inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that FGF expression is altered in HSV-1-infected CNS cells. METHOD We employed primary murine cortical cultures comprising a mixed cell population of astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Astrocyte reactivity was morphometrically monitored by an automated image analysis algorithm as well as by analyses of A1/A2 marker expression. Altered FGF expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and its paracrine FGF activity. In addition, HSV-1 mutants were employed to characterize viral factors important for FGF responses of infected host cells. RESULTS Astrocytes in HSV-1-infected cortical cultures were transiently activated and became hypertrophic and expressed both A1- and A2-markers. Consistently, a number of FGFs were transiently upregulated inducing paracrine neurotrophic signaling in neighboring cells. Most prominently, FGF-4, FGF-8, FGF-9, and FGF-15 became upregulated in a switch-on like mechanism. This effect was specific for CNS cells and for a fully functional HSV-1. Moreover, the viral protein ICP0 critically mediated the FGF switch-on mechanism. CONCLUSIONS HSV-1 uses the viral protein ICP0 for the induction of FGF-expression in CNS cells. Thus, we propose that HSV-1 triggers FGF activity in the CNS for a modulation of tissue response upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Raker
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Tula Detering
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kubinski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Julia Spanier
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagenknecht
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Andreas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Søren Riis Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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12
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Pars K, Gingele M, Kronenberg J, Prajeeth CK, Skripuletz T, Pul R, Jacobs R, Gudi V, Stangel M. Fumaric Acids Do Not Directly Influence Gene Expression of Neuroprotective Factors in Highly Purified Rodent Astrocytes. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9090241. [PMID: 31546798 PMCID: PMC6769695 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Dimethylfumarate (DMF) has been approved for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. However, the mode of action of DMF and its assumed active primary metabolite monomethylfumarate (MMF) is still not fully understood. Former reports suggest a neuroprotective effect of DMF mediated via astrocytes by reducing pro-inflammatory activation of these glial cells. We investigated potential direct effects of DMF and MMF on neuroprotective factors like neurotrophic factors and growth factors in astrocytes to elucidate further possible mechanisms of the mode of action of fumaric acids; (2) Methods: highly purified cultures of primary rat astrocytes were pre-treated in vitro with DMF or MMF and incubated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or a mixture of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) plus interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in order to simulate an inflammatory environment. The gene expression of neuroprotective factors such as neurotrophic factors (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)) and growth factors (fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFa), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)) as well as cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) was examined by determining the transcription level with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); (3) Results: The stimulation of highly purified astrocytes with either LPS or cytokines changed the expression profile of growth factors and pro- inflammatory factors. However, the expression was not altered by either DMF nor MMF in unstimulated or stimulated astrocytes; (4) Conclusions: There was no direct influence of fumaric acids on neuroprotective factors in highly purified primary rat astrocytes. This suggests that the proposed potential neuroprotective effect of fumaric acid is not mediated by direct stimulation of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes but is rather mediated by other pathways or indirect mechanisms via other glial cells like microglia as previously demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaweh Pars
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, European Medical School, University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Gingele
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Refik Pul
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover, Medical School, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Kronenberg J, Merkel L, Heckers S, Gudi V, Schwab MH, Stangel M. Correction to: Investigation of Neuregulin-1 and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Rodent Astrocytes and Microglia. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:318. [PMID: 30953282 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes in the author group and affiliation sections. Author Markus H. Schwab's name was incorrectly presented as "H. Markus Schwab" and his affiliations were incorrectly assigned as "1 and 3" instead of "2 and 3".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lukas Merkel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Heckers
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Gingele S, Merkel L, Prajeeth CK, Kronenberg J, von Hoevel FF, Skripuletz T, Gudi V, Stangel M. Polarized microglia do not influence oligodendrocyte lineage cells via astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 77:39-47. [PMID: 30716382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia can adopt different activation patterns, ranging from a pro-inflammatory M1- to an anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype in which they play crucial roles in various neuroinflammatory diseases. M2-like microglia are described to drive remyelination, whereas detrimental effects have been attributed to M1-like microglia. How polarized microglia might act on oligodendrocyte lineage cells indirectly by influencing astrocytes has not been studied in detail. In this study, conditioned media from polarized murine microglia were used to treat astrocytes and astrocytic gene expression was analyzed by microarray for genes known to influence oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Supernatants of astrocytes previously stimulated with soluble effectors from polarized microglia were used to investigate effects on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC). Growth factors known to induce OPC proliferation, differentiation, and survival were upregulated in astrocytes treated with supernatants from M1-like microglia while M0- and M2-like microglia only had negligible effects on the expression of these factors in astrocytes. Despite the upregulation of these factors in M1 stimulated astrocytes there were no significant effects on OPC in vitro. All astrocyte supernatants induced proliferation of A2B5+ OPC and inhibited differentiation of OPC into mature oligodendrocytes. A trend toward enhanced migration of OPC was induced by M1 stimulated astrocytes. Our data suggest that M1-like microglia may potentially influence OPC and remyelination indirectly via astrocytes by inducing the expression of respective growth factors, however, this has no significant effect in addition to the already strong effects of unstimulated astrocytes on OPC. Nevertheless, the observed effect may be of relevance in other pathophysiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lukas Merkel
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Prajeeth CK, Kronisch J, Khorooshi R, Knier B, Toft-Hansen H, Gudi V, Floess S, Huehn J, Owens T, Korn T, Stangel M. Effectors of Th1 and Th17 cells act on astrocytes and augment their neuroinflammatory properties. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:204. [PMID: 29037246 PMCID: PMC5644084 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells are believed to mediate the pathology of multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system (CNS). Their interaction with microglia and astrocytes in the CNS is crucial for the regulation of the neuroinflammation. Previously, we have shown that only Th1 but not Th17 effectors activate microglia. However, it is not clear which cells are targets of Th17 effectors in the CNS. Methods To understand the effects driven by Th17 cells in the CNS, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in wild-type mice and CD4+ T cell-specific integrin α4-deficient mice where trafficking of Th1 cells into the CNS was affected. We compared microglial and astrocyte response in the brain and spinal cord of these mice. We further treated astrocytes with supernatants from highly pure Th1 and Th17 cultures and assessed the messenger RNA expression of neurotrophic factors, cytokines and chemokines, using real-time PCR. Data obtained was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results We observed in α4-deficient mice weak microglial activation but comparable astrogliosis to that of wild-type mice in the regions of the brain populated with Th17 infiltrates, suggesting that Th17 cells target astrocytes and not microglia. In vitro, in response to supernatants from Th1 and Th17 cultures, astrocytes showed altered expression of neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, increased expression of chemokines in Th1- and Th17-treated astrocytes enhanced recruitment of microglia and transendothelial migration of Th17 cells in vitro. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the delicate interaction between T cell subsets and glial cells and how they communicate to mediate their effects. Effectors of Th1 act on both microglia and astrocytes whereas Th17 effectors preferentially target astrocytes to promote neuroinflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0978-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julius Kronisch
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Knier
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Toft-Hansen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Gudi V, Gai L, Herder V, Tejedor LS, Kipp M, Amor S, Sühs KW, Hansmann F, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Synaptophysin Is a Reliable Marker for Axonal Damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:109-125. [PMID: 28177496 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is an abundant membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of identifying synaptophysin accumulations (spheroids/ovoids/bulbs) in CNS white matter as an immunohistochemical marker of axonal damage in demyelinating and neuroinflammatory conditions. We studied the cuprizone toxicity and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection models of demyelination and analyzed CNS tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Synaptophysin colocalized with the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a well-known marker of axonal damage. In the cuprizone model, numerous pathological synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids were identified in the corpus callosum at the onset of demyelination; the extent of synaptophysin/APP-positive vesicle aggregates correlated with identified reactive microglia; during late and chronic demyelination, the majority of synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids resolved but a few remained, indicating persistent axonal damage; in the remyelination phase, scattered large synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs persisted. In the TMEV model, only a few large- to medium-sized synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs were found in demyelinated areas. In MS patient tissue samples, the bulbs appeared exclusively at the inflammatory edges of lesions. In conclusion, our data suggest that synaptophysin as a reliable marker of axonal damage in the CNS in inflammatory/demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lijie Gai
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Heckers S, Held N, Kronenberg J, Skripuletz T, Bleich A, Gudi V, Stangel M. Investigation of Cuprizone Inactivation by Temperature. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:570-577. [PMID: 28124768 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models, such as cuprizone (bis-cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone) feeding, are helpful to study experimental demyelination and remyelination in the context of diseases like multiple sclerosis. Cuprizone is a copper chelator, which when supplemented to the normal food of C57BL/6J mice in a concentration of 0.2% leads to oligodendroglial loss, subsequent microglia and astrocyte activation, resulting in demyelination. Termination of the cuprizone diet results in remyelination, promoted by newly formed mature oligodendrocytes. The exact mode of cuprizone's action is not well understood, and information about its inactivation and cleavage are still not available. The knowledge of these processes could lead to a better understanding of cuprizone's mode of action, as well as a safer handling of this toxin. We therefore performed experiments with the aim to inactivate cuprizone by thermal heating, since it was suggested in the past that cuprizone is heat sensitive. C57BL/6J mice were fed for 4 weeks with 0.2% cuprizone, either thermally pretreated (60, 80, 105, 121 °C) or not heated. In addition, primary rat oligodendrocytes, as a known selective toxic target of cuprizone, were incubated with 350 μM cuprizone solutions, which were either thermally pretreated or not. Our results demonstrate that none of the tested thermal pretreatment conditions could abrogate or restrict the toxic and demyelinating effects of cuprizone, neither in vitro nor in vivo. In conclusion, the current study rebuts the hypothesis of cuprizone as a heat-sensitive compound, as well as the assumption that heat exposure is a reason for an insufficient demyelination of cuprizone-containing pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heckers
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Held
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Cerina M, Narayanan V, Göbel K, Bittner S, Ruck T, Meuth P, Herrmann AM, Stangel M, Gudi V, Skripuletz T, Daldrup T, Wiendl H, Seidenbecher T, Ehling P, Kleinschnitz C, Pape HC, Budde T, Meuth SG. The quality of cortical network function recovery depends on localization and degree of axonal demyelination. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:103-117. [PMID: 27569659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin loss is a severe pathological hallmark common to a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Demyelination in the central nervous system appears in the form of lesions affecting both white and gray matter structures. The functional consequences of demyelination on neuronal network and brain function are not well understood. Current therapeutic strategies for ameliorating the course of such diseases usually focus on promoting remyelination, but the effectiveness of these approaches strongly depends on the timing in relation to the disease state. In this study, we sought to characterize the time course of sensory and behavioral alterations induced by de- and remyelination to establish a rational for the use of remyelination strategies. By taking advantage of animal models of general and focal demyelination, we tested the consequences of myelin loss on the functionality of the auditory thalamocortical system: a well-studied neuronal network consisting of both white and gray matter regions. We found that general demyelination was associated with a permanent loss of the tonotopic cortical organization in vivo, and the inability to induce tone-frequency-dependent conditioned behaviors, a status persisting after remyelination. Targeted, focal lysolecithin-induced lesions in the white matter fiber tract, but not in the gray matter regions of cortex, were fully reversible at the morphological, functional and behavioral level. These findings indicate that remyelination of white and gray matter lesions have a different functional regeneration potential, with the white matter being able to regain full functionality while cortical gray matter lesions suffer from permanently altered network function. Therefore therapeutic interventions aiming for remyelination have to consider both region- and time-dependent strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Venu Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School and Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thiemo Daldrup
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Wostradowski T, Prajeeth CK, Gudi V, Kronenberg J, Witte S, Brieskorn M, Stangel M. In vitro evaluation of physiologically relevant concentrations of teriflunomide on activation and proliferation of primary rodent microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:250. [PMID: 27658519 PMCID: PMC5034581 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teriflunomide, an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, is thought to ameliorate multiple sclerosis by reducing activation-induced proliferation of lymphocytes, which is highly dependent on de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Nevertheless, its immunomodulatory effects on resident glial cells in the central nervous system are only poorly understood. Methods In this study, we employed physiologically relevant concentrations of teriflunomide and investigated its effects on survival, proliferation, activation, and function of primary rat microglia in vitro. Results We demonstrate that teriflunomide had no cytotoxic effect on microglia and had only a minor impact on microglial activation. In a concentration- and time-dependent manner, teriflunomide significantly downregulated surface expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. Furthermore, in the highest concentration applied (5 μM), it slightly increased the expression of interleukin-10 in microglia in response to lipopolysaccharide. Treatment with low concentrations of teriflunomide (0.25–1 μM) did not have any impact on the activation or proliferation of microglia. At 5 μM concentration of teriflunomide, we observed a reduction of approximately 30 % in proliferation of microglia in mixed glial cell cultures. Conclusions Taken together, our in vitro findings suggest that at higher concentrations, teriflunomide potentially exerts its effects by reducing microglial proliferation and not by modulating the M1-/M2-like cell differentiation of primary rat microglia. Thus, teriflunomide has no major impact on the plasticity of microglia; however, the anti-proliferative and minimal anti-inflammatory effects might be clinically relevant for immune modulation in the treatment of neuroinflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0715-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wostradowski
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sina Witte
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Brieskorn
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Sühs KW, Gudi V, Eckermann N, Fairless R, Pul R, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Cytokine regulation by modulation of the NMDA receptor on astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:227-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Salinas Tejedor L, Skripuletz T, Stangel M, Gudi V. Mesenchymal stem cells require the peripheral immune system for immunomodulating effects in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:90-1. [PMID: 26981093 PMCID: PMC4774241 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.175050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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22
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Hoyos HC, Marder M, Ulrich R, Gudi V, Stangel M, Rabinovich GA, Pasquini LA, Pasquini JM. The Role of Galectin-3: From Oligodendroglial Differentiation and Myelination to Demyelination and Remyelination Processes in a Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Model. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2016; 949:311-332. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Salinas Tejedor L, Berner G, Jacobsen K, Gudi V, Jungwirth N, Hansmann F, Gingele S, Prajeeth CK, Baumgärtner W, Hoffmann A, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Mesenchymal stem cells do not exert direct beneficial effects on CNS remyelination in the absence of the peripheral immune system. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:155-165. [PMID: 26140734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is the natural repair mechanism in demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and it was proposed that it might protect from axonal loss. For unknown reasons, remyelination is often incomplete or fails in MS lesions and therapeutic treatments to enhance remyelination are not available. Recently, the transplantation of exogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has emerged as a promising tool to enhance repair processes. This included the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used model for the autoimmune mechanisms of MS. However, in EAE it is not clear if the beneficial effect of MSC derives from a direct influence on brain resident cells or if this is an indirect phenomenon via modulation of the peripheral immune system. The aim of this study was to determine potential regenerative functions of MSC in the toxic cuprizone model of demyelination that allows studying direct effects on de- and remyelination without the influence of the peripheral immune system. MSC from three different species (human, murine, canine) were transplanted either intraventricularly into the cerebrospinal fluid or directly into the lesion of the corpus callosum at two time points: at the onset of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation or the peak of OPC proliferation during cuprizone induced demyelination. Our results show that MSC did not exert any regenerative effects after cuprizone induced demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss. During remyelination, MSC did not influence the dynamics of OPC proliferation and myelin formation. In conclusion, MSC did not exert direct regenerative functions in a mouse model where peripheral immune cells and especially T lymphocytes do not play a role. We thus suggest that the peripheral immune system is required for MSC to exert their effects and this is independent from a direct influence of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriel Berner
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Kristin Jacobsen
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Jungwirth
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany; Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Skripuletz T, Salinas Tejedor L, Prajeeth CK, Hansmann F, Chhatbar C, Kucman V, Zhang N, Raddatz BB, Detje CN, Sühs KW, Pul R, Gudi V, Kalinke U, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M. The antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial proliferation and activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14935. [PMID: 26447351 PMCID: PMC4597339 DOI: 10.1038/srep14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganciclovir is effective in the treatment of human infections with viruses of the Herpesviridae family. Beside antiviral properties, recently ganciclovir was described to inhibit microglial proliferation and disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis. Microglial activation and proliferation are main characteristics of neuroinflammatory CNS diseases and inhibition of microglial functions might be beneficial in autoimmune diseases, or detrimental in infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine potential inhibitory effects of ganciclovir in three different murine animal models of CNS neuroinflammation in which microglia play an important role: Theiler´s murine encephalomyelitis, the cuprizone model of de- and remyelination, and the vesicular stomatitis virus encephalitis model. In addition, in vitro experiments with microglial cultures were performed to test the hypothesis that ganciclovir inhibits microglial proliferation. In all three animal models, neither microglial proliferation or recruitment nor disease activity was changed by ganciclovir. In vitro experiments confirmed that microglial proliferation was not affected by ganciclovir. In conclusion, our results show that the antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial activation and proliferation in the murine CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valeria Kucman
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B Raddatz
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Wostradowski T, Gudi V, Pul R, Gingele S, Lindquist JA, Stangel M, Lindquist S. Effect of interferon-β1b on CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis in T cells from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26212126 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease triggered by infiltration of activated T cells into the central nervous system. Interferon (IFN)-β is an established, safe and effective treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). The cytokine can inhibit leucocyte infiltration into the central nervous system; however, little is known about the precise molecular mechanisms. Previously, in vitro application of IFN-β1b was shown to reduce CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated monocyte migration. Here, we analysed the effects of IFN-β1b on CXCR4-dependent T cell function. In vitro exposure to IFN-β1b (1000 U/ml) for 20 h reduced CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis of primary human T cells from healthy individuals and patients with RRMS. Investigating the IFN-β1b/CXCR4 signalling pathways, we found no difference in phosphorylation of ZAP70, ERK1/2 and AKT despite an early induction of the negative regulator of G-protein signalling, RGS1 by IFN-β1b. However, CXCR4 surface expression was reduced. Quantitative real time-PCR revealed a similar reduction in CXCR4-mRNA, and the requirement of several hours' exposure to IFN-β1b supports a transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, T cells from MS patients showed a lower CXCR4 expression than T cells from healthy controls, which was not reduced further in patients under IFN-β1b therapy. Furthermore, we observed no change in CXCL12-dependent chemotaxis in RRMS patients. Our results demonstrate clearly that IFN-β1b can impair the functional response to CXCR4 by down-regulating its expression, but also points to the complex in vivo effects of IFN-β1b therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wostradowski
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Pul
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Gingele
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J A Lindquist
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Lindquist
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, and Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, MEDIAN Kliniken, Magdeburg, Germany
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26
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Janssen S, Schlegel C, Gudi V, Prajeeth CK, Skripuletz T, Trebst C, Stangel M. Effect of FTY720-phosphate on the expression of inflammation-associated molecules in astrocytes in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6171-7. [PMID: 26239526 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FTY720 is a new oral immunomodulatory therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). There is strong evidence that FTY720 has direct effects on brain resident cells such as astrocytes acting via sphingosine‑1‑phosphate (S1P) receptors. In the present study, the mRNA expression of S1P receptors as well as selected cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were investigated in primary murine astrocytes under inflammatory conditions in the presence or absence of the phosphorylated form of FTY720 (FTY720‑P). Following stimulation with either the pro‑inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) or with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, there was an increased expression of the receptors S1P1 and S1P3, the cytokines and chemokines interleukin (IL)‑1β, chemokine (C‑C‑motif) ligand 2 (CCL‑2), CCL‑20 and chemokine (C‑X‑C‑motif) ligand 12 as well as the growth factors insulin‑like growth factor‑1, ciliary neurotrophic factor and glial cell line‑derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). FTY720‑P led to an increased expression of IL‑1β and GDNF at distinct time points following co‑stimulation with TNF‑α compared with TNF‑α treatment alone. However, the presence of FTY720‑P did not have any further significant effects on the expression of S1P receptors, cytokines or growth factors, suggesting that the regulation of these target genes in astrocytes is not likely to be a major mechanism underlying the effect of FTY720‑P in diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Janssen
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Caroline Schlegel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Corinna Trebst
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D‑30625, Germany
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Pickford WJ, Gudi V, Haggart AM, Lewis BJ, Herriot R, Barker RN, Ormerod AD. T cell participation in autoreactivity to NC16a epitopes in bullous pemphigoid. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:189-200. [PMID: 25472480 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering skin disease characterized by autoantibodies against the NC16a domain of bullous pemphigoid 180. This study was performed to characterize and map the fine specificity of T cell responses to NC16a. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a total of 28 bullous pemphigoid patients and 14 matched controls were tested for proliferative and cytokine responses to recombinant NC16a and a complete panel of 21 overlapping peptides spanning this region of BP180. Proliferative responses to NC16A and the peptide panel in the patients with active disease were similar in frequency and magnitude to those in healthy donors, and included late responses typical of naive cells in approximately 60% of each group. Interleukin (IL)-4 responses were slightly stronger for six peptides, and significantly stronger for Nc16a, in patients than in controls. Factor analysis identified factors that separate responses to the peptide panel discretely into IL-4, T helper type 2 (Th2) pattern, interferon (IFN)-γ, Th1 pattern and IL-10 or transforming growth factor [TGF-β, regulatory T cell (Treg )] pattern. Factors segregating IL-10 versus IFN-γ were predicted by active blistering or remission, and TGF-β or IL-10 versus IFN-γ by age. Finally, we confirmed a significant up-regulation of IgE responses to BP180 in the patients with pemphigoid. This shows the complexity of T cell phenotype and fine autoreactive specificity in responses to NC16A, in patients and in normal controls. Important disease-associated factors determine the balance of cytokine responses. Of these, specific IL-4 and IgE responses show the strongest associations with pemphigoid, pointing to an important contribution by Th2 cytokines to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Pickford
- The Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Salinas Tejedor L, Gudi V, Kucman V, Pul R, Gingele S, Sühs KW, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Oligodendroglial markers in the cuprizone model of CNS de- and remyelination. Histol Histopathol 2015; 30:1455-64. [PMID: 26110560 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. Since many studies of demyelinating diseases focus their research on this cell type, there is growing interest for obtaining reliable markers that can specifically recognize oligodendroglia. Established markers are the myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor (NogoA), the transcription factor Olig2, and the antibody CC-1, the latter being directed against the protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Unfortunately, it has been discussed whether APC and Olig2 could recognize astrocytes under pathological conditions as well. Hence, we performed immunohistochemical studies using the oligodendroglial markers NogoA, APC, and Olig2 in a murine model of cuprizone induced demyelination. We have found that APC co-localizes with NogoA and does not co-localize with the astrocytic marker GFAP. Olig2 shows co-localization with APC but there is also a small population of Olig2/GFAP double positive cells. Some Olig2/GFAP double positive cells are found in the corpus callosum in a narrow time window in which oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferate in this model. In other brain regions including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and in all regions in untreated control mice double positive Olig2/GFAP cells do not occur. In conclusion, our results underline that APC and NogoA are reliable markers for detection of mature oligodendrocytes. Olig2 is a suitable marker to stain cells of oligodendroglial origin but could be combined with GFAP to exclude the GFAP positive population of cells from the quantification of oligodendroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valeria Kucman
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Skripuletz T, Gudi V, Baumgärtner W, Linker RA, Stangel M. Reply: Beneficial effects of exogenous CDP-choline (citicoline) in EAE. Brain 2015; 138:e389. [PMID: 26001725 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skripuletz
- 1 Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- 1 Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 2 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany 3 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- 1 Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 3 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Skripuletz T, Manzel A, Gropengießer K, Schäfer N, Gudi V, Singh V, Salinas Tejedor L, Jörg S, Hammer A, Voss E, Vulinovic F, Degen D, Wolf R, Lee DH, Pul R, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Baumgärtner W, Gold R, Linker RA, Stangel M. Pivotal role of choline metabolites in remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:398-413. [PMID: 25524711 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective approaches for central nervous system regeneration have not been successful in clinical practice so far and compounds that enhance remyelination are still not available for patients with multiple sclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine potential regenerative effects of the substance cytidine-5'-diphospho (CDP)-choline in two different murine animal models of multiple sclerosis. The effects of exogenously applied CDP-choline were tested in murine myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In addition, the cuprizone-induced mouse model of de- and remyelination was used to specifically test the hypothesis that CDP-choline directly increases remyelination. We found that CDP-choline ameliorated the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and exerted beneficial effects on myelin, oligodendrocytes and axons. After cuprizone-induced demyelination, CDP-choline effectively enhanced myelin regeneration and reversed motor coordination deficits. The increased remyelination arose from an increase in the numbers of proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes. Further in vitro studies suggest that this process is regulated by protein kinase C. We thus identified a new mechanism to enhance central nervous system remyelination via the choline pathway. Due to its regenerative action combined with an excellent safety profile, CDP-choline could become a promising substance for patients with multiple sclerosis as an add-on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skripuletz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Manzel
- 2 Ruhr-University Bochum, International Graduate School of Neuroscience, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nora Schäfer
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jörg
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Hammer
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Voss
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franca Vulinovic
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diane Degen
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Wolf
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - De-Hyung Lee
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany 5 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- 6 Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- 1 Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany 4 Centre for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Prajeeth CK, Beineke A, Iskandar CD, Gudi V, Herder V, Gerhauser I, Haist V, Teich R, Huehn J, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M. Limited role of regulatory T cells during acute Theiler virus-induced encephalitis in resistant C57BL/6 mice. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:180. [PMID: 25391297 PMCID: PMC4236492 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection represents a commonly used infectious animal model to study various aspects of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In susceptible SJL mice, dominant activity of Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the CNS partly contributes to viral persistence and progressive demyelination. On the other hand, resistant C57BL/6 mice rapidly clear the virus by mounting a strong antiviral immune response. However, very little is known about the role of Tregs in regulating antiviral responses during acute encephalitis in resistant mouse strains. Methods In this study, we used DEREG mice that express the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under control of the foxp3 locus to selectively deplete Foxp3+ Tregs by injection of DT prior to infection and studied the effect of Treg depletion on the course of acute Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis (TME). Results As expected, DEREG mice that are on a C57BL/6 background were resistant to TMEV infection and cleared the virus within days of infection, regardless of the presence or absence of Tregs. Nevertheless, in the absence of Tregs we observed priming of stronger effector T cell responses in the periphery, which subsequently resulted in a transient increase in the frequency of IFNγ-producing T cells in the brain at an early stage of infection. Histological and flow cytometric analysis revealed that this transiently increased frequency of brain-infiltrating IFNγ-producing T cells in Treg-depleted mice neither led to an augmented antiviral response nor enhanced inflammation-mediated tissue damage. Intriguingly, Treg depletion did not change the expression of IL-10 in the infected brain, which might play a role for dampening the inflammatory damage caused by the increased number of effector T cells. Conclusion We therefore propose that unlike susceptible mice strains, interfering with the Treg compartment of resistant mice only has negligible effects on virus-induced pathologies in the CNS. Furthermore, in the absence of Tregs, local anti-inflammatory mechanisms might limit the extent of damage caused by strong anti-viral response in the CNS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0180-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittappen K Prajeeth
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Cut Dahlia Iskandar
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany.
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany.
| | - Verena Haist
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany.
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig, D-38124, Germany.
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig, D-38124, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, D-30559, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Wostradowski T, Gudi V, Lindquist J, Lindquist S, Stangel M. Interaction of interferon beta-1b and CXCR4 on T cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bénardais K, Gudi V, Gai L, Neßler J, Singh V, Prajeeth CK, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Long-term impact of neonatal inflammation on demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system. Glia 2014; 62:1659-70. [PMID: 24909143 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal inflammation causes immediate changes of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus may have different consequences in adult life including an impact on neurological diseases such as demyelinating disorders. In order to determine if such a perinatal insult affects the course of demyelination in adulthood as "second hit," we simulated perinatal bacterial inflammation by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to either pregnant mice or newborn animals. Demyelination was later induced in adult animals by cuprizone [bis(cyclohexylidenehydrazide)], which causes oligodendrocyte death with subsequent demyelination accompanied by strong microgliosis and astrogliosis. A single LPS injection at embryonic day 13.5 did not have an impact on demyelination in adulthood. In contrast, serial postnatal LPS injections (P0-P8) caused an early delay of myelin removal in the corpus callosum, which was paralleled by reduced numbers of activated microglia. During remyelination, postnatal LPS treatment enhanced early remyelination with a concomitant increase of mature oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the postnatal LPS challenge impacts the phenotype of microglia since an elevated mRNA expression of microglia related genes such as TREM 2, CD11b, TNF-α, TGF-β1, HGF, FGF-2, and IGF-1 was found in these preconditioned mice during early demyelination. These data demonstrate that postnatal inflammation has long-lasting effects on microglia functions and modifies the course of demyelination and remyelination in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Bénardais
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Gudi V, Gingele S, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:73. [PMID: 24659953 PMCID: PMC3952085 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrogliosis and microglia activation are characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other central nervous system (CNS) lesions the exact functions of these events are not fully understood. Animal models help to understand the complex interplay between the different cell types of the CNS and uncover general mechanisms of damage and repair of myelin sheaths. The so called cuprizone model is a toxic model of demyelination in the CNS white and gray matter, which lacks an autoimmune component. Cuprizone induces apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes that leads to a robust demyelination and profound activation of both astrocytes and microglia with regional heterogeneity between different white and gray matter regions. Although not suitable to study autoimmune mediated demyelination, this model is extremely helpful to elucidate basic cellular and molecular mechanisms during de- and particularly remyelination independently of interactions with peripheral immune cells. Phagocytosis and removal of damaged myelin seems to be one of the major roles of microglia in this model and it is well known that removal of myelin debris is a prerequisite of successful remyelination. Furthermore, microglia provide several signals that support remyelination. The role of astrocytes during de- and remyelination is not well defined. Both supportive and destructive functions have been suggested. Using the cuprizone model we could demonstrate that there is an important crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia. In this review we focus on the role of glial reactions and interaction in the cuprizone model. Advantages and limitations of as well as its potential therapeutic relevance for the human disease MS are critically discussed in comparison to other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
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Bénardais K, Pul R, Singh V, Skripuletz T, Lee DH, Linker RA, Gudi V, Stangel M. Effects of fumaric acid esters on blood-brain barrier tight junction proteins. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:165-70. [PMID: 24076006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of a network of tight junctions (TJ) which interconnect cerebral endothelial cells (EC). Alterations in the TJ proteins are common in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) like multiple sclerosis (MS). Modulation of the BBB could thus represent a therapeutic mechanism. One pathway to modulate BBB integrity could be the induction of nuclear-factor (erythroid derived 2) related factor-2 (Nrf2) mediated oxidative stress responses which are targeted by fumaric acid esters (FAE). Here we analyze effects of FAE on the expression of TJ proteins in the human cerebral endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that dimethylfumarate (DMF) and its primary metabolite monomethylfumarate (MMF) induce the expression of the Nrf2/NQO1 pathway in endothelial cells. Neither MMF nor DMF had a consistent modulatory effect on the expression of TJ molecules in hCMEC/D3 cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα)-induced downregulation of TJ proteins was at least partially reversed by treatment with FAE. However, DMF had no effect on claudin-5 expression in EAE, despite its effect on the clinical score and infiltration of immune cells. These data suggest that the modulation of the BBB is not a major mechanism of action of FAE in inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Bénardais
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Singh V, Prajeeth CK, Gudi V, Bénardais K, Voss EV, Stangel M. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) induces apoptosis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:288-97. [PMID: 23607690 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine, CdA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is licensed to treat hairy cell leukaemia, and has been shown recently to have beneficial effects in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The therapeutic effects of CdA have been suggested to be mediated partly through its potent toxicity towards lymphocytes. However, the effects of CdA on other immune cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CdA on the induction of apoptosis in human monocytes, monocyte-derived immature (ImDC) and mature (mDC) dendritic cells. Treatment of monocytes with CdA strongly induced apoptosis after 24 h, while apoptosis induction in DC was evident after 72 h. Furthermore, CdA treatment strongly induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 in monocytes, whereas activation of caspases was undetected in DC. The mitochondrial membrane potential in DC was reduced significantly after CdA treatment. DNA hypodiploid assessment showed fragmented nuclei in DC after CdA treatment together with activation of p53 protein. These results revealed that CdA induces caspase-independent apoptosis in DC and suggest cell type specific effects of CdA. This mechanism may contribute to the effect of CdA in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Nessler J, Bénardais K, Gudi V, Hoffmann A, Salinas Tejedor L, Janßen S, Prajeeth CK, Baumgärtner W, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, van Velthoven C, Hansmann F, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Effects of murine and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on cuprizone induced demyelination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69795. [PMID: 23922802 PMCID: PMC3724887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis there are no regenerative approaches to enhance remyelination. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been proposed to exert such regenerative functions. Intravenous administration of human MSC reduced the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model mimicking some aspects of multiple sclerosis. However, it is not clear if this effect was achieved by systemic immunomodulation or if there is an active neuroregeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). In order to investigate remyelination and regeneration in the CNS we analysed the effects of intravenously and intranasally applied murine and human bone marrow-derived MSC on cuprizone induced demyelination, a toxic animal model which allows analysis of remyelination without the influence of the peripheral immune system. In contrast to EAE no effects of MSC on de- and remyelination and glial cell reactions were found. In addition, neither murine nor human MSC entered the lesions in the CNS in this toxic model. In conclusion, MSC are not directed into CNS lesions in the cuprizone model where the blood-brain-barrier is intact and thus cannot provide support for regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Nessler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karelle Bénardais
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Janßen
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cobi J. Heijnen
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Velthoven
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Chari A, Rajagopal V, Gudi V. Complication of pellagra in anorexia nervosa. Assoc Med J 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bénardais K, Kotsiari A, Skuljec J, Koutsoudaki PN, Gudi V, Singh V, Vulinović F, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Cuprizone [bis(cyclohexylidenehydrazide)] is selectively toxic for mature oligodendrocytes. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:244-50. [PMID: 23392957 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cuprizone [bis(cyclohexylidenehydrazide)]-induced toxic demyelination is an experimental animal model commonly used to study de- and remyelination in the central nervous system. In this model, mice are fed with the copper chelator cuprizone which leads to oligodendrocyte death with subsequent demyelination. The underlying mechanisms of cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte death are still unknown, and appropriate in vitro investigations to study these mechanisms are not available. Thus, we studied cuprizone effects on rat primary glial cell cultures and on the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Treatment of cells with different concentrations of cuprizone failed to show effects on the proliferation and survival of SH-SY5Y cells, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC). In contrast, differentiated mature oligodendrocytes (OL) were found to be significantly affected by cuprizone treatment. This was accompanied by a reduced mitochondrial potential in cuprizone-treated OL. These results demonstrate that the main toxic target for cuprizone is mature OL, whilst other glial cells including OPC are not or only marginally affected. This explains the selective demyelination induced by cuprizone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Bénardais
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str-1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Knippenberg S, Skripuletz T, Rath KJ, Thau N, Gudi V, Pul R, Körner S, Dengler R, Stangel M, Petri S. CDP-choline is not protective in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2013; 14:284-90. [PMID: 23286744 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2012.745569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Important pathogenic factors in ALS include excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Cytidine 5-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) has recently been reported to have neuroprotective effects in animal models for neurodegenerative diseases, attributable to its anti-glutamatergic, anti-excitotoxic, anti-apoptotic and membrane-preserving properties. In this study we administered either CDP-choline or vehicle to transgenic SOD1-G93A mice daily via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection starting before disease onset (day 30). By monitoring of survival, motor function, weight and general condition we examined possible therapeutic effects. Additional animals were used for histological studies to determine the effect of CDP-choline on motor neuron survival, astrocytosis and myelination in the spinal cord. Results showed that CDP-choline treatment modified neither the deterioration of general condition nor the loss of body weight. Survival of CDP-choline treated animals was not prolonged compared to vehicle treated controls. None of the behavioural motor function tests revealed differences between groups and no differences in motor neuron survival, astrocytosis or myelination were detected by histological analyses. In conclusion, our data from the transgenic mouse model do not strongly support further clinical validation of CDP-choline for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Knippenberg
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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41
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Skripuletz T, Hackstette D, Bauer K, Gudi V, Pul R, Voss E, Berger K, Kipp M, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M. Astrocytes regulate myelin clearance through recruitment of microglia during cuprizone-induced demyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 136:147-67. [PMID: 23266461 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that astrocytes play an important role in regulating de- and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. The role of astrocytes is controversial, and both beneficial as well as detrimental effects are being discussed. We performed loss-of-function studies based on astrocyte depletion in a cuprizone-induced rodent model of demyelination. This led to strong astrogliosis accompanied by microgliosis and demyelination in C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Ablation of astrocytes in glial fibrillary acidic protein-thymidine kinase transgenic mice was associated with a failure of damaged myelin removal and a consecutive delay in remyelination. Despite oligodendrocyte death, myelin was still present, but ultrastructual investigations showed that the myelin structure was loosened and this damaged myelin did not protect axons. These alterations were associated with a decrease in microglial activation. Thus, our results show that astrocyte loss does not prevent myelin damage, but clearance of damaged myelin through recruitment of microglia is impaired. Further studies suggest that this process is regulated by the chemokine CXCL10. As a consequence of the delayed removal of myelin debris, remyelination and oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation were impaired. Experiments omitting the influence of myelin debris demonstrated an additional beneficial effect of astrocytes on oligodendrocyte regeneration during remyelination. In conclusion, these data demonstrate for the first time in vivo that astrocytes provide the signal environment that forms the basis for the recruitment of microglia to clear myelin debris, a process required for subsequent repair mechanisms. This is of great importance to understanding regenerative processes in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str-1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Skripuletz T, Gudi V, Hackstette D, Stangel M. De- and remyelination in the CNS white and grey matter induced by cuprizone: the old, the new, and the unexpected. Histol Histopathol 2012; 26:1585-97. [PMID: 21972097 DOI: 10.14670/hh-26.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The copper chelator cuprizone (bis-cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone) was established as a neurotoxin in rodents in 1966 by Carlton. During the following years the usefulness of cuprizone feeding in mice to induce oligodendrocyte death with secondary demyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncles was described by Blakemore. In 1998 the cuprizone model experienced a renaissance as the group of Matsushima described the effects of cuprizone on the white matter of the cerebrum and focussed on demyelination in the corpus callosum, where the extent of demyelination could be scored more easily and consistently. Since then the toxic cuprizone model has been widely used to study experimental de- and remyelination in the corpus callosum. Recently, we and others have extended these studies and have shown several new aspects characteristic for this model. Many lessons can be learned from these recent findings that have implications for the basic understanding of remyelination and the design of remyelinating and neuroprotective strategies in demyelinating diseases of the CNS. Although the model is often mentioned in the context of multiple sclerosis, it must always be kept in mind that this model has a fundamentally different induction of demyelination. We highlight the important findings delineated from this model and critically discuss both the advantages and the shortcomings of cuprizone induced demyelination.
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Voss EV, Škuljec J, Gudi V, Skripuletz T, Pul R, Trebst C, Stangel M. Characterisation of microglia during de- and remyelination: can they create a repair promoting environment? Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:519-28. [PMID: 21971527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a key role in the initiation and perpetuation of de- and remyelination because of their ability to present antigens and clear cell debris by phagocytosis. Different factors expressed or secreted by microglia seem to play an important role in regenerative processes. But it remains unclear which factors lead to a protective microglial phenotype and recent data indicate region-specific differences within the central nervous system (CNS) for both de-/remyelination and microglial response. In order to identify important factors that promote neuroprotection, we examined changes in microglial phenotypes in the cuprizone model. We undertook an extensive and detailed analysis of the expression of surface markers as well as cytokines, growth factors, and the phagocytosis activity of microglia. We found a pronounced increase of phagocytosis activity of microglia during demyelination associated with an upregulation of phagocytic receptors, from which TREM-2b was the most prominent. The expression of MHC II was only increased at the peak of demyelination but costimulatory molecules showed no significant changes. Interestingly, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α was upregulated while the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß remained unchanged. The growth factors IFG-1 and FGF-2, which were both suggested to promote remyelination, were increased during demyelination. Our findings characterise changes of microglial markers during de- and remyelination indicating that debris clearance mediated via TREM-2b plays a central role in the regulation of these processes. Microglial phagocytosis as well as production of TNF-α, IGF-1, and FGF-2 seems to be important factors for the creation of an environment promoting regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Verena Voss
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Gudi V, Škuljec J, Yildiz Ö, Frichert K, Skripuletz T, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Voß E, Wissel K, Wolter S, Stangel M. Spatial and temporal profiles of growth factor expression during CNS demyelination reveal the dynamics of repair priming. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22623. [PMID: 21818353 PMCID: PMC3144923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is the cause of disability in various neurological disorders. It is therefore crucial to understand the molecular regulation of oligodendrocytes, the myelin forming cells in the CNS. Growth factors are known to be essential for the development and maintenance of oligodendrocytes and are involved in the regulation of glial responses in various pathological conditions. We employed the well established murine cuprizone model of toxic demyelination to analyze the expression of 13 growth factors in the CNS during de- and remyelination. The temporal mRNA expression profile during demyelination and the subsequent remyelination were analyzed separately in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex using laser microdissection and real-time PCR techniques. During demyelination a similar pattern of growth factor mRNA expression was observed in both areas with a strong up-regulation of NRG1 and GDNF and a slight increase of CNTF in the first week of cuprizone treatment. HGF, FGF-2, LIF, IGF-I, and TGF-ß1 were up-regulated mainly during peak demyelination. In contrast, during remyelination there were regional differences in growth factor mRNA expression levels. GDNF, CNTF, HGF, FGF-2, and BDNF were elevated in the corpus callosum but not in the cortex, suggesting tissue differences in the molecular regulation of remyelination in the white and grey matter. To clarify the cellular source we isolated microglia from the cuprizone lesions. GDNF, IGF-1, and FGF mRNA were detected in the microglial fraction with a temporal pattern corresponding to that from whole tissue PCR. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis revealed IGF-1 protein expression also in the reactive astrocytes. CNTF was located in astrocytes. This study identified seven different temporal expression patterns for growth factors in white and grey matter and demonstrated the importance of early tissue priming and exact orchestration of different steps during callosal and cortical de- and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jelena Škuljec
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Özlem Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Elke Voß
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Wissel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wolter
- Department of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Koutsoudaki PN, Hildebrandt H, Gudi V, Skripuletz T, Škuljec J, Stangel M. Remyelination after cuprizone induced demyelination is accelerated in mice deficient in the polysialic acid synthesizing enzyme St8siaIV. Neuroscience 2010; 171:235-44. [PMID: 20833231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a carbohydrate polymer added post-translationally on the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) affecting its adhesion properties. It has been suggested that the presence of PSA in demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis could prevent axon-glia interactions inhibiting spontaneous remyelination. The enzyme St8siaIV is one of the two polysialyltransferases responsible for PSA synthesis, and it is predominantly active during adult life. Here we treated 8-10-weeks old St8siaIV deficient and wild-type mice for 5 weeks with cuprizone, which is a reliable model for de- and remyelination in the corpus callosum and cortex. Developmental myelination of the St8siaIV knock-out mice was not disturbed and adult mice showed normal myelin protein expression. Demyelination did not differ between transgenic and wild-type mice but early myelin protein re-expression and thus remyelination were accelerated in St8siaIV knock-out mice during the first week after withdrawal of the toxin. This was mainly due to enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) differentiation and to a lesser extent to OPC recruitment. These data are proof of principle that PSA expression interferes at least to some extent with remyelination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Koutsoudaki
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street-1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
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Moharregh-Khiabani D, Blank A, Skripuletz T, Miller E, Kotsiari A, Gudi V, Stangel M. Effects of fumaric acids on cuprizone induced central nervous system de- and remyelination in the mouse. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11769. [PMID: 20668697 PMCID: PMC2909255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are a group of compounds which are currently under investigation as an oral treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. One of the suggested modes of action is the potential of FAE to exert a neuroprotective effect. Methodology/Principal Findings We have investigated the impact of monomethylfumarate (MMF) and dimethylfumaric acid (DMF) on de- and remyelination using the toxic cuprizone model where the blood-brain-barrier remains intact and only scattered T-cells and peripheral macrophages are found in the central nervous system (CNS), thus excluding the influence of immunomodulatory effects on peripheral immune cells. FAE showed marginally accelerated remyelination in the corpus callosum compared to controls. However, we found no differences for demyelination and glial reactions in vivo and no cytoprotective effect on oligodendroglial cells in vitro. In contrast, DMF had a significant inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide burst in microglia and induced apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Conclusions These results contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of action of fumaric acids. Our data suggest that fumarates have no or only little direct protective effects on oligodendrocytes in this toxic model and may act rather indirectly via the modulation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Blank
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Elvira Miller
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gudi V, Chan SK, Laroche C, Ford HER, Darrah R, Love K. Localized bilateral lymphoedema of the ear lobes secondary to mesothelioma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:e317. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bußmann JH, Skripuletz T, Gudi V, Koutsoudaki P, Pul R, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Lindner M, Stangel M. De- und Remyelinisierung des Kleinhirnkortex im Cuprizone Mausmodell. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gudi V, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Skripuletz T, Koutsoudaki PN, Kotsiari A, Skuljec J, Trebst C, Stangel M. Regional differences between grey and white matter in cuprizone induced demyelination. Brain Res 2009; 1283:127-38. [PMID: 19524552 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cuprizone feeding is a commonly used model to study experimental de- and remyelination, with the corpus callosum being the most frequently investigated white matter tract. We have previously shown that demyelination is also extensive in the cerebral cortex in the cuprizone model. In the current study, we have performed a detailed analysis of the dynamics of demyelination in the cortex in comparison to the corpus callosum. Prominent and almost complete demyelination in the corpus callosum was observed after 4.5-5 weeks of 0.2% cuprizone feeding, whereas complete cortical demyelination was only observed after 6 weeks of cuprizone feeding. Interestingly, remyelination in the corpus callosum occurred even before the termination of cuprizone administration. Accumulation of microglia in the corpus callosum started as early as week 3 reaching its maximum at week 4.5 and was still significantly elevated at week 6 of cuprizone treatment. Within the cortex only a few scattered activated microglial cells were found. Furthermore, the intensity of astrogliosis, accumulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and nestin positive cells differed between the two areas investigated. The time course and dynamics of demyelination differ in the corpus callosum and in the cortex, suggesting different underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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50
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Skripuletz T, Bussmann JH, Gudi V, Koutsoudaki PN, Pul R, Moharregh-Khiabani D, Lindner M, Stangel M. Cerebellar cortical demyelination in the murine cuprizone model. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:301-12. [PMID: 19371354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, demyelination occurs beside the white-matter structures and in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. We have previously shown that, in the cuprizone model, demyelination is present not only in the corpus callosum but also in the cerebral cortex. Here, we have performed a detailed analysis of the dynamics of de- and remyelination in the cerebellar cortex and white matter at nine timepoints in two cerebellar regions. To induce demyelination, C57BL/6 mice were fed with 0.2% cuprizone for 12 weeks followed by a recovery of 8 weeks. Both cortex and white-matter structures were significantly demyelinated after 12 weeks of cuprizone feeding. Remyelination occurred after withdrawal of cuprizone but was less prominent in the more caudal cerebellar region. Microglia infiltration was prominent in all analyzed cerebellar areas, preceding demyelination by approximately 2-4 weeks, and was delayed in the more caudal cerebellar region. Astrogliosis was also seen but did not reach the extent observed in the cerebrum. In summary, cuprizone feeding provides an excellent model for the investigation of de- and remyelination processes in the cerebellar cortex and white matter. Furthermore, demyelination, microglia and astrocyte changes were different in the cerebellum as compared with the cerebrum, indicating region-dependent pathomechanisms.
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