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He N, Lang X, Wang C, Lv C, Li M, Sun R, Zhang J. Expression of MSTN/Smad signaling pathway genes and its association with meat quality in Tibetan sheep ( Ovis aries). Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1836-1845. [PMID: 37051366 PMCID: PMC10084970 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibetan sheep is a unique breed living in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Since MSTN/Smad signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of muscle development, we aimed to study the mutton quality, mRNA expression of main transduction genes in the MSTN/Smad signaling pathway, and the effects of those genes on the mutton quality of Tibetan sheep in this study. Six-month-old Qinghai-Tibetan sheep were selected, slaughtered, and their Longissimus lumborum, semitendinosus muscle, arm triceps, and quadriceps femoris muscle were collected. The mutton quality was evaluated, and gene expression and their association with the mutton quality were analyzed using RT-qPCR. The results showed that the indexes of mutton quality were not significantly different between ewes and rams (p > .05) except for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) (p < .05). A total of 21 different fatty acids were detected in the muscles of Tibetan sheep, including nine types of SFA, four types of MUFA, and eight types of PUFA. The main transduction genes of the MSTN/Smad signaling pathway were found to be widely expressed in muscle tissues, but no significant differences were observed (p > .05). The correlation analysis of the main genes and mutton quality showed that MSTN was significantly correlated with redness and cooking time; Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and TGFβRI had significant positive correlations with marbling in arm triceps; Smad3 and TGFβRII had strong negative correlations with pH24 h in Longissimus lumborum; Smad2 was negatively correlated with drip loss in Longissimus lumborum. In short, the expression level of MSTN in muscles was positively correlated with Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 genes and negatively correlated with TGFβRII genes. Thus, the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the regulation mechanism of the MSTN/Smad pathway on mutton quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na He
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai UniversityXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Xia Lang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cattle and Sheep Germplasm and Straw FodderGansu Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Cailian Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Cattle and Sheep Germplasm and Straw FodderGansu Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Cailing Lv
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai UniversityXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Mingming Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai UniversityXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Ruizhe Sun
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai UniversityXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Junxia Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization Key Laboratory of Qinghai ProvinceQinghai UniversityXiningQinghaiChina
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Chugh D, Iyer CC, Bobbili P, Blatnik AJ, Kaspar BK, Meyer K, Burghes AH, Clark BC, Arnold WD. Voluntary wheel running with and without follistatin overexpression improves NMJ transmission but not motor unit loss in late life of C57BL/6J mice. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:285-296. [PMID: 33678425 PMCID: PMC8122043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, or pathological loss of muscle mass and strength during aging, is an important contributor to loss of physical function in older adults. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome associated with intrinsic muscle and upstream neurological dysfunction. Exercise is well-established as an effective intervention for sarcopenia, but less is known about the long-term neurobiological impact of exercise. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of exercise, alone or in combination with follistatin (FST) overexpression (antagonist of myostatin), on neuromuscular junction transmission and motor unit numbers in mice between the age of 22 and 27 months, ages at which prior studies have demonstrated that some motor unit loss is already evident. C57BL/6J mice underwent baseline assessment and were randomized to housing with or without voluntary running wheels and injection with adeno-associated virus to overexpress FST or vehicle. Groups for comparison included sedentary and running with and without FST. Longitudinal assessments showed significantly increased muscle mass and contractility in the 'running plus FST' group, but running, with and without FST, showed no effect on motor unit degeneration. In contrast, running, with and without FST, demonstrated marked improvement of neuromuscular junction transmission stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Chugh
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chitra C Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Prameela Bobbili
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anton J Blatnik
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arthur Hm Burghes
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute & the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, OH, USA
| | - W David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Almuhanna AH, Cahalan SD, Lane A, Goodwin D, Perkins J, Piercy RJ. Optimisation and validation of immunohistochemical axonal markers for morphological and functional characterisation of equine peripheral nerves. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1188-1198. [PMID: 33338316 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses are affected by various peripheral nerve disorders but defining their aetiology and pathophysiology is hampered by limited understanding of associated morphological and pathological changes and involvement of specific axonal types. OBJECTIVES To investigate the hypothesis that selected antibody markers, used in conjunction with various tissue processing methods, would enable identification of axons with different functional modalities within a range of equine peripheral nerves. STUDY DESIGN Optimisation and validation study. METHODS A range of antibodies were evaluated immunohistochemically via fluorescence confocal microscopy in cadaver equine nerve samples of primary motor, mixed or primary sensory functions (recurrent laryngeal, phrenic and plantar digital) within formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and formalin-fixed frozen (FFF) tissues subjected to different antigen retrieval protocols. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry of FFPE-derived nerve samples with selected antibodies and specific antigen retrieval methods enabled identification of myelinated and unmyelinated axons, cholinergic, sympathetic and peptidergic axons. The recurrent laryngeal and phrenic nerves are composed of myelinated cholinergic (motor), myelinated sensory fibres, unmyelinated adrenergic (sympathetic) axons and unmyelinated peptidergic (sensory) axons. In contrast, as expected, the plantar digital nerve had no myelinated motor fibres being mainly composed of myelinated sensory fibres, unmyelinated sympathetic and unmyelinated peptidergic sensory axons. MAIN LIMITATION Attempts specifically to label parasympathetic fibres were unsuccessful in any nerve examined in both FFPE and FFF tissues. CONCLUSIONS A panel of antibody markers can be used to reveal morphological and functional properties of equine nerves. Future work should enable better characterisation of morphological changes in equine neuropathies at various stages of disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz H Almuhanna
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Stephen D Cahalan
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Annette Lane
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - David Goodwin
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Justin Perkins
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Richard J Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
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Similar sequences but dissimilar biological functions of GDF11 and myostatin. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1673-1693. [PMID: 33077875 PMCID: PMC8080601 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (MSTN) are closely related TGFβ family members that are often believed to serve similar functions due to their high homology. However, genetic studies in animals provide clear evidence that they perform distinct roles. While the loss of Mstn leads to hypermuscularity, the deletion of Gdf11 results in abnormal skeletal patterning and organ development. The perinatal lethality of Gdf11-null mice, which contrasts with the long-term viability of Mstn-null mice, has led most research to focus on utilizing recombinant GDF11 proteins to investigate the postnatal functions of GDF11. However, the reported outcomes of the exogenous application of recombinant GDF11 proteins are controversial partly because of the different sources and qualities of recombinant GDF11 used and because recombinant GDF11 and MSTN proteins are nearly indistinguishable due to their similar structural and biochemical properties. Here, we analyze the similarities and differences between GDF11 and MSTN from an evolutionary point of view and summarize the current understanding of the biological processing, signaling, and physiological functions of GDF11 and MSTN. Finally, we discuss the potential use of recombinant GDF11 as a therapeutic option for a wide range of medical conditions and the possible adverse effects of GDF11 inhibition mediated by MSTN inhibitors.
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Tavoian D, Arnold WD, Mort SC, de Lacalle S. Sex differences in body composition but not neuromuscular function following long-term, doxycycline-induced reduction in circulating levels of myostatin in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225283. [PMID: 31751423 PMCID: PMC6872155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related declines in muscle function result from changes in muscle structure and contractile properties, as well as from neural adaptations. Blocking myostatin to drive muscle growth is one potential therapeutic approach. While the effects of myostatin depletion on muscle characteristics are well established, we have very little understanding of its effects on the neural system. Here we assess the effects of long-term, post-developmental myostatin reduction on electrophysiological motor unit characteristics and body composition in aging mice. We used male (N = 21) and female (N = 26) mice containing a tetracycline-inducible system to delete the myostatin gene in skeletal muscle. Starting at 12 months of age, half of the mice were administered doxycycline (tetracycline) through their chow for one year. During that time we measured food intake, body composition, and hindlimb electromyographic responses. Doxycycline-induced myostatin reduction had no effect on motor unit properties for either sex, though significant age-dependent declines in motor unit number occurred in all mice. However, treatment with doxycycline induced different changes in body composition between sexes. All female mice increased in total, lean and fat mass, but doxycycline-treated female mice experienced a significantly larger increase in lean mass than controls. All male mice also increased total and lean mass, but administration of doxycycline had no effect. Additionally, doxycycline-treated male mice maintained their fat mass at baseline levels, while the control group experienced a significant increase from baseline and compared to the doxycycline treated group. Our results show that long-term administration of doxycycline results in body composition adaptations that are distinctive between male and female mice, and that the effects of myostatin reduction are most pronounced during the first three months of treatment. We also report that age-related changes in motor unit number are not offset by reduced myostatin levels, despite increased lean mass exhibited by female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Tavoian
- Program in Translational Biomedical Sciences, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - W. David Arnold
- Departments of Neurology, PM&R, and Neuroscience, and Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Sophia C. Mort
- Program in Translational Biomedical Sciences, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Sonsoles de Lacalle
- Sonsoles de Lacalle, Department of Biomedical Sciences,1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Augustin H, McGourty K, Steinert JR, Cochemé HM, Adcott J, Cabecinha M, Vincent A, Halff EF, Kittler JT, Boucrot E, Partridge L. Myostatin-like proteins regulate synaptic function and neuronal morphology. Development 2017; 144:2445-2455. [PMID: 28533206 PMCID: PMC5536874 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors of the TGFβ superfamily play key roles in regulating neuronal and muscle function. Myostatin (or GDF8) and GDF11 are potent negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. However, expression of myostatin and its cognate receptors in other tissues, including brain and peripheral nerves, suggests a potential wider biological role. Here, we show that Myoglianin (MYO), the Drosophila homolog of myostatin and GDF11, regulates not only body weight and muscle size, but also inhibits neuromuscular synapse strength and composition in a Smad2-dependent manner. Both myostatin and GDF11 affected synapse formation in isolated rat cortical neuron cultures, suggesting an effect on synaptogenesis beyond neuromuscular junctions. We also show that MYO acts in vivo to inhibit synaptic transmission between neurons in the escape response neural circuit of adult flies. Thus, these anti-myogenic proteins act as important inhibitors of synapse function and neuronal growth. Summary: Myostatin-like proteins can modulate neuromuscular synapse strength as well as synaptogenesis beyond neuromuscular junctions, highlighting a key role for these proteins in synapse function and neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Augustin
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joern R Steinert
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, ICTEM Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jennifer Adcott
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Melissa Cabecinha
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alec Vincent
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Els F Halff
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
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Jones MR, Villalón E, Northcutt AJ, Calcutt NA, Garcia ML. Differential effects of myostatin deficiency on motor and sensory axons. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:E100-E107. [PMID: 28073155 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deletion of myostatin in mice (MSTN-/- ) alters structural properties of peripheral axons. However, properties like axon diameter and myelin thickness were analyzed in mixed nerves, so it is unclear whether loss of myostatin affects motor, sensory, or both types of axons. METHODS Using the MSTN-/- mouse model, we analyzed the effects of increasing the number of muscle fibers on axon diameter, myelin thickness, and internode length in motor and sensory axons. RESULTS Axon diameter and myelin thickness were increased in motor axons of MSTN-/- mice without affecting internode length or axon number. The number of sensory axons was increased without affecting their structural properties. DISCUSSION These results suggest that motor and sensory axons establish structural properties by independent mechanisms. Moreover, in motor axons, instructive cues from the neuromuscular junction may play a role in co-regulating axon diameter and myelin thickness, whereas internode length is established independently. Muscle Nerve 56: E100-E107, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 East Rollins Road, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Eric Villalón
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 East Rollins Road, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Adam J Northcutt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael L Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 East Rollins Road, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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Stantzou A, Ueberschlag-Pitiot V, Thomasson R, Furling D, Bonnieu A, Amthor H, Ferry A. Effect of constitutive inactivation of the myostatin gene on the gain in muscle strength during postnatal growth in two murine models. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:254-261. [PMID: 27312354 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of constitutive inactivation of the gene encoding myostatin on the gain in muscle performance during postnatal growth has not been well characterized. METHODS We analyzed 2 murine myostatin knockout (KO) models, (i) the Lee model (KOLee ) and (ii) the Grobet model (KOGrobet ), and measured the contraction of tibialis anterior muscle in situ. RESULTS Absolute maximal isometric force was increased in 6-month-old KOLee and KOGrobet mice, as compared to wild-type mice. Similarly, absolute maximal power was increased in 6-month-old KOLee mice. In contrast, specific maximal force (relative maximal force per unit of muscle mass was decreased in all 6-month-old male and female KO mice, except in 6-month-old female KOGrobet mice, whereas specific maximal power was reduced only in male KOLee mice. CONCLUSIONS Genetic inactivation of myostatin increases maximal force and power, but in return it reduces muscle quality, particularly in male mice. Muscle Nerve 55: 254-261, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Stantzou
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Unité de formation et de recherche des sciences de la santé des sciences, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Vanessa Ueberschlag-Pitiot
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Remi Thomasson
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Denis Furling
- Sorbonne Universités CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- INRA, Université Montpellier, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Helge Amthor
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Unité de formation et de recherche des sciences de la santé des sciences, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Sorbonne Universités CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Dalkin W, Taetzsch T, Valdez G. The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27585036 DOI: 10.3791/54186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) undergoes deleterious structural and functional changes as a result of aging, injury and disease. Thus, it is imperative to understand the cellular and molecular changes involved in maintaining and repairing NMJs. For this purpose, we have developed a method to reliably and consistently examine regenerating NMJs in mice. This nerve injury method involves crushing the common fibular nerve as it passes over the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle tendon near the knee. Using 70 day old female mice, we demonstrate that motor axons begin to reinnervate previous postsynaptic targets within 7 days post-crush. They completely reoccupy their previous synaptic areas by 12 days. To determine the reliability of this injury method, we compared reinnervation rates between individual 70 day old female mice. We found that the number of reinnervated postsynaptic sites was similar between mice at 7, 9, and 12 days post-crush. To determine if this injury assay can also be used to compare molecular changes in muscles, we examined levels of the gamma-subunit of the muscle nicotinic receptor (gamma-AChR) and the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK). The gamma-AChR subunit and MuSK to are highly upregulated following denervation and return to normal levels following reinnervation of NMJs. We found a close relationship between transcript levels for these genes and innervation status of muscles. We believe that this method will accelerate our understanding of the cellular and molecular changes involved in repairing the NMJ and other synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dalkin
- Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech; Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech
| | | | - Gregorio Valdez
- Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech; Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech;
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Latres E, Pangilinan J, Miloscio L, Bauerlein R, Na E, Potocky TB, Huang Y, Eckersdorff M, Rafique A, Mastaitis J, Lin C, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Gromada J, Stitt T. Myostatin blockade with a fully human monoclonal antibody induces muscle hypertrophy and reverses muscle atrophy in young and aged mice. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:34. [PMID: 26457176 PMCID: PMC4600334 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function in humans is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The role of myostatin as a key negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and function has supported the concept that inactivation of myostatin could be a useful approach for treating muscle wasting diseases. Methods We generated a myostatin monoclonal blocking antibody (REGN1033) and characterized its effects in vitro using surface plasmon resonance biacore and cell-based Smad2/3 signaling assays. REGN1033 was tested in mice for the ability to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy and prevent atrophy induced by immobilization, hindlimb suspension, or dexamethasone. The effect of REGN1033 on exercise training was tested in aged mice. Messenger RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and ex vivo force measurements were performed on skeletal muscle samples from REGN1033-treated mice. Results The human monoclonal antibody REGN1033 is a specific and potent myostatin antagonist. Chronic treatment of mice with REGN1033 increased muscle fiber size, muscle mass, and force production. REGN1033 prevented the loss of muscle mass induced by immobilization, glucocorticoid treatment, or hindlimb unweighting and increased the gain of muscle mass during recovery from pre-existing atrophy. In aged mice, REGN1033 increased muscle mass and strength and improved physical performance during treadmill exercise. Conclusions We show that specific myostatin antagonism with the human antibody REGN1033 enhanced muscle mass and function in young and aged mice and had beneficial effects in models of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Latres
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jeffrey Pangilinan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Lawrence Miloscio
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Roy Bauerlein
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Erqian Na
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Terra B Potocky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Mark Eckersdorff
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Ashique Rafique
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jason Mastaitis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Calvin Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jesper Gromada
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Trevor Stitt
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
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Smith RC, Lin BK. Myostatin inhibitors as therapies for muscle wasting associated with cancer and other disorders. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2013; 7:352-60. [PMID: 24157714 PMCID: PMC3819341 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent progress in the development of myostatin inhibitors for the treatment of muscle wasting disorders. It also focuses on findings in myostatin biology that may have implications for the development of antimyostatin therapies. RECENT FINDINGS There has been progress in evaluating antimyostatin therapies in animal models of muscle wasting disorders. Some programs have progressed into clinical development with initial results showing positive impact on muscle volume.In normal mice myostatin deficiency results in enlarged muscles with increased total force but decreased specific force (total force/total mass). An increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis without concomitant satellite cell proliferation and fusion leads to muscle hypertrophy with unchanged myonuclear number. A specific force reduction is not observed when atrophied muscle, the predominant therapeutic target of myostatin inhibitor therapy, is made myostatindeficient.Myostatin has been shown to be expressed by a number of tumor cell lines in mice and man. SUMMARY Myostatin inhibition remains a promising therapeutic strategy for a range of muscle wasting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund C Smith
- aBiotechnology Discovery Research bOncology Business Unit, Eli Lilly and Company
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Schirwis E, Agbulut O, Vadrot N, Mouisel E, Hourdé C, Bonnieu A, Butler-Browne G, Amthor H, Ferry A. The beneficial effect of myostatin deficiency on maximal muscle force and power is attenuated with age. Exp Gerontol 2012. [PMID: 23201547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged effect of myostatin deficiency on muscle performance in knockout mice has as yet been only poorly investigated. We have demonstrated that absolute maximal force is increased in 6-month old female and male knockout mice and 2-year old female knockout mice as compared to age- and sex-matched wildtype mice. Similarly, absolute maximal power is increased by myostatin deficiency in 6-month old female and male knockout mice but not in 2-year old female knockout mice. The increases we observed were greater in 6-month old female than in male knockout mice and can primarily result from muscle hypertrophy. In contrast, fatigue resistance was decreased in 6-month old knockout mice of both sexes as compared to age- and sex-matched wildtype mice. Moreover, in contrast to 2-year old female wildtype mice, aging in 2-year old knockout mice reduced absolute maximal force and power of both sexes as compared to their younger counterparts, although muscle weight did not change. These age-related decreases were lower in 2-year old female than in 2-year old male knockout mice. Together these results suggest that the beneficial effect of myostatin deficiency on absolute maximal force and power is greater in young (versus old) mice and female (versus male) mice. Most of these effects of myostatin deficiency are related neither to changes in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins nor to the slow to fast fiber type transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schirwis
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR S794, INSERM, U974, CNRS UMR7215, Institut de Myologie, Paris F-75013, France
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