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Dos Santos E, Cochemé HM. How does a fly die? Insights into ageing from the pathophysiology of Drosophila mortality. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01158-4. [PMID: 38642259 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a common animal model in ageing research. Large populations of flies are used to study the impact of genetic, nutritional and pharmacological interventions on survival. However, the processes through which flies die and their relative prevalence in Drosophila populations are still comparatively unknown. Understanding the causes of death in an animal model is essential to dissect the lifespan-extending interventions that are organism- or disease-specific from those broadly applicable to ageing. Here, we review the pathophysiological processes that can lead to fly death and discuss their relation to ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliano Dos Santos
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
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2
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Lennicke C, Cochemé HM. Redox metabolism: ROS as specific molecular regulators of cell signaling and function. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3691-3707. [PMID: 34547234 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions are intrinsically linked to energy metabolism. Therefore, redox processes are indispensable for organismal physiology and life itself. The term reactive oxygen species (ROS) describes a set of distinct molecular oxygen derivatives produced during normal aerobic metabolism. Multiple ROS-generating and ROS-eliminating systems actively maintain the intracellular redox state, which serves to mediate redox signaling and regulate cellular functions. ROS, in particular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are able to reversibly oxidize critical, redox-sensitive cysteine residues on target proteins. These oxidative post-translational modifications (PTMs) can control the biological activity of numerous enzymes and transcription factors (TFs), as well as their cellular localization or interactions with binding partners. In this review, we describe the diverse roles of redox regulation in the context of physiological cellular metabolism and provide insights into the pathophysiology of diseases when redox homeostasis is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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3
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Lennicke C, Dos Santos E, Cochemé HM. Sugar-induced dysregulation of purine metabolism impacts lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24479-24480. [PMID: 33361527 PMCID: PMC7803513 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 8QA, UK
| | - Eliano Dos Santos
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 8QA, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 8QA, UK
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4
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Bjedov I, Cochemé HM, Foley A, Wieser D, Woodling NS, Castillo-Quan JI, Norvaisas P, Lujan C, Regan JC, Toivonen JM, Murphy MP, Thornton J, Kinghorn KJ, Neufeld TP, Cabreiro F, Partridge L. Fine-tuning autophagy maximises lifespan and is associated with changes in mitochondrial gene expression in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009083. [PMID: 33253201 PMCID: PMC7738165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased cellular degradation by autophagy is a feature of many interventions that delay ageing. We report here that increased autophagy is necessary for reduced insulin-like signalling (IIS) to extend lifespan in Drosophila and is sufficient on its own to increase lifespan. We first established that the well-characterised lifespan extension associated with deletion of the insulin receptor substrate chico was completely abrogated by downregulation of the essential autophagy gene Atg5. We next directly induced autophagy by over-expressing the major autophagy kinase Atg1 and found that a mild increase in autophagy extended lifespan. Interestingly, strong Atg1 up-regulation was detrimental to lifespan. Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches identified specific signatures mediated by varying levels of autophagy in flies. Transcriptional upregulation of mitochondrial-related genes was the signature most specifically associated with mild Atg1 upregulation and extended lifespan, whereas short-lived flies, possessing strong Atg1 overexpression, showed reduced mitochondrial metabolism and up-regulated immune system pathways. Increased proteasomal activity and reduced triacylglycerol levels were features shared by both moderate and high Atg1 overexpression conditions. These contrasting effects of autophagy on ageing and differential metabolic profiles highlight the importance of fine-tuning autophagy levels to achieve optimal healthspan and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjedov
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helena M. Cochemé
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Foley
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Wieser
- EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel S. Woodling
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston MA, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Povilas Norvaisas
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celia Lujan
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer C. Regan
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janne M. Toivonen
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- LAGENBIO, Facultad de Veterinaria-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, the Keith Peters Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Thornton
- EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kerri J. Kinghorn
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P. Neufeld
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Filipe Cabreiro
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Ageing and age-related diseases are major challenges for the social, economic and healthcare systems of our society. Amongst many theories, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as a driver of the ageing process. As by-products of aerobic metabolism, ROS are able to randomly oxidise macromolecules, causing intracellular damage that accumulates over time and ultimately leads to dysfunction and cell death. However, the genetic overexpression of enzymes involved in the detoxification of ROS or treatment with antioxidants did not generally extend lifespan, prompting a re-evaluation of the causal role for ROS in ageing. More recently, ROS have emerged as key players in normal cellular signalling by oxidising redox-sensitive cysteine residues within proteins. Therefore, while high levels of ROS may be harmful and induce oxidative stress, low levels of ROS may actually be beneficial as mediators of redox signalling. In this context, enhancing ROS production in model organisms can extend lifespan, with biological effects dependent on the site, levels, and specific species of ROS. In this review, we examine the role of ROS in ageing, with a particular focus on the importance of the fruit fly Drosophila as a powerful model system to study redox processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Helena M. Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
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6
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van Dam E, van Leeuwen LAG, Dos Santos E, James J, Best L, Lennicke C, Vincent AJ, Marinos G, Foley A, Buricova M, Mokochinski JB, Kramer HB, Lieb W, Laudes M, Franke A, Kaleta C, Cochemé HM. Sugar-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are Uncoupled from Shortened Survival in Drosophila. Cell Metab 2020; 31:710-725.e7. [PMID: 32197072 PMCID: PMC7156915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-sugar diets cause thirst, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation, leading to diseases including type 2 diabetes and shortened lifespan. However, the impact of obesity and water imbalance on health and survival is complex and difficult to disentangle. Here, we show that high sugar induces dehydration in adult Drosophila, and water supplementation fully rescues their lifespan. Conversely, the metabolic defects are water-independent, showing uncoupling between sugar-induced obesity and insulin resistance with reduced survival in vivo. High-sugar diets promote accumulation of uric acid, an end-product of purine catabolism, and the formation of renal stones, a process aggravated by dehydration and physiological acidification. Importantly, regulating uric acid production impacts on lifespan in a water-dependent manner. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis in a human cohort reveals that dietary sugar intake strongly predicts circulating purine levels. Our model explains the pathophysiology of high-sugar diets independently of obesity and insulin resistance and highlights purine metabolism as a pro-longevity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Dam
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lucie A G van Leeuwen
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eliano Dos Santos
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joel James
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lena Best
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alec J Vincent
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Georgios Marinos
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Foley
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Buricova
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joao B Mokochinski
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger B Kramer
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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7
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van Leeuwen LAG, Hinchy EC, Murphy MP, Robb EL, Cochemé HM. Click-PEGylation - A mobility shift approach to assess the redox state of cysteines in candidate proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:374-382. [PMID: 28366801 PMCID: PMC5488967 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The redox state of cysteine thiols is critical for protein function. Whereas cysteines play an important role in the maintenance of protein structure through the formation of internal disulfides, their nucleophilic thiol groups can become oxidatively modified in response to diverse redox challenges and thereby function in signalling and antioxidant defences. These oxidative modifications occur in response to a range of agents and stimuli, and can lead to the existence of multiple redox states for a given protein. To assess the role(s) of a protein in redox signalling and antioxidant defence, it is thus vital to be able to assess which of the multiple thiol redox states are present and to investigate how these alter under different conditions. While this can be done by a range of mass spectrometric-based methods, these are time-consuming, costly, and best suited to study abundant proteins or to perform an unbiased proteomic screen. One approach that can facilitate a targeted assessment of candidate proteins, as well as proteins that are low in abundance or proteomically challenging, is by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Redox-modified cysteine residues are selectively tagged with a large group, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer, and then the proteins are separated by electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting, which allows the inference of redox changes based on band shifts. However, the applicability of this method has been impaired by the difficulty of cleanly modifying protein thiols by large PEG reagents. To establish a more robust method for redox-selective PEGylation, we have utilised a Click chemistry approach, where free thiol groups are first labelled with a reagent modified to contain an alkyne moiety, which is subsequently Click-reacted with a PEG molecule containing a complementary azide function. This strategy can be adapted to study reversibly reduced or oxidised cysteines. Separation of the thiol labelling step from the PEG conjugation greatly facilitates the fidelity and flexibility of this approach. Here we show how the Click-PEGylation technique can be used to interrogate the redox state of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A G van Leeuwen
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Hinchy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ellen L Robb
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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8
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Augustin H, McGourty K, Steinert JR, Cochemé HM, Adcott J, Cabecinha M, Vincent A, Halff EF, Kittler JT, Boucrot E, Partridge L. Myostatin-like proteins regulate synaptic function and neuronal morphology. Development 2017; 144:2445-2455. [PMID: 28533206 PMCID: PMC5536874 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors of the TGFβ superfamily play key roles in regulating neuronal and muscle function. Myostatin (or GDF8) and GDF11 are potent negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. However, expression of myostatin and its cognate receptors in other tissues, including brain and peripheral nerves, suggests a potential wider biological role. Here, we show that Myoglianin (MYO), the Drosophila homolog of myostatin and GDF11, regulates not only body weight and muscle size, but also inhibits neuromuscular synapse strength and composition in a Smad2-dependent manner. Both myostatin and GDF11 affected synapse formation in isolated rat cortical neuron cultures, suggesting an effect on synaptogenesis beyond neuromuscular junctions. We also show that MYO acts in vivo to inhibit synaptic transmission between neurons in the escape response neural circuit of adult flies. Thus, these anti-myogenic proteins act as important inhibitors of synapse function and neuronal growth. Summary: Myostatin-like proteins can modulate neuromuscular synapse strength as well as synaptogenesis beyond neuromuscular junctions, highlighting a key role for these proteins in synapse function and neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Augustin
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joern R Steinert
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany.,MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, ICTEM Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jennifer Adcott
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Melissa Cabecinha
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alec Vincent
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Els F Halff
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne D-50931, Germany
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9
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Robb EL, Gawel JM, Aksentijević D, Cochemé HM, Stewart TS, Shchepinova MM, Qiang H, Prime TA, Bright TP, James AM, Shattock MJ, Senn HM, Hartley RC, Murphy MP. Selective superoxide generation within mitochondria by the targeted redox cycler MitoParaquat. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:883-94. [PMID: 26454075 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide is the proximal reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain and plays a major role in pathological oxidative stress and redox signaling. While there are tools to detect or decrease mitochondrial superoxide, none can rapidly and specifically increase superoxide production within the mitochondrial matrix. This lack impedes progress, making it challenging to assess accurately the roles of mitochondrial superoxide in cells and in vivo. To address this unmet need, we synthesized and characterized a mitochondria-targeted redox cycler, MitoParaquat (MitoPQ) that comprises a triphenylphosphonium lipophilic cation conjugated to the redox cycler paraquat. MitoPQ accumulates selectively in the mitochondrial matrix driven by the membrane potential. Within the matrix, MitoPQ produces superoxide by redox cycling at the flavin site of complex I, selectively increasing superoxide production within mitochondria. MitoPQ increased mitochondrial superoxide in isolated mitochondria and cells in culture ~a thousand-fold more effectively than untargeted paraquat. MitoPQ was also more toxic than paraquat in the isolated perfused heart and in Drosophila in vivo. MitoPQ enables the selective generation of superoxide within mitochondria and is a useful tool to investigate the many roles of mitochondrial superoxide in pathology and redox signaling in cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Robb
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Justyna M Gawel
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dunja Aksentijević
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tessa S Stewart
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - He Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tracy A Prime
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Thomas P Bright
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew M James
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hans M Senn
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard C Hartley
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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10
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Speakman JR, Blount JD, Bronikowski AM, Buffenstein R, Isaksson C, Kirkwood TBL, Monaghan P, Ozanne SE, Beaulieu M, Briga M, Carr SK, Christensen LL, Cochemé HM, Cram DL, Dantzer B, Harper JM, Jurk D, King A, Noguera JC, Salin K, Sild E, Simons MJP, Smith S, Stier A, Tobler M, Vitikainen E, Peaker M, Selman C. Oxidative stress and life histories: unresolved issues and current needs. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5745-57. [PMID: 26811750 PMCID: PMC4717350 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life‐history theory concerns the trade‐offs that mold the patterns of investment by animals between reproduction, growth, and survival. It is widely recognized that physiology plays a role in the mediation of life‐history trade‐offs, but the details remain obscure. As life‐history theory concerns aspects of investment in the soma that influence survival, understanding the physiological basis of life histories is related, but not identical, to understanding the process of aging. One idea from the field of aging that has gained considerable traction in the area of life histories is that life‐history trade‐offs may be mediated by free radical production and oxidative stress. We outline here developments in this field and summarize a number of important unresolved issues that may guide future research efforts. The issues are as follows. First, different tissues and macromolecular targets of oxidative stress respond differently during reproduction. The functional significance of these changes, however, remains uncertain. Consequently there is a need for studies that link oxidative stress measurements to functional outcomes, such as survival. Second, measurements of oxidative stress are often highly invasive or terminal. Terminal studies of oxidative stress in wild animals, where detailed life‐history information is available, cannot generally be performed without compromising the aims of the studies that generated the life‐history data. There is a need therefore for novel non‐invasive measurements of multi‐tissue oxidative stress. Third, laboratory studies provide unrivaled opportunities for experimental manipulation but may fail to expose the physiology underpinning life‐history effects, because of the benign laboratory environment. Fourth, the idea that oxidative stress might underlie life‐history trade‐offs does not make specific enough predictions that are amenable to testing. Moreover, there is a paucity of good alternative theoretical models on which contrasting predictions might be based. Fifth, there is an enormous diversity of life‐history variation to test the idea that oxidative stress may be a key mediator. So far we have only scratched the surface. Broadening the scope may reveal new strategies linked to the processes of oxidative damage and repair. Finally, understanding the trade‐offs in life histories and understanding the process of aging are related but not identical questions. Scientists inhabiting these two spheres of activity seldom collide, yet they have much to learn from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jonathan D Blount
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University 251 Bessey Hall Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Physiology, Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Research UTHSCSA 15355 Lambda Drive San Antonio Texas 78245
| | - Caroline Isaksson
- Department of Biology Lund University Solvegatan 37 Lund 223 62 Sweden
| | - Tom B L Kirkwood
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Level 4 Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12 Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Michael Briga
- Behavioral Biology University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Sarah K Carr
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Level 4 Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Louise L Christensen
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital Campus Du Cane Road London W12 0NN UK
| | - Dominic L Cram
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Jim M Harper
- Department of Biological Sciences Sam Houston State University 1900 Avenue I LDB 100B Huntsville Texas 77341
| | - Diana Jurk
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Annette King
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Jose C Noguera
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Elin Sild
- Department of Biology Lund University Solvegatan 37 Lund 223 62 Sweden
| | - Mirre J P Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Shona Smith
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Antoine Stier
- Department Ecology, Physiology et Ethology University of Strasbourg - IPHC (UMR7178) 23, rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
| | - Michael Tobler
- Department of Biology Lund University Solvegatan 37 Lund 223 62 Sweden
| | - Emma Vitikainen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | | | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Menger KE, James AM, Cochemé HM, Harbour ME, Chouchani ET, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Partridge L, Murphy MP. Fasting, but Not Aging, Dramatically Alters the Redox Status of Cysteine Residues on Proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1285. [PMID: 28873344 PMCID: PMC5643521 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Jameson VJA, Cochemé HM, Logan A, Hanton LR, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. Synthesis of triphenylphosphonium vitamin E derivatives as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Tetrahedron 2015; 71:8444-8453. [PMID: 26549895 PMCID: PMC4596152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants comprising a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation attached to the antioxidant chroman moiety of vitamin E by an alkyl linker have been prepared. The synthesis of a series of mitochondria-targeted vitamin E derivatives with a range of alkyl linkers gave compounds of different hydrophobicities. This work will enable the dependence of antioxidant defence on hydrophobicity to be determined in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J A Jameson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK ; MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Angela Logan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lyall R Hanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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Kinghorn KJ, Castillo-Quan JI, Bartolome F, Angelova PR, Li L, Pope S, Cochemé HM, Khan S, Asghari S, Bhatia KP, Hardy J, Abramov AY, Partridge L. Loss of PLA2G6 leads to elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain 2015; 138:1801-16. [PMID: 26001724 PMCID: PMC4559908 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The PLA2G6 gene encodes a group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta enzyme that selectively hydrolyses glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids. Mutations in PLA2G6 have been associated with disorders such as infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type II and Karak syndrome. More recently, PLA2G6 was identified as the causative gene in a subgroup of patients with autosomal recessive early-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Neuropathological examination revealed widespread Lewy body pathology and the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, supporting a link between PLA2G6 mutations and parkinsonian disorders. Here we show that knockout of the Drosophila homologue of the PLA2G6 gene, iPLA2-VIA, results in reduced survival, locomotor deficits and organismal hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrate that loss of iPLA2-VIA function leads to a number of mitochondrial abnormalities, including mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, reduced ATP synthesis and abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Moreover, we show that loss of iPLA2-VIA is strongly associated with increased lipid peroxidation levels. We confirmed our findings using cultured fibroblasts taken from two patients with mutations in the PLA2G6 gene. Similar abnormalities were seen including elevated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane defects, as well as raised levels of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Finally, we demonstrated that deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, which inhibit lipid peroxidation, were able to partially rescue the locomotor abnormalities seen in aged flies lacking iPLA2-VIA gene function, and restore mitochondrial membrane potential in fibroblasts from patients with PLA2G6 mutations. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that loss of normal PLA2G6 gene activity leads to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent mitochondrial membrane abnormalities. Furthermore we show that the iPLA2-VIA knockout fly model provides a useful platform for the further study of PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Kinghorn
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Plamena R Angelova
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Li Li
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- 4 Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shabana Khan
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shabnam Asghari
- 5 Department of Family Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Hardy
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- 2 Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- 1 Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3 Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Menger KE, James AM, Cochemé HM, Harbour ME, Chouchani ET, Ding S, Fearnley IM, Partridge L, Murphy MP. Fasting, but Not Aging, Dramatically Alters the Redox Status of Cysteine Residues on Proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1856-65. [PMID: 26095360 PMCID: PMC4508341 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering the redox state of cysteine residues on protein surfaces is an important response to environmental challenges. Although aging and fasting alter many redox processes, the role of cysteine residues is uncertain. To address this, we used a redox proteomic technique, oxidative isotope-coded affinity tags (OxICAT), to assess cysteine-residue redox changes in Drosophila melanogaster during aging and fasting. This approach enabled us to simultaneously identify and quantify the redox state of several hundred cysteine residues in vivo. Cysteine residues within young flies had a bimodal distribution with peaks at ∼10% and ∼85% reversibly oxidized. Surprisingly, these cysteine residues did not become more oxidized with age. In contrast, 24 hr of fasting dramatically oxidized cysteine residues that were reduced under fed conditions while also reducing cysteine residues that were initially oxidized. We conclude that fasting, but not aging, dramatically alters cysteine-residue redox status in D. melanogaster. The redox state and identity of cysteine residues in flies can be determined by OxICAT Overall cysteine-residue redox state does not change with age H2O2 and paraquat have surprisingly distinct effects on cysteine-residue redox state Fasting for 24 hr dramatically alters the redox state of cysteine residues
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Menger
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Helena M Cochemé
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and GEE, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Edward T Chouchani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-5730, USA
| | - Shujing Ding
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and GEE, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
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15
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Logan A, Cochemé HM, Li Pun PB, Apostolova N, Smith RAJ, Larsen L, Larsen DS, James AM, Fearnley IM, Rogatti S, Prime TA, Finichiu PG, Dare A, Chouchani ET, Pell VR, Methner C, Quin C, McQuaker SJ, Krieg T, Hartley RC, Murphy MP. Using exomarkers to assess mitochondrial reactive species in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:923-30. [PMID: 23726990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to measure the concentrations of small damaging and signalling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo is essential to understanding their biological roles. While a range of methods can be applied to in vitro systems, measuring the levels and relative changes in reactive species in vivo is challenging. SCOPE OF REVIEW One approach towards achieving this goal is the use of exomarkers. In this, exogenous probe compounds are administered to the intact organism and are then transformed by the reactive molecules in vivo to produce a diagnostic exomarker. The exomarker and the precursor probe can be analysed ex vivo to infer the identity and amounts of the reactive species present in vivo. This is akin to the measurement of biomarkers produced by the interaction of reactive species with endogenous biomolecules. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our laboratories have developed mitochondria-targeted probes that generate exomarkers that can be analysed ex vivo by mass spectrometry to assess levels of reactive species within mitochondria in vivo. We have used one of these compounds, MitoB, to infer the levels of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide within flies and mice. Here we describe the development of MitoB and expand on this example to discuss how better probes and exomarkers can be developed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Logan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Collins
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Kelso GF, Maroz A, Cochemé HM, Logan A, Prime TA, Peskin AV, Winterbourn CC, James AM, Ross MF, Brooker S, Porteous CM, Anderson RF, Murphy MP, Smith RAJ. A mitochondria-targeted macrocyclic Mn(II) superoxide dismutase mimetic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1237-46. [PMID: 23102218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O(2)(·-)) is the proximal mitochondrial reactive oxygen species underlying pathology and redox signaling. This central role prioritizes development of a mitochondria-targeted reagent selective for controlling O(2)(·-). We have conjugated a mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation to a O(2)(·-)-selective pentaaza macrocyclic Mn(II) superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic to make MitoSOD, a mitochondria-targeted SOD mimetic. MitoSOD showed rapid and extensive membrane potential-dependent uptake into mitochondria without loss of Mn and retained SOD activity. Pulse radiolysis measurements confirmed that MitoSOD was a very effective catalytic SOD mimetic. MitoSOD also catalyzes the ascorbate-dependent reduction of O(2)(·-). The combination of mitochondrial uptake and O(2)(·-) scavenging by MitoSOD decreased inactivation of the matrix enzyme aconitase caused by O(2)(·-). MitoSOD is an effective mitochondria-targeted macrocyclic SOD mimetic that selectively protects mitochondria from O(2)(·-) damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey F Kelso
- Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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18
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Smith RAJ, Hartley RC, Cochemé HM, Murphy MP. Mitochondrial pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:341-52. [PMID: 22521106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are being recognized as key factors in many unexpected areas of biomedical science. In addition to their well-known roles in oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism, it is now clear that mitochondria are also central to cell death, neoplasia, cell differentiation, the innate immune system, oxygen and hypoxia sensing, and calcium metabolism. Disruption to these processes contributes to a range of human pathologies, making mitochondria a potentially important, but currently seemingly neglected, therapeutic target. Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with oxidative damage, calcium dyshomeostasis, defective ATP synthesis, or induction of the permeability transition pore. Consequently, therapies designed to prevent these types of damage are beneficial and can be used to treat many diverse and apparently unrelated indications. Here we outline the biological properties that make mitochondria important determinants of health and disease, and describe the pharmacological strategies being developed to address mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Alic N, Andrews TD, Giannakou ME, Papatheodorou I, Slack C, Hoddinott MP, Cochemé HM, Schuster EF, Thornton JM, Partridge L. Genome-wide dFOXO targets and topology of the transcriptomic response to stress and insulin signalling. Mol Syst Biol 2011; 7:502. [PMID: 21694719 PMCID: PMC3159968 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2011.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxO transcription factors, inhibited by insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS), are crucial players in numerous organismal processes including lifespan. Using genomic tools, we uncover over 700 direct dFOXO targets in adult female Drosophila. dFOXO is directly required for transcription of several IIS components and interacting pathways, such as TOR, in the wild-type fly. The genomic locations occupied by dFOXO in adults are different from those observed in larvae or cultured cells. These locations remain unchanged upon activation by stresses or reduced IIS, but the binding is increased and additional targets activated upon genetic reduction in IIS. We identify the part of the IIS transcriptional response directly controlled by dFOXO and the indirect effects and show that parts of the transcriptional response to IIS reduction do not require dfoxo. Promoter analyses revealed GATA and other forkhead factors as candidate mediators of the indirect and dfoxo-independent effects. We demonstrate genome-wide evolutionary conservation of dFOXO targets between the fly and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, enriched for a second tier of regulators including the dHR96/daf-12 nuclear hormone receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Alic
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Daniel Andrews
- EMBL—European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria E Giannakou
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Papatheodorou
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
- EMBL—European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cathy Slack
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew P Hoddinott
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
- Max-Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, ZMMK Forschungsgebäude, Köln, Germany
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eugene F Schuster
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janet M Thornton
- EMBL—European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, London, UK
- Max-Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, ZMMK Forschungsgebäude, Köln, Germany
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Tel.: +44 20 7679 2983; Fax: +44 20 7679 7096;
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Cochemé HM, Quin C, McQuaker SJ, Cabreiro F, Logan A, Prime TA, Abakumova I, Patel JV, Fearnley IM, James AM, Porteous CM, Smith RA, Saeed S, Carré JE, Singer M, Gems D, Hartley RC, Partridge L, Murphy MP. Measurement of H2O2 within living Drosophila during aging using a ratiometric mass spectrometry probe targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Cell Metab 2011; 13:340-50. [PMID: 21356523 PMCID: PMC4413513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is central to mitochondrial oxidative damage and redox signaling, but its roles are poorly understood due to the difficulty of measuring mitochondrial H(2)O(2) in vivo. Here we report a ratiometric mass spectrometry probe approach to assess mitochondrial matrix H(2)O(2) levels in vivo. The probe, MitoB, comprises a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation driving its accumulation within mitochondria, conjugated to an arylboronic acid that reacts with H(2)O(2) to form a phenol, MitoP. Quantifying the MitoP/MitoB ratio by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry enabled measurement of a weighted average of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) that predominantly reports on thoracic muscle mitochondria within living flies. There was an increase in mitochondrial H(2)O(2) with age in flies, which was not coordinately altered by interventions that modulated life span. Our findings provide approaches to investigate mitochondrial ROS in vivo and suggest that while an increase in overall mitochondrial H(2)O(2) correlates with aging, it may not be causative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M. Cochemé
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Caroline Quin
- Centre for the Chemical Research of Ageing, WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J. McQuaker
- Centre for the Chemical Research of Ageing, WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Filipe Cabreiro
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Angela Logan
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tracy A. Prime
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Irina Abakumova
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jigna V. Patel
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ian M. Fearnley
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew M. James
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Carolyn M. Porteous
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robin A.J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Saima Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane E. Carré
- Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Gems
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Richard C. Hartley
- Centre for the Chemical Research of Ageing, WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Corresponding author
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Cochemé HM, Murphy MP. Can antioxidants be effective therapeutics? Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 11:426-431. [PMID: 20336590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence that oxidative damage contributes to a wide range of clinically important pathologies, few antioxidants act as effective pharmaceuticals in vivo. The reasons for this therapeutic inefficacy include the challenge of targeting antioxidants to particular organs and intracellular locations, as well as the problem of matching the reactivity of antioxidants to the relevant damaging species in vivo. The difficulty of measuring antioxidant efficacy in vivo also makes the interpretation of results from clinical trials difficult. In this review, the challenges associated with antioxidant drug development are presented, and approaches to overcome these issues in order to design more effective therapeutic antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Cochemé
- University College London, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Cochemé HM, Logan A, Abakumova I, Prime TA, Rose C, Vidal-Puig A, Smith AC, Rubinsztein DC, Fearnley IM, Jones BA, Pope S, Heales SJR, Lam BYH, Neogi SG, McFarlane I, James AM, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. Consequences of long-term oral administration of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ to wild-type mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:161-72. [PMID: 19854266 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-targeted quinone MitoQ protects mitochondria in animal studies of pathologies in vivo and is being developed as a therapy for humans. However, it is unclear whether the protective action of MitoQ is entirely due to its antioxidant properties, because long-term MitoQ administration may alter whole-body metabolism and gene expression. To address this point, we administered high levels of MitoQ orally to wild-type C57BL/6 mice for up to 28 weeks and investigated the effects on whole-body physiology, metabolism, and gene expression, finding no measurable deleterious effects. In addition, because antioxidants can act as pro-oxidants under certain conditions in vitro, we examined the effects of MitoQ administration on markers of oxidative damage. There were no changes in the expression of mitochondrial or antioxidant genes as assessed by DNA microarray analysis. There were also no increases in oxidative damage to mitochondrial protein, DNA, or cardiolipin, and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were unchanged. Therefore, MitoQ does not act as a pro-oxidant in vivo. These findings indicate that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can be safely administered long-term to wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Graham D, Huynh NN, Hamilton CA, Beattie E, Smith RAJ, Cochemé HM, Murphy MP, Dominiczak AF. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ10 improves endothelial function and attenuates cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension 2009; 54:322-8. [PMID: 19581509 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.130351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major site of reactive oxygen species production, which may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage should be an effective therapeutic strategy; however, conventional antioxidants are ineffective, because they cannot penetrate the mitochondria. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress during development of hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat, using the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ(10). Eight-week-old male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with MitoQ(10) (500 mumol/L; n=16), control compound decyltriphenylphosphonium (decylTPP; 500 mumol/L; n=8), or vehicle (n=9) in drinking water for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by approximately 25 mm Hg over the 8-week MitoQ(10) treatment period compared with decylTPP (F=5.94; P=0.029) or untreated controls (F=65.6; P=0.0001). MitoQ(10) treatment significantly improved thoracic aorta NO bioavailability (1.16+/-0.03 g/g; P=0.002, area under the curve) compared with both untreated controls (0.68+/-0.02 g/g) and decylTPP-treated rats (0.60+/-0.06 g/g). Cardiac hypertrophy was significantly reduced by MitoQ(10) treatment compared with untreated control and decylTPP treatment (MitoQ(10): 4.01+/-0.05 mg/g; control: 4.42+/-0.11 mg/g; and decylTPP: 4.40+/-0.09 mg/g; ANOVA P=0.002). Total MitoQ(10) content was measured in liver, heart, carotid artery, and kidney harvested from MitoQ(10)-treated rats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All of the organs analyzed demonstrated detectable levels of MitoQ(10), with comparable accumulation in vascular and cardiac tissues. Administration of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ(10) protects against the development of hypertension, improves endothelial function, and reduces cardiac hypertrophy in young stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. MitoQ(10) provides a novel approach to attenuate mitochondrial-specific oxidative damage with the potential to become a new therapeutic intervention in human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyth Graham
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, 126 University Pl, Glasgow, G12 8TA United Kingdom
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Smith RAJ, Adlam VJ, Blaikie FH, Manas ARB, Porteous CM, James AM, Ross MF, Logan A, Cochemé HM, Trnka J, Prime TA, Abakumova I, Jones BA, Filipovska A, Murphy MP. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in the treatment of disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1147:105-11. [PMID: 19076435 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative damage is thought to contribute to a wide range of human diseases; therefore, the development of approaches to decrease this damage may have therapeutic potential. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants that selectively block mitochondrial oxidative damage and prevent some types of cell death have been developed. These compounds contain antioxidant moieties, such as ubiquinone, tocopherol, or nitroxide, that are targeted to mitochondria by covalent attachment to a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation. Because of the large mitochondrial membrane potential, the cations are accumulated within the mitochondria inside cells. There, the conjugated antioxidant moiety protects mitochondria from oxidative damage. Here, we outline some of the work done to date on these compounds and how they may be developed as therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cochemé HM, Kelso GF, James AM, Ross MF, Trnka J, Mahendiran T, Asin-Cayuela J, Blaikie FH, Manas ARB, Porteous CM, Adlam VJ, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. Mitochondrial targeting of quinones: therapeutic implications. Mitochondrion 2007; 7 Suppl:S94-102. [PMID: 17449335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to a range of degenerative diseases. Ubiquinones have been shown to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage, but only a small proportion of externally administered ubiquinone is taken up by mitochondria. Conjugation of the lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cation to a ubiquinone moiety has produced a compound, MitoQ, which accumulates selectively into mitochondria. MitoQ passes easily through all biological membranes and, because of its positive charge, is accumulated several hundred-fold within mitochondria driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential. MitoQ protects mitochondria against oxidative damage in vitro and following oral delivery, and may therefore form the basis for mitochondria-protective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Cochemé
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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James AM, Cochemé HM, Murphy MP. Mitochondria-targeted redox probes as tools in the study of oxidative damage and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:982-6. [PMID: 15923020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage are associated with a range of age-related human pathologies. It is also likely that mitochondrial ROS generation is a factor in stress response and signal transduction pathways. However, current methods for measuring and influencing mitochondrial ROS production in vivo often lack the desired specificity. To help elucidate the potential role of mitochondrial ROS production in ageing, we have developed a range of mitochondria-targeted ROS probes that may be useful in vivo. This was achieved by covalently attaching a lipophilic cation to a ROS-reactive moiety causing its membrane potential-dependent accumulation within mitochondria. Mitochondria-targeted molecules developed so far include antioxidants that detoxify mitochondrial ROS, probes that react with mitochondrial ROS, and reagents that specifically label mitochondrial protein thiols. Here, we outline how the formation and consequences of mitochondrial ROS production can be investigated using these probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M James
- Medical Research Council Dunn, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Ross MF, Kelso GF, Blaikie FH, James AM, Cochemé HM, Filipovska A, Da Ros T, Hurd TR, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. Lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cations as tools in mitochondrial bioenergetics and free radical biology. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2005; 70:222-30. [PMID: 15807662 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic phosphonium cations were first used to investigate mitochondrial biology by Vladimir Skulachev and colleagues in the late 1960s. Since then, these molecules have become important tools for exploring mitochondrial bioenergetics and free radical biology. Here we review why these molecules are useful in mitochondrial research and outline some of the ways in which they are now being utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ross
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
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James AM, Cochemé HM, Smith RAJ, Murphy MP. Interactions of mitochondria-targeted and untargeted ubiquinones with the mitochondrial respiratory chain and reactive oxygen species. Implications for the use of exogenous ubiquinones as therapies and experimental tools. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21295-312. [PMID: 15788391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501527200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants, such as ubiquinones, are widely used in mitochondrial studies as both potential therapies and useful research tools. However, the effects of exogenous ubiquinones can be difficult to interpret because they can also be pro-oxidants or electron carriers that facilitate respiration. Recently we developed a mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone (MitoQ10) that accumulates within mitochondria. MitoQ10 has been used to prevent mitochondrial oxidative damage and to infer the involvement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in signaling pathways. However, uncertainties remain about the mitochondrial reduction of MitoQ10, its oxidation by the respiratory chain, and its pro-oxidant potential. Therefore, we compared MitoQ analogs of varying alkyl chain lengths (MitoQn, n = 3-15) with untargeted exogenous ubiquinones. We found that MitoQ10 could not restore respiration in ubiquinone-deficient mitochondria because oxidation of MitoQ analogs by complex III was minimal. Complex II and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reduced MitoQ analogs, and the rate depended on chain length. Because of its rapid reduction and negligible oxidation, MitoQ10 is a more effective antioxidant against lipid peroxidation, peroxynitrite and superoxide. Paradoxically, exogenous ubiquinols also autoxidize to generate superoxide, but this requires their deprotonation in the aqueous phase. Consequently, in the presence of phospholipid bilayers, the rate of autoxidation is proportional to ubiquinol hydrophilicity. Superoxide production by MitoQ10 was insufficient to damage aconitase but did lead to hydrogen peroxide production and nitric oxide consumption, both of which may affect cell signaling pathways. Our results comprehensively describe the interaction of exogenous ubiquinones with mitochondria and have implications for their rational design and use as therapies and as research tools to probe mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M James
- Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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Smith RAJ, Kelso GF, Blaikie FH, Porteous CM, Ledgerwood EC, Hughes G, James AM, Ross MF, Asin-Cayuela J, Cochemé HM, Filipovska A, Murphy MP. Using mitochondria-targeted molecules to study mitochondrial radical production and its consequences. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31:1295-9. [PMID: 14641046 DOI: 10.1042/bst0311295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by the mitochondrial respiratory chain contributes to a range of pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischaemia/reperfusion injury and aging. There are also indications that mitochondrial ROS production plays a role in damage response and signal transduction pathways. To unravel the role of mitochondrial ROS production in these processes, we have developed a range of mitochondria-targeted probe molecules. Covalent attachment of a lipophilic cation leads to their accumulation into mitochondria, driven by the membrane potential. Molecules developed so far include antioxidants designed to intercept mitochondrial ROS and reagents that specifically label mitochondrial thiol proteins. Here we outline how mitochondrial ROS formation and its consequences can be investigated using these probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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