1
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Banerjee S, Radotra BD, Luthra-Guptasarma M, Goyal MK. Identification of novel pathogenic variants of Calpain-3 gene in limb girdle muscular dystrophy R1. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:140. [PMID: 38561828 PMCID: PMC10983654 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R1 (LGMDR1) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by mutations in the calpain-3 (CAPN3) gene. As clinical and pathological features may overlap with other types of LGMD, therefore definite molecular diagnosis is required to understand the progression of this debilitating disease. This study aims to identify novel variants of CAPN3 gene in LGMDR1 patients. RESULTS Thirty-four patients with clinical and histopathological features suggestive of LGMD were studied. The muscle biopsy samples were evaluated using Enzyme histochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, followed by Western Blotting and Sanger sequencing. Out of 34 LGMD cases, 13 patients were diagnosed as LGMDR1 by immunoblot analysis, demonstrating reduced or absent calpain-3 protein as compared to controls. Variants of CAPN3 gene were also found and pathogenicity was predicted using in-silico prediction tools. The CAPN3 gene variants found in this study, included, two missense variants [CAPN3: c.1189T > C, CAPN3: c.2338G > C], one insertion-deletion [c.1688delinsTC], one splice site variant [c.2051-1G > T], and one nonsense variant [c.1939G > T; p.Glu647Ter]. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed 6 patients as LGMDR1 (with CAPN3 variants) from our cohort and calpain-3 protein expression was significantly reduced by immunoblot analysis as compared to control. Besides the previously known variants, our study found two novel variants in CAPN3 gene by Sanger sequencing-based approach indicating that genetic variants in LGMDR1 patients may help to understand the etiology of the disease and future prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Banerjee
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan Dass Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj K Goyal
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India
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2
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Oliveira MTDJS, da Silva Santana TAB, Costa MCM, Borges GF, de Miranda FS, Slaibi-Filho J, Luiz WB, Campos LCG. MicroRNA as potential biomarker for severity, progression, and therapeutic monitoring in animal models of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: a systematic review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1233181. [PMID: 38130868 PMCID: PMC10733523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1233181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) constitute a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular disorders in which there are alterations in proteins responsible for the preservation of muscle architecture and function, leading to proximal and progressive muscle weakness. There is, however, significant phenotypic and genotypic variation, as well as difficulty in establishing biomarkers that help to define pathogenic mechanisms and assess disease severity and progression. In this field, there is special attention to microRNAs, small non-coding RNA molecules related to the regulation of gene expression and, consequently, the production of proteins. Thus, this research aimed to verify the correlation between the expression of microRNAs and the severity, progression, and therapeutic response of LGMD animal models. A search was carried out in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and SciELO databases, with articles in English and without a time limit. The PRISMA 2020 checklist was used, and the protocol of this review was submitted to PROSPERO. The bibliographic survey of the 434 records found that 5 original articles met the inclusion criteria. The studies explored myomicroRNAs or miRNA panels with gene expression analysis. The analysis demonstrates that miR-1, 133a, and 206 are differentially expressed in serum and muscle. They change according to the degree of inflammation, fibrosis, muscle regeneration, and progression of the dystrophic process. MicroRNAs are up-regulated in dystrophic muscles, which are reversed after treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The present study inferred that miRs are essential in severity, progression, and therapeutic response in LGMD models and may be a useful biomarker in clinical research and prognosis. However, the practical application of these findings should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayala Thayrine de Jesus Santos Oliveira
- Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Talita Araújo Barbosa da Silva Santana
- Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | - Grasiely Faccin Borges
- Public Policies and Social Technologies Center, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
| | - Felipe Silva de Miranda
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - José Slaibi-Filho
- Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Wilson Barros Luiz
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Luciene Cristina Gastalho Campos
- Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pathology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Biological Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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3
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Yang MG, Zhang Q, Wang H, Ma X, Ji S, Li Y, Xu L, Bi Z, Bu B. The accumulation of muscle RING finger-1 in regenerating myofibers: Implications for muscle repair in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1032738. [PMID: 36504647 PMCID: PMC9730696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1032738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) plays a key role in the degradation of skeletal muscle proteins. We hypothesize the involvement of MuRF-1 in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Methods Muscle biopsies from patients with IMNM (n = 37) were analyzed and compared to biopsies from patients with dermatomyositis (DM, n = 13), dysferlinopathy (n = 9) and controls (n = 7) using immunostaining. Results MuRF-1 staining could be observed in IMNM, DM and dysferlinopathy biopsies, whereas the percentage of MuRF-1 positive myofibers was significantly higher in IMNM than in dysferlinopathy (p = 0.0448), and positively correlated with muscle weakness and disease activity in IMNM and DM. Surprisingly, MuRF-1 staining predominantly presented in regenerating fibers but not in atrophic fibers. Moreover, MuRF-1-positive fibers tended to be distributed around necrotic myofibers and myofibers with sarcolemma membrane attack complex deposition. Abundant MuRF-1 expression in IMNM and DM was associated with rapid activation of myogenesis after muscle injury, whereas relatively low expression of MuRF-1 in dysferlinopathy may be attributed to damaged muscle regeneration. Conclusions MuRF-1 accumulated in regenerating myofibers, which may contribute to muscle injury repair in IMNM and DM. MuRF-1 staining may help clinicians differentiate IMNM and dysferlinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ge Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Genetic Diagnostic Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suqiong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuajin Bi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bitao Bu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Bitao Bu
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4
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Ganassi M, Muntoni F, Zammit PS. Defining and identifying satellite cell-opathies within muscular dystrophies and myopathies. Exp Cell Res 2022; 411:112906. [PMID: 34740639 PMCID: PMC8784828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies arise from specific genetic mutations causing skeletal muscle weakness that reduces quality of life. Muscle health relies on resident muscle stem cells called satellite cells, which enable life-course muscle growth, maintenance, repair and regeneration. Such tuned plasticity gradually diminishes in muscle diseases, suggesting compromised satellite cell function. A central issue however, is whether the pathogenic mutation perturbs satellite cell function directly and/or indirectly via an increasingly hostile microenvironment as disease progresses. Here, we explore the effects on satellite cell function of pathogenic mutations in genes (myopathogenes) that associate with muscle disorders, to evaluate clinical and muscle pathological hallmarks that define dysfunctional satellite cells. We deploy transcriptomic analysis and comparison between muscular dystrophies and myopathies to determine the contribution of satellite cell dysfunction using literature, expression dynamics of myopathogenes and their response to the satellite cell regulator PAX7. Our multimodal approach extends current pathological classifications to define Satellite Cell-opathies: muscle disorders in which satellite cell dysfunction contributes to pathology. Primary Satellite Cell-opathies are conditions where mutations in a myopathogene directly affect satellite cell function, such as in Progressive Congenital Myopathy with Scoliosis (MYOSCO) and Carey-Fineman-Ziter Syndrome (CFZS). Primary satellite cell-opathies are generally characterised as being congenital with general hypotonia, and specific involvement of respiratory, trunk and facial muscles, although serum CK levels are usually within the normal range. Secondary Satellite Cell-opathies have mutations in myopathogenes that affect both satellite cells and muscle fibres. Such classification aids diagnosis and predicting probable disease course, as well as informing on treatment and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ganassi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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5
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Pozsgai E, Griffin D, Potter R, Sahenk Z, Lehman K, Rodino-Klapac LR, Mendell JR. Unmet needs and evolving treatment for limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2021; 11:411-429. [PMID: 34472379 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) represent a major group of muscle disorders. Treatment is sorely needed and currently expanding based on safety and efficacy adopting principles of single-dosing gene therapy for monogenic autosomal recessive disorders. Gene therapy has made in-roads for LGMD and this review describes progress that has been achieved for these conditions. This review first provides a background on the definition and classification of LGMDs. The major effort focuses on progress in LGMD gene therapy, from experimental studies to clinical trials. The disorders discussed include the LGMDs where the most work has been done including calpainopathies (LGMD2A/R1), dysferlinopathies (LGMD2B/R2) and sarcoglycanopathies (LGMD2C/R5, LGMD2D/R3, LGMD2E/R4). Early success in clinical trials provides a template to move the field forward and potentially apply emerging technology like CRISPR/Cas9 that may enhance the scope and efficacy of gene therapy applied to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pozsgai
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Zarife Sahenk
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics & Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kelly Lehman
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | | | - Jerry R Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics & Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Mateos-Aierdi AJ, Dehesa-Etxebeste M, Goicoechea M, Aiastui A, Richaud-Patin Y, Jiménez-Delgado S, Raya A, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, López de Munain A. Patient-specific iPSC-derived cellular models of LGMDR1. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102333. [PMID: 33862537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1) represents one of the most common types of LGMD in the population, where patients develop a progressive muscle degeneration. The disease is caused by mutations in calpain 3 gene, with over 500 mutations reported to date. However, the molecular events that lead to muscle wasting are not clear, nor the reasons for the great clinical variability among patients, and this has so far hindered the development of effective therapies. Here we generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from skin fibroblasts of 2 healthy controls and 4 LGMDR1 patients with different mutations. The generated lines were able to differentiate into myogenic progenitors and myotubes in vitro and in vivo, upon a transient PAX7 overexpressing protocol. Thus, we have generated myogenic cellular models of LGMDR1 that harbor different CAPN3 mutations within a human genetic background, and which do not derive from muscular biopsies. These models will allow us to investigate disease mechanisms and test therapies. Despite the variability found among iPSC lines that was unrelated to CAPN3 mutations, we found that patient-derived myogenic progenitors and myotubes express lower levels of DMD, which codes a key protein in satellite cell regulation and myotube maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mateos-Aierdi
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Dehesa-Etxebeste
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Goicoechea
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Aiastui
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Richaud-Patin
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Jiménez-Delgado
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Raya
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.
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7
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Yanay N, Rabie M, Nevo Y. Impaired Regeneration in Dystrophic Muscle-New Target for Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:69. [PMID: 32523512 PMCID: PMC7261890 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs), known as satellite cells (SCs) have an incredible ability to regenerate, which enables the maintenance and growth of muscle tissue. In response to damaging stimuli, SCs are activated, proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to repair or generate a new muscle fiber. However, dystrophic muscles are characterized by poor muscle regeneration along with chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Indications for SC involvement in muscular dystrophy pathologies are accumulating, but their contribution to muscle pathophysiology is not precisely understood. In congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (LAMA2-CMD), mutations in Lama2 gene cause either complete or partial absence in laminin-211 protein. Laminin-211 functions as a link between muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) and two adhesion systems in the sarcolemma; one is the well-known dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), and the second is the integrin complex. Because of its protein interactions and location, laminin-211 has a crucial role in muscle function and survival by maintaining sarcolemma integrity. In addition, laminin-211 is expressed in SCs and suggested to have a role in SC proliferation and differentiation. Downstream to the primary defect in laminin-211, several secondary genes and pathways accelerate disease mechanism, while at the same time there are unsuccessful attempts to regenerate as compensation for the dystrophic process. Lately, next-generation sequencing platforms have advanced our knowledge about the secondary events occurring in various diseases, elucidate the pathophysiology, and characterize new essential targets for development of new treatment strategies. This review will mainly focus on SC contribution to impaired regeneration in muscular dystrophies and specifically new findings suggesting SC involvement in LAMA2-CMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Yanay
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center (FMRC), Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Neurology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Malcolm Rabie
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center (FMRC), Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Neurology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoram Nevo
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center (FMRC), Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Neurology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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8
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Lasa-Elgarresta J, Mosqueira-Martín L, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, Sáenz A, López de Munain A, Vallejo-Illarramendi A. Calcium Mechanisms in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy with CAPN3 Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4548. [PMID: 31540302 PMCID: PMC6770289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1), previously known as LGMD2A, is a rare disease caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene. It is characterized by progressive weakness of shoulder, pelvic, and proximal limb muscles that usually appears in children and young adults and results in loss of ambulation within 20 years after disease onset in most patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in LGMDR1 remain mostly unknown, and to date, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence suggesting that dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in the skeletal muscle is a significant underlying event in this muscular dystrophy. We also review and discuss specific clinical features of LGMDR1, CAPN3 functions, novel putative targets for therapeutic strategies, and current approaches aiming to treat LGMDR1. These novel approaches may be clinically relevant not only for LGMDR1 but also for other muscular dystrophies with secondary calpainopathy or with abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis, such as LGMD2B/LGMDR2 or sporadic inclusion body myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaione Lasa-Elgarresta
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Mosqueira-Martín
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amets Sáenz
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Departmento de Neurosciencias, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Neurology Department, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Grupo Neurociencias, Departmento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Donostia, UPV/EHU, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
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9
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Schaaf GJ, Canibano-Fraile R, van Gestel TJM, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. Restoring the regenerative balance in neuromuscular disorders: satellite cell activation as therapeutic target in Pompe disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:280. [PMID: 31392192 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is capable of efficiently regenerating after damage in a process mediated by tissue-resident stem cells called satellite cells. This regenerative potential is often compromised under muscle-degenerative conditions. Consequently, the damage produced during degeneration is not efficiently repaired and the balance between repair and damage is lost. Here we review recent progress on the role of satellite cell-mediated repair in neuromuscular disorders with a focus on Pompe disease, an inherited metabolic myopathy caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha glucosidase (GAA). Studies performed in patient biopsies as well as in Pompe disease mouse models demonstrate that muscle regeneration activity is compromised despite progressing muscle damage. We describe disease-specific mechanisms of satellite cell dysfunction to highlight the differences between Pompe disease and muscle dystrophies. The mechanisms involved provide possible targets for therapy, such as modulation of autophagy, muscle exercise, and pharmacological modulation of satellite cell activation. Most of these approaches are still experimental, although promising in animal models, still warrant caution with respect to their safety and efficiency profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben J Schaaf
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Canibano-Fraile
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J M van Gestel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Tidball JG, Welc SS, Wehling-Henricks M. Immunobiology of Inherited Muscular Dystrophies. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1313-1356. [PMID: 30215857 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to acute muscle damage is important for normal repair. However, in chronic diseases such as many muscular dystrophies, the immune response can amplify pathology and play a major role in determining disease severity. Muscular dystrophies are inheritable diseases that vary tremendously in severity, but share the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that can be debilitating and lethal. Mutations in diverse genes cause muscular dystrophy, including genes that encode proteins that maintain membrane strength, participate in membrane repair, or are components of the extracellular matrix or the nuclear envelope. In this article, we explore the hypothesis that an important feature of many muscular dystrophies is an immune response adapted to acute, infrequent muscle damage that is misapplied in the context of chronic injury. We discuss the involvement of the immune system in the most common muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and show that the immune system influences muscle death and fibrosis as disease progresses. We then present information on immune cell function in other muscular dystrophies and show that for many muscular dystrophies, release of cytosolic proteins into the extracellular space may provide an initial signal, leading to an immune response that is typically dominated by macrophages, neutrophils, helper T-lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Although those features are similar in many muscular dystrophies, each muscular dystrophy shows distinguishing features in the magnitude and type of inflammatory response. These differences indicate that there are disease-specific immunomodulatory molecules that determine response to muscle cell damage caused by diverse genetic mutations. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1313-1356, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Tidball
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven S Welc
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To construct a framework to understand the different molecular interventions for muscular dystrophy. RECENT FINDINGS The recent approval of antisense oligonucleotides treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy and current clinical trials using recombinant adeno-associated virus for the treatment of those diseases suggests that we are at a tipping point where we are able to treat and potentially cure muscular dystrophies. Understanding the basic molecular pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies and the molecular biology of the treatment allows for critical evaluation of the proposed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Y Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Box 356465, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195-6465, USA
| | - Leo H Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Box 356465, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195-6465, USA.
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12
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Yalvac ME, Amornvit J, Braganza C, Chen L, Hussain SRA, Shontz KM, Montgomery CL, Flanigan KM, Lewis S, Sahenk Z. Impaired regeneration in calpain-3 null muscle is associated with perturbations in mTORC1 signaling and defective mitochondrial biogenesis. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:27. [PMID: 29241457 PMCID: PMC5731057 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) have suggested that calpain-3 (CAPN3) mutations result in aberrant regeneration in muscle. Methods To gain insight into pathogenesis of aberrant muscle regeneration in LGMD2A, we used a paradigm of cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced cycles of muscle necrosis and regeneration in the CAPN3-KO mice to simulate the early features of the dystrophic process in LGMD2A. The temporal evolution of the regeneration process was followed by assessing the oxidative state, size, and the number of metabolic fiber types at 4 and 12 weeks after last CTX injection. Muscles isolated at these time points were further investigated for the key regulators of the pathways involved in various cellular processes such as protein synthesis, cellular energy status, metabolism, and cell stress to include Akt/mTORC1 signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and AMPK signaling. TGF-β and microRNA (miR-1, miR-206, miR-133a) regulation were also assessed. Additional studies included in vitro assays for quantifying fusion index of myoblasts from CAPN3-KO mice and development of an in vivo gene therapy paradigm for restoration of impaired regeneration using the adeno-associated virus vector carrying CAPN3 gene in the muscle. Results At 4 and 12 weeks after last CTX injection, we found impaired regeneration in CAPN3-KO muscle characterized by excessive numbers of small lobulated fibers belonging to oxidative metabolic type (slow twitch) and increased connective tissue. TGF-β transcription levels in the regenerating CAPN3-KO muscles were significantly increased along with microRNA dysregulation compared to wild type (WT), and the attenuated radial growth of muscle fibers was accompanied by perturbed Akt/mTORC1 signaling, uncoupled from protein synthesis, through activation of AMPK pathway, thought to be triggered by energy shortage in the CAPN3-KO muscle. This was associated with failure to increase mitochondria content, PGC-1α, and ATP5D transcripts in the regenerating CAPN3-KO muscles compared to WT. In vitro studies showed defective myotube fusion in CAPN3-KO myoblast cultures. Replacement of CAPN3 by gene therapy in vivo increased the fiber size and decreased the number of small oxidative fibers. Conclusion Our findings provide insights into understanding of the impaired radial growth phase of regeneration in calpainopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-017-0146-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet E Yalvac
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jakkrit Amornvit
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Current Address: King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cilwyn Braganza
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly M Shontz
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chrystal L Montgomery
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin M Flanigan
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Sarah Lewis
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zarife Sahenk
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Neuromuscular Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive Rm WA 3024, Columbus, USA.
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13
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Koganti PP, Wang J, Cleveland B, Ma H, Weber GM, Yao J. Estradiol regulates expression of miRNAs associated with myogenesis in rainbow trout. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:1-14. [PMID: 28011237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) is a steroid hormone that negatively affects muscle growth in rainbow trout, but the mechanism associated with this response is not fully understood. To better characterize the effects of E2 on muscle, we identified differentially regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and muscle atrophy-related transcripts in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to E2. Small RNA-Seq analysis of E2-treated vs. control muscle identified 36 differentially expressed miRNAs including those known to be involved in myogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell death. Some important myogenic miRNAs, such as miR-133 and miR-206, are upregulated while others like miR-145 and miR-499, are downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis of the target genes regulated by the miRNAs involved in atrophy and cell cycle indicates that E2 influence leads to expansion of quiescent myogenic precursor cell population to address atrophying mature muscle in rainbow trout during sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi P Koganti
- Genetics and Developmental Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Genetics and Developmental Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Beth Cleveland
- USDA/ARS, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture Research, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Hao Ma
- USDA/ARS, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture Research, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Gregory M Weber
- USDA/ARS, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture Research, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Jianbo Yao
- Genetics and Developmental Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.
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14
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Muñoz-Cánoves P, Carvajal JJ, Lopez de Munain A, Izeta A. Editorial: Role of Stem Cells in Skeletal Muscle Development, Regeneration, Repair, Aging, and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:95. [PMID: 27199741 PMCID: PMC4848289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; ICREABarcelona, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime J Carvajal
- Molecular Embryology Team, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo Seville, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario DonostiaSan Sebastian, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque CountrySan Sebastian, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario DonostiaSan Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia San Sebastian, Spain
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15
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Schaaf GJ, van Gestel TJM, Brusse E, Verdijk RM, de Coo IFM, van Doorn PA, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. Lack of robust satellite cell activation and muscle regeneration during the progression of Pompe disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:65. [PMID: 26510925 PMCID: PMC4625612 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Muscle stem cells termed satellite cells are essential for muscle regeneration. A central question in many neuromuscular disorders is why satellite cells are unable to prevent progressive muscle wasting. We have analyzed muscle fiber pathology and the satellite cell response in Pompe disease, a metabolic myopathy caused by acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency and lysosomal glycogen accumulation. Pathology included muscle fiber vacuolization, loss of cross striation, and immune cell infiltration. Results The total number of Pax7-positive satellite cells in muscle biopsies from infantile, childhood onset and adult patients (with different ages and disease severities) were indistinguishable from controls, indicating that the satellite cell pool is not exhausted in Pompe disease. Pax7/Ki67 double stainings showed low levels of satellite cell proliferation similar to controls, while MyoD and Myogenin stainings showed undetectable satellite cell differentiation. Muscle regenerative activity monitored with expression of embryonic Myosin Heavy Chain was weak in the rapidly progressing classic infantile form and undetectable in the more slowly progressive childhood and adult onset disease including in severely affected patients. Conclusions These results imply that ongoing muscle wasting in Pompe disease may be explained by insufficient satellite cell activation and muscle regeneration. The preservation of the satellite cell pool may offer a venue for the development of novel treatment strategies directed towards the activation of endogenous satellite cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0243-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Randolph ME, Pavlath GK. A muscle stem cell for every muscle: variability of satellite cell biology among different muscle groups. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:190. [PMID: 26500547 PMCID: PMC4595652 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body contains approximately 640 individual skeletal muscles. Despite the fact that all of these muscles are composed of striated muscle tissue, the biology of these muscles and their associated muscle stem cell populations are quite diverse. Skeletal muscles are affected differentially by various muscular dystrophies (MDs), such that certain genetic mutations specifically alter muscle function in only a subset of muscles. Additionally, defective muscle stem cells have been implicated in the pathology of some MDs. The biology of muscle stem cells varies depending on the muscles with which they are associated. Here we review the biology of skeletal muscle stem cell populations of eight different muscle groups. Understanding the biological variation of skeletal muscles and their resident stem cells could provide valuable insight into mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of certain muscles to myopathic disease.
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17
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Fanin M, Angelini C. Protein and genetic diagnosis of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A: The yield and the pitfalls. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:163-73. [PMID: 25900067 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is the most frequent form of LGMD worldwide. Comprehensive clinical assessment and laboratory testing is essential for diagnosis of LGMD2A. Muscle immunoblot analysis of calpain-3 is the most useful tool to direct genetic testing, as detection of calpain-3 deficiency has high diagnostic value. However, calpain-3 immunoblot testing lacks sensitivity in about 30% of cases due to gene mutations that inactivate the enzyme. The best diagnostic strategy should be determined on a case-by-case basis, depending on which tissues are available, and which molecular and/or genetic methods are adopted. In this work we survey the current knowledge, advantages, limitations, and pitfalls of protein testing and mutation detection in LGMD2A and provide an update of genetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fanin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedical Campus "Pietro d'Abano," via Giuseppe Orus 2B, 35129, Padova, Italy
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18
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Alexander MS, Kunkel LM. Skeletal Muscle MicroRNAs: Their Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential in Human Muscle Diseases. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:1-11. [PMID: 27547731 PMCID: PMC4988517 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-140058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 21-24 nucleotide RNAs that are capable of regulating multiple signaling pathways across multiple tissues. MicroRNAs are dynamically regulated and change in expression levels during periods of early development, tissue regeneration, cancer, and various other disease states. Recently, microRNAs have been isolated from whole serum and muscle biopsies to identify unique diagnostic signatures for specific neuromuscular disease states. Functional studies of microRNAs in cell lines and animal models of neuromuscular diseases have elucidated their importance in contributing to neuromuscular disease progression and pathologies. The ability of microRNAs to alter the expression of an entire signaling pathway opens up their unique ability to be used as potential therapeutic entry points for the treatment of disease. Here, we will review the recent findings of key microRNAs and their dysregulation in various neuromuscular diseases. Additionally, we will highlight the current strategies being used to regulate the expression of key microRNAs as they have become important players in the clinical treatment of some of the neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Alexander
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis M Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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The miR-206/133b cluster is dispensable for development, survival and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:23. [PMID: 25530839 PMCID: PMC4272821 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-014-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three different gene clusters code for the muscle-specific miRNAs miR-206, miR-1 and miR-133a/b. The two miR-1/133a clusters generate identical mature miR-1 and miR-133a miRNAs in heart and skeletal muscle, while the cognate miR-206/133b cluster is exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle. Since sequences of the miRNAs miR-133a and miR-133b are almost identical, it seems likely that they share potential targets. Similarly, miR-1 and miR-206 are structurally related and contain identical seed sequences important for miRNA-target recognition. In the past, different functions of these miRNAs were suggested for development, function and regeneration of skeletal muscle using different in vivo and in vitro models; however, mutants lacking the complete miR-206/133b cluster, which generates a single pri-miRNA constituting a functional unit, have not been analyzed. Methods We generated miR-206/133b knock-out mice and analyzed these mice morphologically; at the transcriptome and proteome level to elucidate the contribution of this miRNA cluster for skeletal muscle development, differentiation, regeneration in vivo; and by systematic analysis. In addition, we studied the consequences of a genetic loss of miR-206/133b for expression of Pax7 and satellite cell differentiation in vitro. Results Deletion of the miR-206/133b cluster did not reveal any obvious essential function of the miRNA-cluster for development and differentiation of skeletal muscle. Careful examination of skeletal muscles of miR-206/133b mutants revealed no structural alterations or molecular changes at the transcriptome and proteome level. In contrast to previous studies, deletion of the miR-206/133b cluster did not impair regeneration of skeletal muscle in mdx mice. Likewise, differentiation of miR-206/133b deficient satellite cells in vitro was unaffected and no change in Pax7 protein concentration was apparent. Conclusions We conclude that the miR-206/133b cluster is dispensable for development, function and regeneration of skeletal muscle, probably due to overlapping functions of the related miR-1/133a clusters, which are strongly expressed in skeletal muscle. We reason that the miR-206/133b cluster alone is not an essential regulator of skeletal muscle regeneration, although more subtle functions might exist that are not apparent under laboratory conditions.
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A phase 1/2a follistatin gene therapy trial for becker muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther 2014; 23:192-201. [PMID: 25322757 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a variant of dystrophin deficiency resulting from DMD gene mutations. Phenotype is variable with loss of ambulation in late teenage or late mid-life years. There is currently no treatment for this condition. In this BMD proof-of-principle clinical trial, a potent myostatin antagonist, follistatin (FS), was used to inhibit the myostatin pathway. Extensive preclinical studies, using adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver follistatin, demonstrated an increase in strength. For this trial, we used the alternatively spliced FS344 to avoid potential binding to off target sites. AAV1.CMV.FS344 was delivered to six BMD patients by direct bilateral intramuscular quadriceps injections. Cohort 1 included three subjects receiving 3 × 10(11) vg/kg/leg. The distance walked on the 6MWT was the primary outcome measure. Patients 01 and 02 improved 58 meters (m) and 125 m, respectively. Patient 03 showed no change. In Cohort 2, Patients 05 and 06 received 6 × 10(11) vg/kg/leg with improved 6MWT by 108 m and 29 m, whereas, Patient 04 showed no improvement. No adverse effects were encountered. Histological changes corroborated benefit showing reduced endomysial fibrosis, reduced central nucleation, more normal fiber size distribution with muscle hypertrophy, especially at high dose. The results are encouraging for treatment of dystrophin-deficient muscle diseases.
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