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Lungu D, Neto T, Andrade RJ, Coppieters MW, Oliveira R, Freitas SR. Immediate and short-term effects of eccentric muscle contractions on structural, morphological, mechanical, functional and physiological properties of peripheral nerves: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289422. [PMID: 37506126 PMCID: PMC10381088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely acknowledged that eccentric muscle contractions may cause skeletal muscle damage. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of eccentric contractions on non-muscular structures. Animal and human studies revealed that eccentric contractions can also induce immediate and short-term nerve dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to examine whether eccentric muscle contractions induce immediate and short-term effects on structural, morphological, mechanical, functional and physiological properties of peripheral nerves, from both animal and human studies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic review of randomised (RCTs) and non-randomised controlled trials will be conducted. Four electronic databases (i.e., Medline/Pubmed, Science Direct, PEDro and Cochrane) will be searched using predefined search terms to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies have to comprise any type of eccentric contraction of upper or lower limb muscles. Primary outcomes will include measures related to structure, morphology, mechanical, functional and physiological properties of peripheral nerves. Two independent reviewers will assess eligibility, evaluate risk of bias, and extract relevant data. In human studies, the risk of bias will be assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool (RoB 2.0 tool) for RCTs and by risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) for non-randomised controlled trials; while for animal studies, the risk of bias will be assessed using the SYRCLE's RoB tool. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Also, if appropriate, a meta-analysis will be performed, where the effect size of each outcome will be determined by the standardized mean difference as well as the 95% confidence intervals. I2 statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION For this study, no ethical approval is required. Findings will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION The protocol has been registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Registration number: CRD42021285767.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Lungu
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Neto
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ricardo J Andrade
- Laboratory «Movement, Interactions, Performance» (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michel W Coppieters
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raúl Oliveira
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
Tensioning techniqueswere the first neurodynamic techniques used therapeutically in the management of people with neuropathies. This article aims to provide a balanced evidence-informed view on the effects of optimal tensile loading on peripheral nerves and the use of tensioning techniques. Whilst the early use of neurodynamics was centered within a mechanical paradigm, research into the working mechanisms of tensioning techniques revealed neuroimmune, neurophysiological, and neurochemical effects. In-vitro and ex-vivo research confirms that tensile loading is required for mechanical adaptation of healthy and healing neurons and nerves. Moreover, elimination of tensile load can have detrimental effects on the nervous system. Beneficial effects of tensile loading and tensioning techniques, contributing to restored homeostasis at the entrapment site, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, include neuronal cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth and orientation, increased endogenous opioid receptors, reduced fibrosis and intraneural scar formation, improved nerve regeneration and remyelination, increased muscle power and locomotion, less mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia, and improved conditioned pain modulation. However, animal and cellular models also show that ‘excessive’ tensile forces have negative effects on the nervous system. Although robust and designed to withstand mechanical load, the nervous system is equally a delicate system. Mechanical loads that can be easily handled by a healthy nervous system, may be sufficient to aggravate clinical symptoms in patients. This paper aims to contribute to a more balanced view regarding the use of neurodynamics and more specifically tensioning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ellis
- School of Clinical Sciences, Active Living and Rehabilitation: Aotearoa, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Giacomo Carta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (Nico), University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.,ASST Nord Milano, Sesto San Giovanni Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ricardo J Andrade
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Queensland, USA
| | - Michel W Coppieters
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia.,Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ochi E, Ueda H, Tsuchiya Y, Nakazato K. Eccentric exercise causes delayed sensory nerve conduction velocity but no repeated bout effect in the flexor pollicis brevis muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3069-3081. [PMID: 34312697 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed at investigating the effect of eccentric contractions (ECCs) of flexor pollicis brevis muscles (FPBMs) on motor and sensory nerve functions as well as the ipsilateral repeated bout effect (IL-RBE) and contralateral (CL)-RBE of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities following ECCs. METHODS Thirty-two young healthy men (age: 19.6 ± 0.2 years, height: 173.2 ± 1.2 cm, body mass: 69.7 ± 1.9 kg) performed two bouts of ECCs. During the first ECCs bout (ECCs-1), all participants performed 100 ECCs with 1 hand; for the second bout, 3 groups (2 weeks [W]: n = 11, 4W: n = 10, 8W: n = 11) performed ECCs with both hands 2, 4, or 8 weeks after ECCs-1. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), range of motion (ROM), visual analog scale for pain (VAS), motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were measured before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after ECCs. RESULTS ECCs-1 decreased the MVC, limited the ROM, developed VAS, and decreased the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities compared to non-exercise hand (p < 0.05). The repeated bout effect was observed in the ROM for IL-RBE in 2W and 4W, VAS for IL-RBE in 2 W, and ROM and VAS for CL-RBE in 2W (p < 0.05). However, RBEs of MVC and motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were not observed, and no differences were confirmed depending on the interval. CONCLUSION In the present study, ECCs of the FPBM caused a sensory nerve dysfunction, while IL- or CL-RBE was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, 3-7-2, Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ochi E, Ueda H, Tsuchiya Y, Kouzaki K, Nakazato K. Eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage in human flexor pollicis brevis is accompanied by impairment of motor nerve. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:462-471. [PMID: 31663641 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric contractions (ECCs) cause muscle damage. In addition, we showed that ECCs induce nerve dysfunction and damage with rats and human. PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) for flexor pollicis brevis muscle (FPBM) after ECCs. METHODS Twelve men (years, 19.8 ± 1.7 years; height, 172.4 ± 7.0 cm; weight, 64.0 ± 8.6 kg) performed maximal 100 ECCs on their FPBM of non-dominant hands with torque dynamometer. The dominant hands were control (CON). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), range of motion (ROM), DOMS, and MCV were assessed before, immediately post, and 1, 2, and 5 days after ECCs. MCV was calculated as the distance by stimulation divided by the latencies of the waveforms generated. Values were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA, and the significance level was set at P < .05. RESULTS Decreases in MVC immediately (-32.9%) to 5 days after ECCs were significantly greater (P < .05) than for the CON group. ROM showed a significant decrease immediately (-21.6%) after ECCs compared with before ECCs and CON group (P < .05). DOMS after ECCs increased at 1 and 2 days (5.0 cm) after ECCs compared with before ECCs and CON (P < .05). Also, MCV after ECCs delayed significantly from immediately (-36.4%), 1, 2, and 5 days after ECCs compared with CON (P < .05), while no significant change in M-wave amplitude was observed over time for both ECCs and CON. CONCLUSION The present study showed that ECCs of the FPBM cause a significant delay in MCV of median nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Ochi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Teikyo Heisei University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Modern Life, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The rectus femoris (RF) has a region-specific functional role; that is, the proximal region of the RF contributes more than the middle and distal regions during hip flexion. This study aimed to investigate whether RF strain injury affected the region-specific functional role of the muscle. We studied seven soccer players with a history of unilateral RF strain injury. Injury data were obtained from a questionnaire survey and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multichannel surface electromyographic (SEMG) signals were recorded from the proximal to distal regions of the RF with 24 electrodes during isometric knee extension and hip flexion. The SEMG signals of each channel during hip flexion were normalised by those during knee extension for the injured and non-injured RF (HF/KE), and compared among the proximal, middle, and distal regions. Six RF strain injuries showed a low signal area in MRI. There was no significant difference in muscle strength between the injured and non-injured RF. While the HF/KE in the proximal region was significantly higher than those in the middle and distal regions in the non-injured RF, a difference in the HF/KE was seen only between the proximal and distal regions of the injured RF. Furthermore, the HF/KE of the most proximal channel in the injured RF was significantly lower than that in the non-injured RF. However, there was no significant difference between injured and non-injured areas in the HF/KE. Our findings suggest that the region-specific functional role of the RF muscle is partly affected by RF strain injury.
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Ashour H, Rashed L, Sabry M. IL-6/STAT3 growth signalling induced by exercise conditioning promotes regeneration of injured rat sciatic nerve: return to an old cytokine. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a growth promoting myokine through signal transduction, and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), as a growth promoting signal, in peripheral nerve injury (PNI) are still unclear, including whether exercise pre- and/or post-conditioning are useful in nerve regeneration. Four groups were included in the study: sham for sciatic nerve injury (control), sciatic nerve injury group (SNI), exercise post-conditioning (SNI+Ex) and exercise pre- and post-conditioning (Ex+SNI+Ex). IL-6 levels were measured in serum, muscle, nerve and its surrounding fascia. Elevated levels of IL-6 in serum, nerve, muscle and fascia revealed that IL-6 induced in nerve by exercise were: (1) local nerve tissue expression; (2) serum diffused as a myokine from contracting muscle; and (3) diffused for surrounding peri-tendinous region. Evaluation of nerve functions shows that, exercise post-conditioning significantly improved (P<0.05) nerve functions in the form of nerve conduction velocity (NCV) (19.21±4.30 vs 10.96±3.08 m/s), compound muscle action potential amplitude (CMAP) (0.26±0.06 vs 0.18±0.06 mv), histologic improvement in myelination% (35.63±3.92 vs 21.13±4.26) and number of nerve fibres (181.75±9.6 vs 145.75±9.67). However, combined pre- and post-conditioning improved NCV (26.95±2.41 vs 19.21±4.30 m/s) and % myelination (43.50±3.16 vs 35.63±3.92) (P<0.05) when compared with the exercise post-conditioning group. In conclusion, IL-6 induced by exercise is valuable in nerve regeneration. The IL-6/STAT3 growth pathway could be a treatment target in clinical trials in PNI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ashour
- Department of Physiology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - L.A. Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - M.M. Sabry
- Department of Histology, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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Kouzaki K, Kobayashi M, Nakamura KI, Ohta K, Nakazato K. Repeated bouts of fast eccentric contraction produce sciatic nerve damage in rats. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:936-942. [PMID: 26994356 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated sciatic nerve impairment after eccentric contractions (ECs) in rat triceps surae. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly assigned to different joint angular velocity: 180°/s (FAST), 30°/s (SLOW), or nontreated control (CNT). FAST and SLOW groups were subjected to multiple (1-4) bouts of 20 (5 reps, 4 sets) ECs. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and isometric tetanic ankle torque were measured 24 h after each ECs bout. We also assessed nerve morphology. RESULTS After 4 ECs bouts, NCVs and isometric torque in the FAST group were significantly lower than those in the CNT (NCV: 42%, torque: 66%; P < 0.05). After 4 bouts, average nerve diameter was significantly smaller in the FAST group [2.39 ± 0.20 μm vs. 2.69 ± 0.20 μm (CNT) and 2.93 ± 0.24 μm (SLOW); P < 0.05] than that in other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ECs with high angular velocity induce serious nerve damage. Muscle Nerve 54: 936-942, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kouzaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Nakamura
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
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Increases in M-wave latency of biceps brachii after elbow flexor eccentric contractions in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:939-46. [PMID: 26994769 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric contractions (ECCs) induce muscle damage that is indicated by prolonged loss of muscle function and delayed onset muscle soreness. It is possible that ECCs affect motor nerves, and this may contribute to the prolonged decreases in force generating capability. The present study investigated the hypothesis that M-wave latency of biceps brachii would be increased after maximal elbow flexor ECCs resulting in prolonged loss of muscle strength. METHODS Fifteen women performed exercise consisting of 60 maximal ECCs of the elbow flexors using their non-dominant arm. M-wave latency was assessed by the time taken from electrical stimulation applied to the Erb's point to the onset of M-wave of the biceps brachii before, immediately after, and 1-4 days after exercise. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion (ROM) and muscle soreness using a numerical rating scale were also assessed before and after exercise. RESULTS Prolonged decreases in MVC torque (1-4 days post-exercise: -54 to -15 %) and ROM (1-2 days: -32 to -22 %), and increased muscle soreness (peak: 4.2 out of 10) were evident after exercise (p < 0.05). The M-wave latency increased (p < 0.01) from 5.8 ± 1.0 ms before exercise to 6.5 ± 1.7 ms at 1 day and 7.2 ± 1.5 ms at 2 days after exercise for the exercised arm only. No significant changes in M-wave amplitude were evident after exercise. CONCLUSION The increased M-wave latency did not fully explain the prolonged decreases in MVC torque after eccentric exercise, but may indicate reversible motor nerve impairment.
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Repeated bouts of fast velocity eccentric contractions induce atrophy of gastrocnemius muscle in rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:317-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee K, Ochi E, Song H, Nakazato K. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase induce expression of FoxO1, FoxO3a, and myostatin after exercise-induced muscle damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:289-94. [PMID: 26342801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to regulate protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. We previously found that levels of Forkhead box proteins, FoxO1 and FoxO3a, and myostatin in rat gastrocnemius increased after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Eccentric muscle contractions (ECs), defined as elongation of muscle under tension, were used for inducing EIMD. The objective of this study was to clarify whether AMPK participates in activation and expression of FoxO proteins and myostatin in rat gastrocnemius muscle after EIMD. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into the following three groups; CON (n = 6), 180ECs group (ankle angular velocity, 180°/s; n = 6), and 30ECs group (ankle angular velocity, 30°/s; n = 6). 20 ECs were conducted with percutaneous electrical stimulation of gastrocnemius and simultaneous forced dorsiflexion of ankle joint (from 0° to 45°). To evaluate activation of AMPK, we measured the phosphorylated states of AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase. For evaluation of the direct relationships of AMPK and other proteins, we also examined contents of FoxOs and myostatin with stimulation of L6 myotube with AMPK agonist, 5 -aminoimidazole -4 -carboxamide -1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) (0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM). Western blotting was employed for protein analysis. Significant torque deficit was only observed in the 180ECs, suggesting EIMD. We also observed that phosphorylated AMPKα was induced in response to 180ECs (p < 0.01 vs. CON). Additionally, the level of phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase was significantly higher in response to 180ECs and 30ECs. The phosphorylated states of FoxO1, FoxO3a, and myostatin expression were increased significantly in response to 180ECs. Furthermore, treatment of L6 myotubes with AICAR showed similar tendencies to that observed in in vivo gastrocnemius muscle treated with 180ECs. Therefore, we conclude that activation of AMPK plays a key role in increasing the level of FoxO1, FoxO3a, and myostatin in gastrocnemius after EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuk Lee
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan; Korea Institute of Sports Science, San223-19, Gongneung-dong Nowon-gu Seoul 139-242, South Korea.
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Hongsun Song
- Korea Institute of Sports Science, San223-19, Gongneung-dong Nowon-gu Seoul 139-242, South Korea.
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan.
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