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Malik A, Zavadil JA, Geusz ME. Using bioluminescence to image gene expression and spontaneous behavior in freely moving mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279875. [PMID: 36662734 PMCID: PMC9858005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of gene expression in live animals is a powerful method for monitoring development, tumor growth, infections, healing, and other progressive, long-term biological processes. BLI remains an effective approach for reducing the number of animals needed to monitor dynamic changes in gene activity because images can be captured repeatedly from the same animals. When examining these ongoing changes, it is sometimes necessary to remove rhythmic effects on the bioluminescence signal caused by the circadian clock's daily modulation of gene expression. Furthermore, BLI using freely moving animals remains limited because the standard procedures can alter normal behaviors. Another obstacle with conventional BLI of animals is that luciferin, the firefly luciferase substrate, is usually injected into mice that are then imaged while anesthetized. Unfortunately, the luciferase signal declines rapidly during imaging as luciferin is cleared from the body. Alternatively, mice are imaged after they are surgically implanted with a pump or connected to a tether to deliver luciferin, but stressors such as this surgery and anesthesia can alter physiology, behavior, and the actual gene expression being imaged. Consequently, we developed a strategy that minimizes animal exposure to stressors before and during sustained BLI of freely moving unanesthetized mice. This technique was effective when monitoring expression of the Per1 gene that serves in the circadian clock timing mechanism and was previously shown to produce circadian bioluminescence rhythms in live mice. We used hairless albino mice expressing luciferase that were allowed to drink luciferin and engage in normal behaviors during imaging with cooled electron-multiplying-CCD cameras. Computer-aided image selection was developed to measure signal intensity of individual mice each time they were in the same posture, thereby providing comparable measurements over long intervals. This imaging procedure, performed primarily during the animal's night, is compatible with entrainment of the mouse circadian timing system to the light cycle while allowing sampling at multi-day intervals to monitor long-term changes. When the circadian expression of a gene is known, this approach provides an effective alternative to imaging immobile anesthetized animals and can removing noise caused by circadian oscillations and body movements that can degrade data collected during long-term imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Malik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Zavadil
- Graduate Medical Education, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Geusz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
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2
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Smith R, Ellender M, Guo C, Hammond D, Laycock A, Leonard MO, Wright M, Davidson M, Malard V, Payet M, Grisolia C, Blanchardon E. Biokinetics and Internal Dosimetry of Tritiated Steel Particles. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100602. [PMID: 36287882 PMCID: PMC9607624 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Decommissioning fission and fusion facilities can result in the production of airborne particles containing tritium that could inadvertently be inhaled by workers directly involved in the operations, and potentially others, resulting in internal exposures to tritium. Of particular interest in this context, given the potentially large masses of material involved, is tritiated steel. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recommended committed effective dose coefficients for inhalation of some tritiated materials, but not specifically for tritiated steel. The lack of a dose coefficient for tritiated steel is a concern given the potential importance of the material. To address this knowledge gap, a "dissolution" study, in vivo biokinetic study in a rodent model (1 MBq intratracheal instillation, 3-month follow-up) and associated state-of-the-art modelling were undertaken to derive dose coefficients for model tritiated steel particles. A committed effective dose coefficient for the inhalation of 3.3 × 10-12 Sv Bq-1 was evaluated for the particles, reflecting an activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of 13.3 µm, with the value for a reference AMAD for workers (5 µm) of 5.6 × 10-12 Sv Bq-1 that may be applied to occupational inhalation exposure to tritiated steel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Smith
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Michele Ellender
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Chang Guo
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Derek Hammond
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Adam Laycock
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O. Leonard
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Matthew Wright
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Michael Davidson
- Radiation Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Véronique Malard
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM) (Aix-Marseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)), 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Mickaël Payet
- Institute for Magnetic Fusion Research (IRFM), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Christian Grisolia
- Institute for Magnetic Fusion Research (IRFM), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (E.B.)
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3
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Bekele BM, Schöwel-Wolf V, Kieshauer J, Marg A, Busjahn A, Davis S, Nugent G, Ebert AK, Spuler S. Human primary muscle stem cells regenerate injured urethral sphincter in athymic rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:453-460. [PMID: 36208013 PMCID: PMC9610153 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of human muscle stem cells (MuSCs) isolated using innovative technology in restoring internal urinary sphincter function in a preclinical animal model. Methods Colonies of pure human MuSCs were obtained from muscle biopsy specimens. Athymic rats were subjected to internal urethral sphincter damage by electrocauterization. Five days after injury, 2 × 105 muscle stem cells or medium as control were injected into the area of sphincter damage (n = 5 in each group). Peak bladder pressure and rise in pressure were chosen as outcome measures. To repeatedly obtain the necessary pressure values, telemetry sensors had been implanted into the rat bladders 10 days prior to injury. Results There was a highly significant improvement in the ability to build up peak pressure as well as a pressure rise in animals that had received muscle stem cells as compared to control (p = 0.007) 3 weeks after the cells had been injected. Only minimal histologic evidence of scarring was observed in treated rats. Conclusion Primary human muscle stem cells obtained using innovative technology functionally restore internal urethral sphincter function after injury. Translation into use in clinical settings is foreseeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam M Bekele
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Belrin, Germany
| | - Verena Schöwel-Wolf
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Belrin, Germany
| | - Janine Kieshauer
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Marg
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Davis
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Gayle Nugent
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Anne-Karoline Ebert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Belrin, Germany
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4
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Andreev-Andrievskiy AA, Lagereva EA, Pankova NV, Mashkin MA, Manskikh VN, Frolova OY, Fadeeva OV, Telyatnikova EV. Chronic bladder catheterization for precise urine collection in awake mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 113:107128. [PMID: 34678429 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic chambers are routinely used for urine collection in rodents. In mice, due to small urination volume, evaporation in the metabolic chambers (≈50%) distorts diuresis and urinalysis parameters. We have developed a new technique of bladder catheterization enabling long-term accurate and contamination-free urine collection in awake male and female mice for 30 days or longer. Daily diuresis in catheterized mice was twice higher as compared to metabolic cages. The twofold difference in urine recovery was preserved when the circadian variation of diuresis, the effects of furosemide, desmopressin and water load were estimated using the two techniques. Urine osmolarity, urinalysis, and microbiological parameters evidence higher quality of the catheter-collected urine. Using phenol red, we demonstrate utility of our technique for pharmacokinetic studies. 30 days after the surgery the catheters were patent and had minimal impact on the animals' heath. Bladder catheterization is a useful tool for physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Andreev-Andrievskiy
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, 119991 Moscow, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Russia; Institute of biomedical problems, Russian Academy of Science, 123007 Moscow, 76A Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Russia; MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia.
| | - Evgeniya A Lagereva
- Institute of biomedical problems, Russian Academy of Science, 123007 Moscow, 76A Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Russia; MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - Nadezda V Pankova
- Institute of biomedical problems, Russian Academy of Science, 123007 Moscow, 76A Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Russia; MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Mashkin
- Institute of biomedical problems, Russian Academy of Science, 123007 Moscow, 76A Khoroshevskoe Shosse, Russia; MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - Vasily N Manskikh
- MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia; A.N. Belozerskiy Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, 119991 Moscow, 1-40 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Frolova
- MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - Olga V Fadeeva
- MSU Institute for Mitoengineering, LLC, 119991 Moscow, 1-73 Leninskie Gory, Russia
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5
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Langdale CL, Degoski D, Milliken PH, Grill WM. Voiding behavior in awake unrestrained untethered spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar control rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F195-F206. [PMID: 34151591 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00564.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a genetic model of high blood pressure, has also been studied as a potential model of overactive bladder. In vivo studies have confirmed the presence of surrogate markers of overactive bladder, including detrusor overactivity, increased urinary frequency, decreased bladder capacity and voided volume (VV), and afferent hypersensitivity to bladder irritation. However, these observations were during awake cystometry using implanted bladder catheters tethered to an infusion pump and artificially filled. We conducted experiments in awake unrestrained untethered age-matched female SHRs and Wistar rats to quantify naïve consumption and voiding behavior and the effect of capsaicin desensitization on consumption and voiding behavior. Food and water consumption, body weight, voiding frequency, and VV were recorded. Rats were placed in metabolism cages for 24 h, up to twice a week, from 17 to 37 wk of age. Compared with Wistar rats, SHRs exhibited decrease in VV and did not exhibit diurnal variation in VV between light and dark periods, suggesting that SHRs may have bladder hypersensitivity. Furthermore, SHRs may also have smaller bladder capacities, as they consumed less water, voided less volume (regardless of light cycle), and had equal urinary frequencies compared with age-matched Wistar rats. We detected no change in SHR voiding behavior following capsaicin desensitization, which was in contrast to a prior awake in vivo cystometry study describing increased VV and micturition interval in SHRs and suggests that C-fiber activity may not contribute to bladder hypersensitivity in SHRs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We characterized the long-term (20 wk) voiding, defecation, and consumption behavior of age-matched spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar rats without the influence of anesthesia or catheters. Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibited bladder hypersensitiviy that persisted for the 20-wk duration and was unaffected by capsacin desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Degoski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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6
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Angoli D, Geramipour A, Danziger ZC. Validation of an efficient and continuous urodynamic monitoring system for awake, unrestrained, chronic rodent studies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F86-F95. [PMID: 31736349 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00349.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The postvoid residual (PVR) is an important measure of bladder function, but obtaining PVR is burdensome because bladder volume must be measured at the time of voiding. The PVR measurement problem has led to experimental tricks in animal studies (infusing the bladder at supraphysiological rates and limiting animal observation windows) to keep the number of observed voids statistically robust while reducing the time an experimenter must be present. Our solution to the PVR measurement problem is a system called Automatic Monitoring for Efficient, Awake, Sensitive, Urine Residual Estimation (AMEASURE). AMEASURE combines metabolic cages and optimization algorithms to estimate continuously PVR for every voiding event 24 h/day for multiple weeks, without artificial bladder infusion, continuous experimenter supervision, anesthesia, or restraints. Using AMEASURE, we obtained voided volumes, PVRs, and other urodynamic parameters continuously for 21 days in 10 healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats. Importantly, this required only one manual measurement of animals' bladder volume every 12 h. We validated the accuracy of the system experimentally and in simulation. We detected marked differences in voiding frequency and efficiency between light and dark cycles and found that voiding frequency increased over time during the dark cycle (but not the light cycle), due to surgical recovery, cage acclimation, and socialization. This tool enhances the relevance of rodent models to the study of human lower urinary tract by expanding observation periods and obviating the need to infuse the bladder and facilitates the study of conditions for which behavioral, social, or circadian factors play essential roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Angoli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - A Geramipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Z C Danziger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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7
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Arfuso F, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Rizzo M, Panzera M, Piccione G. Comparative evaluation of daily rhythm of urinary excretion in Equus caballus and Bos taurus by means of fractional clearance. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1505128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Panzera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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8
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Hara M, Minami Y, Ohashi M, Tsuchiya Y, Kusaba T, Tamagaki K, Koike N, Umemura Y, Inokawa H, Yagita K. Robust circadian clock oscillation and osmotic rhythms in inner medulla reflecting cortico-medullary osmotic gradient rhythm in rodent kidney. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7306. [PMID: 28779094 PMCID: PMC5544761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks in mammals function in most organs and tissues throughout the body. Various renal functions such as the glomerular filtration and excretion of electrolytes exhibit circadian rhythms. Although it has been reported that the expression of the clock genes composing molecular oscillators show apparent daily rhythms in rodent kidneys, functional variations of regional clocks are not yet fully understood. In this study, using macroscopic bioluminescence imaging method of the PER2::Luciferase knock-in mouse kidney, we reveal that strong and robust circadian clock oscillation is observed in the medulla. In addition, the osmotic pressure in the inner medulla shows apparent daily fluctuation, but not in the cortex. Quantitative-PCR analysis of the genes contributing to the generation of high osmotic pressure or the water re-absorption in the inner medulla, such as vasopressin receptors (V1aR, V2R), urea transporter (UT-A2) and water channel (Aqp2) show diurnal variations as well as clock genes. Deficiency of an essential clock gene Bmal1 impairs day-night variations of osmotic pressure gradient in the inner medulla, suggesting that circadian clocks in the medulla part of the kidney may regulate the circadian rhythm of cortico-medullary osmotic pressure gradient, and may contribute physiological day-night rhythm of urination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hara
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munehiro Ohashi
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsuchiya
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Koike
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Umemura
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Inokawa
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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9
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Palacios JL, Juárez M, Morán C, Xelhuantzi N, Damaser MS, Cruz Y. Neuroanatomic and behavioral correlates of urinary dysfunction induced by vaginal distension in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1065-73. [PMID: 26936873 PMCID: PMC6880194 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00417.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to use a model of simulated human childbirth in rats to determine the damage to genitourinary structures and behavioral signs of urinary dysfunction induced by vaginal distension (VD) in female rats. In experiment 1, the length of the genitourinary tract and the nerves associated with it were measured immediately after simulated human delivery induced by VD or sham (SH) procedures. Electroneurograms of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris (DNC) were also recorded. In experiment 2, histological characteristics of the bladder and major pelvic ganglion of VD and SH rats were evaluated. In experiment 3, urinary parameters were determined in conscious animals during 6 h of dark and 6 h of light before and 3 days after VD or SH procedures. VD significantly increased distal vagina width (P < 0.001) and the length of the motor branch of the sacral plexus (P < 0.05), DNC (P < 0.05), and vesical nerves (P < 0.01) and decreased DNC frequency and amplitude of firing. VD occluded the pelvic urethra, inducing urinary retention, hematomas in the bladder, and thinness of the epithelial (P < 0.05) and detrusor (P < 0.01) layers of the bladder. Major pelvic ganglion parameters were not modified after VD. Rats dripped urine in unusual places to void, without the stereotyped behavior of micturition after VD. The neuroanatomic injuries after VD occur alongside behavioral signs of urinary incontinence as determined by a new behavioral tool for assessing micturition in conscious animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Palacios
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - M Juárez
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - C Morán
- Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - N Xelhuantzi
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - M S Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Y Cruz
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México; Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México;
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10
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Franconi F, Rosano G, Campesi I. Need for gender-specific pre-analytical testing: the dark side of the moon in laboratory testing. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:514-35. [PMID: 25465806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many international organisations encourage studies in a sex-gender perspective. However, research with a gender perspective presents a high degree of complexity, and the inclusion of sex-gender variable in experiments presents many methodological questions, the majority of which are still neglected. Overcoming these issues is fundamental to avoid erroneous results. Here, pre-analytical aspects of the research, such as study design, choice of utilised specimens, sample collection and processing, animal models of diseases, and the observer's role, are discussed. Artefacts in this stage of research could affect the predictive value of all analyses. Furthermore, the standardisation of research subjects according to their lifestyles and, if female, to their life phase and menses or oestrous cycle, is urgent to harmonise research worldwide. A sex-gender-specific attention to pre-analytical aspects could produce a decrease in the time for translation from the bench to bedside. Furthermore, sex-gender-specific pre-clinical pharmacological testing will enable adequate assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic actions of drugs and will enable, where appropriate, an adequate gender-specific clinical development plan. Therefore, sex-gender-specific pre-clinical research will increase the gender equity of care and will produce more evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, National Laboratory of Gender Medicine of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Sassari, Italy; Vicepresident of Basilicata Region.
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, National Laboratory of Gender Medicine of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Sassari, Italy
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11
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Villa L, Buono R, Fossati N, Rigatti P, Montorsi F, Benigni F, Hedlund P. Effects by silodosin on the partially obstructed rat ureter in vivo and on human and rat isolated ureters. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:230-8. [PMID: 23373675 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE α1 -adrenoceptor (-AR) antagonists may facilitate ureter stone passage in humans. We aimed to study effects by the α1 A -AR selective antagonist silodosin (compared to tamsulosin and prazosin) on ureter pressures in a rat model of ureter obstruction, and on contractions of human and rat isolated ureters. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After ethical approval, ureters of male rats were cannulated beneath the kidney pelvis for in vivo ureteral intraluminal recording of autonomous peristaltic pressure waves. A partial ureter obstruction was applied to the distal ureter. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was recorded. Approximate clinical and triple clinical doses of the α1 -AR antagonists were given intravenously. Effects by the α1 -AR antagonists on isolated human and rat ureters were studied in organ baths. KEY RESULTS Intravenous silodosin (0.1-0.3 mg kg(-1) ) or prazosin (0.03-0.1 mg kg(-1) ) reduced obstruction-induced increases in intraluminal ureter pressures by 21-37% or 18-40% respectively. Corresponding effects by tamsulosin (0.01 or 0.03 mg kg(-1) ) were 9-20%. Silodosin, prazosin and tamsulosin reduced MAP by 10-12%, 25-26% (P < 0.05), or 18-25% (P < 0.05) respectively. When effects by the α1 A -AR antagonists on obstruction-induced ureter pressures were expressed as a function of MAP, silodosin had six- to eightfold and 2.5- to eightfold better efficacy than tamsulosin or prazosin respectively. Silodosin effectively reduced contractions of both human and rat isolated ureters. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Silodosin inhibits contractions of the rat and human isolated ureters and has excellent functional selectivity in vivo to relieve pressure-load of the rat obstructed ureter. Silodosin as pharmacological ureter stone expulsive therapy should be clinically further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Villa
- Urological Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Dickinson H, Moritz KM, Kett MM. A comparative study of renal function in male and female spiny mice - sex specific responses to a high salt challenge. Biol Sex Differ 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 24321563 PMCID: PMC4029144 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a significant body of evidence to suggest that hormone levels, receptor density and structural differences between males and females can significantly alter renal hemodynamics. We compared the renal hemodynamic and excretory profile of female and male spiny mice under baseline conditions and in response to a high-NaCl diet. Methods Adult male and female spiny mice were fed either a normal or high salt diet for 7 days. Renal excretory profile was obtained from 24 h urine samples, and renal hemodynamic measurements using anaesthetised renal clearance techniques. Kidneys were excised, weighed and frozen for qPCR analysis. Results Under basal conditions, conscious and anaesthetised renal functions were similar between male and female spiny mice when adjusted for body weights. Male and female spiny mice on the high-NaCl diet had significantly greater GFR than sex matched controls (PDIET < 0.001). However the magnitude of the effect of salt was sex dependent (PSEX < 0.001; PINT < 0.01). Male spiny mice showed a greater increase in GFR (84% higher than normal salt males) compared to females (33% higher than normal salt females), despite similar increases in renal plasma flow. In response to 7 days of high salt diet, female spiny mice showed a greater increase in 24-hour water consumption (45% more) and urinary output (50% more) compared to males (PINT < 0.01). These sex differences could not be explained by differences in renal expression of the V2R or AQP3 channel. Conclusion These studies have identified major differences between male and female spiny mice in their renal response to a high-NaCl load suggesting that renal hemodynamics may be differentially regulated for the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Chronobiology of Micturition: Putative Role of the Circadian Clock. J Urol 2013; 190:843-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Patra PB, Patra S. Sex differences in the physiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Curr Urol 2013; 6:179-88. [PMID: 24917740 DOI: 10.1159/000343536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is not only noticed in the prevalence of many diseases, but also in multiple physiological functions in the body. This review has summarized findings from published literature on the sex differences of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract (LUT) of humans and animals. Sex differences have been found in several key areas of the LUT, such as overactive bladder, expression and function of neurotransmitter receptors in the bladder and urethra, and micturition patterns in humans and animals. It is anticipated that this review will not only evoke renewed interest for further research on the mechanism of sex differences in the pathophysiology of the LUT (especially for overactive bladder), but might also open up the possibilities for gender-based drug development by pharmaceutical industries in order to find separate cures for men and women with diseases of the LUT.
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Su X, Nickles A, Nelson DE. Neuromodulation in a rat model of the bladder micturition reflex. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F477-86. [PMID: 22049401 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00515.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A rat model of bladder reflex contraction (BRC) was used to determine the optimal frequency and intensity of spinal nerve (SN) stimulation to produce neuromodulation of bladder activity and to assess the therapeutic mechanisms of this neuromodulation. In anesthetized female rats (urethane 1.2 g/kg ip), a wire electrode was used to produce bilateral stimulation of the L6 SN. A cannula was placed into the bladder via the urethra, and the urethra was ligated to ensure an isovolumetric bladder. Saline infusion induced BRC. Electrical stimulation of the SN produced a frequency- and intensity-dependent attenuation of the frequency of bladder contractions. Ten-herz stimulation produced maximal inhibition; lower and higher stimulation frequency produced less attenuation of BRC. Attenuation of bladder contraction frequency was directly proportional to the current intensity. At 10 Hz, stimulation using motor threshold pulses (T(mot)) produced a delayed inhibition of the frequency of bladder contractions to 34 ± 11% of control. Maximal bladder inhibition appeared at 10 min poststimulation. High current intensity at 0.6 mA (∼6 * T(mot)) abolished bladder contraction during stimulation, and the inhibition was sustained for 10 min poststimulation (prolonged inhibition). Furthermore, in rats pretreated with capsaicin (125 mg/kg sc), stimulation produced a stronger inhibition of BRC. The inhibitory effects on bladder contraction may be mediated by both afferent and efferent mechanisms. Lower intensities of stimulation may activate large, fast-conducting fibers and actions through the afferent limb of the micturition reflex arc in SN neuromodulation. Higher intensities may additionally act through the efferent limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Medtronic, Inc., Neuromodulation Research, 7000 Central Ave. NE, RCE470, Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA.
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16
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Abstract
In humans, the storage and voiding functions of the urinary bladder have a characteristic diurnal variation, with increased voiding during the day and urine storage during the night. However, in animal models, the daily functional differences in urodynamics have not been well-studied. The goal of this study was to identify key urodynamic parameters that vary between day and night. Rats were chronically instrumented with an intravesical catheter, and bladder pressure, voided volumes, and micturition frequency were measured by continuous filling cystometry during the light (inactive) or dark (active) phases of the circadian cycle. Cage activity was recorded by video during the experiment. We hypothesized that nocturnal rats entrained to a standard 12:12 light:dark cycle would show greater ambulatory activity and more frequent, smaller volume micturitions in the dark compared to the light. Rats studied during the light phase had a bladder capacity of 1.44±0.21 mL and voided every 8.2±1.2 min. Ambulatory activity was lower in the light phase, and rats slept during the recording period, awakening only to urinate. In contrast, rats studied during the dark were more active, had a lower bladder capacities (0.65±0.18 mL), and urinated more often (every 3.7±0.9 min). Average bladder pressures were not significantly different between the light and dark (13.40±2.49 and 12.19±2.85 mmHg, respectively). These results identify a day-night difference in bladder capacity and micturition frequency in chronically-instrumented nocturnal rodents that is phase-locked to the normal circadian locomotor activity rhythm of the animal. Furthermore, since it has generally been assumed that the daily hormonal regulation of renal function is a major driver of the circadian rhythm in urination, and few studies have addressed the involvement of the lower urinary tract, these results establish the bladder itself as a target for circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M. Herrera
- Catamount Research & Development Company, St. Albans, Vermont, United States of America
- Med Associates, Inc., St. Albans, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Meredith
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Patra PB, Thorneloe KS, Laping NJ. Effect of estrogen and progesterone on urodynamics in the conscious rat. Urology 2009; 74:463-6. [PMID: 19573897 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of estrogen and/or progesterone on the cystometric profiles obtained using continuous-filling cystometry in the conscious Sprague-Dawley rat. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ovariectomy (OVX) and were compared with controls by conscious continuous-filling cystometry. The effect of estrogen (10 microg/kg/d for 14 days) and/or progesterone (10 mg/kg/d for 14 days) replacement on OVX urodynamics was examined (n = 7-8/group). RESULTS OVX rats demonstrated reduced micturition intervals and voided volumes compared with controls. These effects of OVX were reversed by estrogen replacement, but not by progesterone replacement. When combined with estrogen, progesterone functioned to partially antagonize the effects of estrogen in OVX rats. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen enhances bladder capacity in the OVX rat and therefore is a likely contributor to the larger bladder capacity in the female compared with the male rat. Consistent with its established role in reproductive physiology, progesterone antagonizes the beneficial effects of estrogen on OVX rat urodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani B Patra
- Cardiovascular and Urogenital Center for Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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18
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Yamamoto G, Kai N, Shirasaki T, Soeda F, Takahama K. [Novel method of sequential urine collection and recording in freely moving mice]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2009; 133:332-336. [PMID: 19521030 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.133.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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19
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Van Hoeck K, Bael A, Lax H, Hirche H, Van Dessel E, Van Renthergem D, van Gool JD. Urine output rate and maximum volume voided in school-age children with and without nocturnal enuresis. J Pediatr 2007; 151:575-80. [PMID: 18035133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare urine volumes voided and output rates in prepubertal children with and without monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE), to investigate the balance between nocturnal urine output and functional bladder capacity. STUDY DESIGN In 76 prepubertal children with MNE, all voidings were collected over 48 hours: bedwetting volume (BWV), early-morning voiding after a dry night (EMV), and other voided volumes (VV). Output rates were calculated based on volumes voided and time intervals. Data collected in 50 typical prepubertal children were used for comparison. In both populations, holding-exercise volumes (HEV) were also collected, to approximate maximum volume voided (MVV). RESULTS Of the 15% total bedwetting events recorded with output rates more than 2 standard deviations above the normal population average, only half met the International Children's Continence Society criteria for "nocturnal polyuria." The circadian rhythm of urine output is the same in both populations; during inactivity, low rates and long filling times result in large EMV. BWVs are also produced with low rates, but have shorter filling times. MVV is small for age in MNE, but HEV for age is the same in both populations. Treating MNE with holding exercises needs to be studied prospectively. CONCLUSIONS The cause of bedwetting might be aborted bladder filling in the circadian inactivity phase rather than nocturnal polyuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Van Hoeck
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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20
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Sabolić I, Asif AR, Budach WE, Wanke C, Bahn A, Burckhardt G. Gender differences in kidney function. Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:397-429. [PMID: 17638010 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones influence the development of female (F) and male (M) specific traits and primarily affect the structure and function of gender-specific organs. Recent studies also indicated their important roles in regulating structure and/or function of nearly every tissue and organ in the mammalian body, including the kidneys, causing gender differences in a variety of characteristics. Clinical observations in humans and studies in experimental animals in vivo and in models in vitro have shown that renal structure and functions under various physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions are different in M and F, and that these differences may be related to the sex-hormone-regulated expression and action of transporters in the apical and basolateral membrane of nephron epithelial cells. In this review we have collected published data on gender differences in renal functions, transporters and other related parameters, and present our own microarray data on messenger RNA expression for various transporters in the kidney cortex of M and F rats. With these data we would like to emphasize the importance of sex hormones in regulation of a variety of renal transport functions and to initiate further studies of gender-related differences in kidney structure and functions, which would enable us to better understand occurrence and development of various renal diseases, pharmacotherapy, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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21
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Van Hoeck K, Bael A, Lax H, Hirche H, van Gool JD. Circadian variation of voided volume in normal school-age children. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:579-84. [PMID: 17043843 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional bladder capacity (FBC) and urine output are important variables in the management of incontinence and nocturnal enuresis. The lack of reference ranges for FBC vs. age, and the arbitrarily defined time-windows for measuring urine output, impede the clinical use of these variables in children. To solve these impediments, we had 26 girls and 28 boys, between 6 and 12 years of age, collect, measure, time, and sample every voiding, using 72-h frequency-volume charts; all samples were analysed for osmolality and creatinine concentration. Voided volumes show a very wide range (10-550 ml) and a subset that is significantly larger than all other voidings: early morning voidings (EMV). The individual maximum voided volume (MVV) belongs to the category of EMV in 74% of the children. MVV, the measure for FBC, fits the 5-95% centiles that have been published for cystographic bladder capacity for age in normal children; all other voiding are mostly below the 5% centile. Voided volume plotted vs. corresponding urine output rate shows that, with output rates below 50 ml/h, rest-phase bladder filling always results in significantly larger voidings (EMV) than activity-phase bladder filling. Two circadian rhythms seem to be involved, one for urine output, and another for inhibition of bladder contractility. With hourly population averages of individual urine and osmole output rates plotted on a time scale, circadian patterns appear; these patterns are masked when urine output is collected in blocks of 6, 8, or 12 h. Both plots are promising tools for studying the pathophysiology of voided volume vs. urine output, e.g. in children with nocturnal enuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Van Hoeck
- Paediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, Belgium.
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Nout YS, Bresnahan JC, Culp E, Tovar CA, Beattie MS, Schmidt MH. Novel technique for monitoring micturition and sexual function in male rats using telemetry. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R1359-67. [PMID: 17095649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00532.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel technique to simultaneously monitor micturitions and erections in rats by using pressure monitoring within the corpus spongiosum of the penis (CSP). We present data validating this technique and report pressure waveform characteristics of micturition and erectile events during four different behavioral contexts in 10 awake, freely-moving male rats. Telemetric pressure transducers were implanted in the bulb of the CSP. CSP pressure was monitored while the animals were simultaneously recorded on video for determination of presence and volume ( n = 7) of micturitions and while the animals underwent behavioral tests for determination of erections. Observed micturitions and CSP pressure waveforms characteristic of micturitions occurred simultaneously ( r = 0.98) at a frequency of 32 ± 4 micturitions per 24 h and with a volume of 0.95 ± 0.12 ml/urination. Micturition duration recorded by CSP pressure and volume determined by urine weight were highly correlated ( r = 0.82). We found that 100% of visually confirmed erectile events occurred simultaneously with CSP pressure waveforms characteristic of erections during ex copula reflex erection tests. During noncontact erection and mating tests more erections were identified by telemetry than by observation alone. Erections during mating tests had a different appearance than those seen in other contexts; they were shorter in duration ( P < 0.05) and typically were characterized by a single suprasystolic CSP pressure peak, highlighting the context-specificity of erections. Quality of recordings remained stable in three of four rats we followed for 8 wk. We demonstrate that telemetric recording of CSP pressure provides a quantitative and qualitative assessment of penile erections and micturition in freely behaving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S Nout
- Ohio Sleep Medicine and Neuroscience Institute, 4975 Bradenton Avenue, Dublin, OH 43017, USA
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Van Vleet TR, White MR, Sanderson TP, Cohen SM, Cano M, Arnold LL, Waites CR, Schilling BE, Mitroka J, Dominick MA. Subchronic Urinary Bladder Effects of Muraglitazar in Male Rats1. Toxicol Sci 2006; 96:58-71. [PMID: 17132713 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muraglitazar, a PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, was dosed orally to rats once daily for 13 weeks to evaluate urinary and urothelial changes of potential relevance to urinary bladder tumorigenesis. Groups of 17 young or aged rats per sex were fed a normal or 1% NH4Cl-supplemented diet and were dosed with 0, 1, or 50 mg/kg muraglitazar. Lithogenic ions and sediment were profiled from freshly voided urine samples collected 24 h after dosing, and drug exposures were measured. Urinary citrate, oxalate, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were assayed from 18-h urine collections. Urothelium was assessed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and BrdU and TUNEL immunohistochemistry. When fed a normal diet, urine pH was higher in males (above 6.5). Urine volume/body weight was greater in females. Urine soluble/total calcium and magnesium and phosphorus/creatinine ratios were lower in male rats fed a normal diet. Urine citrate levels were decreased and oxalate was increased in young male rats treated with 50 mg/kg muraglitazar compared to age/sex/diet-matched controls. No changes in urine sediment were detected 24 h after dosing. In young male rats treated with 50 mg/kg on normal diet, multifocal urothelial necrosis and proliferation were observed, whereas urothelial apoptosis and urine EGF levels were unchanged compared to age/sex/diet-matched controls. Urothelial necrosis and proliferation were not correlated to systemic or urinary drug exposures and were prevented by dietary acidification. These data suggest that muraglitazar-associated changes in urine composition predispose to urothelial cytotoxicity and proliferation in the urinary bladder of young male rats and that urine sediment must be profiled at multiple daily timepoints to fully qualify drug-induced changes in urine composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry R Van Vleet
- Departments of Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Mt Vernon, Indiana 47721, USA
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Kuo SM, MacLean ME, McCormick K, Wilson JX. Gender and sodium-ascorbate transporter isoforms determine ascorbate concentrations in mice. J Nutr 2004; 134:2216-21. [PMID: 15333707 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the hypothesis that sodium-dependent vitamin C (ascorbate) transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2 (encoded by genes Slc23a1 and Slc23a2) regulate ascorbate concentrations in tissues of adult mice. Slc23a2+/- and Slc23a2+/+ mice were fed an ascorbate-free diet for 10-12 wk, and then segregated according to gender and genome, and were placed in groups of 3-4 in metabolic cages for 24-h urine collection. RT-PCR analysis showed that liver and kidney expressed mainly SVCT1, and brain, skeletal muscle, and spleen expressed predominantly SVCT2. Slc23a2+/- mice had low SVCT2 but normal SVCT1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, which did not differ between genders. Ascorbate concentrations were lower in Slc23a2+/- than Slc23a2+/+ mice in tissues where SVCT2 was the main isoform. Compared with males, females had lower ascorbate excretion and ascorbate:creatinine ratio in urine and had higher ascorbate concentrations in plasma and SVCT1-predominant tissues. SVCT2 contributed to a gender effect in spleen because males had higher spleen ascorbate concentration than females in wild-type but not in Slc23a2+/- mice. Hepatic gulonolactone oxidase mRNA and activity levels did not differ with genotype or gender, indicating no differences in ascorbate synthesis. We concluded that SVCT2 is a major determinant of ascorbate accumulation in tissues lacking SVCT1. The SVCT isoforms appear to function independently of one another because SVCT1 expression and ascorbate concentrations in SVCT1-predominant organs were not affected by SVCT2 deficiency. Additionally, lower ascorbate excretion in females may elevate the vitamin's concentrations in plasma and tissues expressing SVCT1 that, unlike SVCT2, is not saturated by plasma ascorbate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ming Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Yoshimura Y, Yamaguchi O, Bellamy F, Constantinou CE. Effect of Pygeum africanum tadenan on micturition and prostate growth of the rat secondary to coadministered treatment and post-treatment with dihydrotestosterone. Urology 2003; 61:474-8. [PMID: 12597984 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pretreatment with oral tadenan (TAD) has been shown to possess a protective effect on bladder dysfunction-induced obstruction. We evaluated the functional influence of cotreatment and post-treatment with oral TAD on the frequency/volume characteristics of micturition of conscious rats stimulated with exogenous dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to induce experimental prostate growth. METHODS Studies were done on 36 adult Sprague-Dawley male rats, treated daily for 6 weeks and grouped as follows: group 1, sesame oil during weeks 1 and 2, peanut oil during weeks 3 to 6; group 2, DHT (1.25 mg/kg subcutaneously) dissolved in sesame oil as vehicle during weeks 1 and 2 and peanut oil during weeks 3 to 6; group 3, DHT (1.25 mg/kg subcutaneously) dissolved in sesame oil as vehicle and TAD (100 mg/kg orally) in peanut oil during weeks 1 and 2 and TAD during weeks 3 to 6; and group 4, DHT in sesame oil during weeks 1 and 2 and TAD in peanut oil during weeks 3 to 6. The characteristics of frequency/volume were monitored biweekly and at the sixth week. RESULTS Controls showed no significant changes from baseline values in volume or frequency during the entire study period. DHT treatment produced a significant increase in frequency (1.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.0 +/- 0.4/hr) and a significant decrease in volume (1.8 +/- 0.3 to 1.2 +/- 0.1 mL). In groups 3 and 4, no significant changes occurred in frequency or volume. By the sixth week of observation, the effects of DHT treatment decreased to control values in all groups. A significant increase in prostatic weight (1191 +/- 11 to 1434 +/- 17 mg/kg) was produced by DHT treatment and TAD cotreatment suppressed growth to 1390 +/- 8.4 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS TAD cotreatment or post-treatment suppressed the effects of DHT on micturition, and TAD cotreatment regressed a developing increase in prostatic weight. Post-treatment TAD administration did not reduce already established growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosh Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Shafer LL, McNulty JA, Young MR. Assessment of melatonin's ability to regulate cytokine production by macrophage and microglia cell types. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 120:84-93. [PMID: 11694323 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence in support of melatonin's role as an immunomodulator is incomplete and, in some cases, contradictory. The present studies determined whether melatonin modulates the activity of stimulated macrophages. In vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10-1000 ng/ml) treatment of alveolar, splenic and peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice and/or rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) secretion. Treatment with melatonin (10(-10)-10(-6) M) prior to the addition of LPS, had no effect on IL-1beta or TNF-alpha release. Additionally, melatonin had no effect on stimulated BV2 microglial cell line cytokine secretion. To determine whether melatonin had an indirect effect on macrophage cytokine release via T cells, melatonin was added to unfractionated mouse spleen cells. Again, melatonin showed no priming effect on LPS-stimulated spleen cells. These results suggest that melatonin has no direct or indirect effect on mouse and rat macrophages. In vivo studies, where melatonin was continuously available in the drinking water, showed that melatonin did not have a priming effect on LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that melatonin is not an important modulator of macrophage and microglia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Shafer
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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