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Mendoza M, Shotbolt M, Faiq MA, Parra C, Chan KC. Advanced Diffusion MRI of the Visual System in Glaucoma: From Experimental Animal Models to Humans. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:454. [PMID: 35336827 PMCID: PMC8945790 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of ophthalmologic conditions characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve degeneration, and irreversible vision loss. While intraocular pressure is the only clinically modifiable risk factor, glaucoma may continue to progress at controlled intraocular pressure, indicating other major factors in contributing to the disease mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) in visualizing the microstructural integrity of the visual system, opening new possibilities for non-invasive characterization of glaucomatous brain changes for guiding earlier and targeted intervention besides intraocular pressure lowering. In this review, we discuss dMRI methods currently used in visual system investigations, focusing on the eye, optic nerve, optic tract, subcortical visual brain nuclei, optic radiations, and visual cortex. We evaluate how conventional diffusion tensor imaging, higher-order diffusion kurtosis imaging, and other extended dMRI techniques can assess the neuronal and glial integrity of the visual system in both humans and experimental animal models of glaucoma, among other optic neuropathies or neurodegenerative diseases. We also compare the pros and cons of these methods against other imaging modalities. A growing body of dMRI research indicates that this modality holds promise in characterizing early glaucomatous changes in the visual system, determining the disease severity, and identifying potential neurotherapeutic targets, offering more options to slow glaucoma progression and to reduce the prevalence of this world's leading cause of irreversible but preventable blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mendoza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA; (M.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Max Shotbolt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA; (M.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Muneeb A. Faiq
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10017, USA; (M.A.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Parra
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10017, USA; (M.A.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Kevin C. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA; (M.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10017, USA; (M.A.F.); (C.P.)
- Department of Radiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Ren J, Chen YI, Mackey AM, Liu PK. Imaging rhodopsin degeneration in vivo in a new model of ocular ischemia in living mice. FASEB J 2015; 30:612-23. [PMID: 26443823 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of antibodies to monitor key biomarkers of retinopathy in vivo represents a significant challenge because living cells do not take up immunoglobulins to cellular antigens. We met this challenge by developing novel contrast agents for retinopathy, which we used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Biotinylated rabbit polyclonal to chick IgY (rIgPxcIgY) and phosphorylthioate-modified oligoDNA (sODN) with random sequence (bio-sODN-Ran) were conjugated with NeutrAvidin-activated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). The resulting Ran-SPION-rIgPxcIgY carries chick polyclonal to microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) as Ran-SPION-rIgP/cIgY-MAP2, or to rhodopsin (Rho) as anti-Rho-SPION-Ran. We examined the uptake of Ran-SPION-rIgP/cIgY-MAP2 or SPION-rIgP/cIgY-MAP2 in normal C57black6 mice (n = 3 each, 40 μg/kg, i.c.v.); we found retention of Ran-SPION-rIgP/cIgY-MAP2 using molecular contrast-enhanced MRI in vivo and validated neuronal uptake using Cy5-goat IgPxcIgY ex vivo. Applying this novel method to monitor retinopathy in a bilateral carotid artery occlusion-induced ocular ischemia, we observed pericytes (at d 2, using Gd-nestin, by eyedrop solution), significant photoreceptor degeneration (at d 20, using anti-Rho-SPION-Ran, eyedrops, P = 0.03, Student's t test), and gliosis in Müller cells (at 6 mo, using SPION-glial fibrillary acidic protein administered by intraperitoneal injection) in surviving mice (n ≥ 5). Molecular contrast-enhanced MRI results were confirmed by optical and electron microscopy. We conclude that chimera and molecular contrast-enhanced MRI provide sufficient sensitivity for monitoring retinopathy and for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Ren
- *Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA, and Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yinching I Chen
- *Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA, and Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashley M Mackey
- *Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA, and Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip K Liu
- *Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA, and Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Berkowitz BA, Bissig D, Roberts R. MRI of rod cell compartment-specific function in disease and treatment in vivo. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:90-106. [PMID: 26344734 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rod cell oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor in retinal disease, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Personalized, non-destructive, and targeted treatment for these diseases remains elusive since current imaging methods cannot analytically measure treatment efficacy against rod cell compartment-specific oxidative stress in vivo. Over the last decade, novel MRI-based approaches that address this technology gap have been developed. This review summarizes progress in the development of MRI since 2006 that enables earlier evaluation of the impact of disease on rod cell compartment-specific function and the efficacy of anti-oxidant treatment than is currently possible with other methods. Most of the new assays of rod cell compartment-specific function are based on endogenous contrast mechanisms, and this is expected to facilitate their translation into patients with DR and RP, and other oxidative stress-based retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Dept. Of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - David Bissig
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robin Roberts
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Lücker PB, Javaherian S, Soleas JP, Halverson D, Zandstra PW, McGuigan AP. A microgroove patterned multiwell cell culture plate for high-throughput studies of cell alignment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2537-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra B. Lücker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College St. Toronto Ontario M5T 3J9 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sahar Javaherian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College St. Toronto Ontario M5T 3J9 Canada
| | - John P. Soleas
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Duncan Halverson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Alison P. McGuigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; 200 College St. Toronto Ontario M5T 3J9 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Fanea L, Fagan AJ. Review: magnetic resonance imaging techniques in ophthalmology. Mol Vis 2012; 18:2538-60. [PMID: 23112569 PMCID: PMC3482169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging the eye with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proved difficult due to the eye's propensity to move involuntarily over typical imaging timescales, obscuring the fine structure in the eye due to the resulting motion artifacts. However, advances in MRI technology help to mitigate such drawbacks, enabling the acquisition of high spatiotemporal resolution images with a variety of contrast mechanisms. This review aims to classify the MRI techniques used to date in clinical and preclinical ophthalmologic studies, describing the qualitative and quantitative information that may be extracted and how this may inform on ocular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fanea
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Physics Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania,Department of Radiology, Cluj County Emergency Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrew J. Fagan
- Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging, St. James’s Hospital Dublin / University of Dublin Trinity College, Ireland
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Layer-specific blood-flow MRI of retinitis pigmentosa in RCS rats. Exp Eye Res 2012; 101:90-6. [PMID: 22721720 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is an established animal model of retinitis pigmentosa, a family of inherited retinal diseases which starts with loss of peripheral vision and progresses to eventual blindness. Blood flow (BF), an important physiological parameter, is intricately coupled to metabolic function under normal physiological conditions and is perturbed in many neurological and retinal diseases. This study reports non-invasive high-resolution MRI (44 × 44 × 600 μm) to image quantitative retinal and choroidal BF and layer-specific retinal thicknesses in RCS rat retinas at different stages of retinal degeneration compared with age-matched controls. The unique ability to separate retinal and choroidal BF was made possible by the depth-resolved MRI technique. RBF decreased with progressive retinal degeneration, but ChBF did not change in RCS rats up to post-natal day 90. We concluded that choroidal and retinal circulations have different susceptibility to progressive retinal degeneration in RCS rats. Layer-specific retinal thickness became progressively thinner and was corroborated by histological analysis in the same animals. MRI can detect progressive anatomical and BF changes during retinal degeneration with laminar resolution.
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Chen J, Chiang CW, Zhang H, Song SK. Cell swelling contributes to thickening of low-dose N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced retinal edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2777-85. [PMID: 22467578 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The contribution of cell swelling versus vascular leakage in retinal edema remains largely undefined. The objective of this study was to use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess retinal cell swelling in the edematous mouse retina. METHODS Inner retinal edema was induced by intravitreal injection of 2.5 nmol N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). To assess retinal cell swelling, diffusion MRI was performed at baseline, 3-hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days (n ≥ 5 at each time point) after NMDA injection. To detect retinal vascular leakage, gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) enhanced MRI was performed at baseline, 3 hours and 1 day (n = 5 for each group) after NMDA injection. Upon the completion of MRI, mouse eyes were enucleated, cryosectioned, and stained for assessing retinal layer thickness and cell death. RESULTS Inner retinal cell swelling was hyperintense on diffusion-weighted images at 3 hours and 1 day after NMDA injection. The thickened inner retina was also seen in anatomic MRI and histology. Quantitatively, inner retinal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreased approximately 20% at 3 hours and 1 day after NMDA injection (P < 0.05 compared with baseline), suggesting cell swelling. Systematic injection of paramagnetic Gd-DTPA did not alter vitreous longitudinal relaxation time (T1) at baseline or at 3 hours after NMDA injection. In contrast, vitreous T1 in mice decreased 16 ± 6% (P < 0.05), reflecting retinal vascular leakage at 1 day after NMDA injection. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive diffusion MRI was performed to detect retinal cell swelling in vivo. Our results demonstrated that retinal cell swelling could directly lead to retinal thickening independent of vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Muir ER, De La Garza B, Duong TQ. Blood flow and anatomical MRI in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:221-8. [PMID: 22392583 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the sensitivity of an arterial spin labeling MRI method to image changes in retinal and choroidal blood flow (BF) and anatomical thickness of the retina in the rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. High-resolution (42 × 42 μm) MRI was performed on rd10 mice and age-matched controls at 25, 35, and 60 days of age (n = 6 each group) on a 7-T scanner. Anatomical MRI was acquired, and quantitative BF was imaged using arterial spin labeling MRI with a separate cardiac labeling coil. Histology was obtained to confirm thickness changes in the retina. In control mice, the retinal and choroidal vascular layers were quantitatively resolved. In rd10 mice, retinal BF decreased progressively over time, while choroidal BF was unchanged. The rd10 retina became progressively thinner at later time points compared with age-matched controls by anatomical MRI and histology (P < 0.01). BF and anatomical MRI were capable of detecting decreased BF and thickness in the rd10 mouse retina. Because BF is tightly coupled to metabolic function, BF MRI has the potential to noninvasively assess retinal diseases in which metabolism and function are perturbed and to evaluate novel treatments, complementing existing retinal imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Muir
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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