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Mörchel P, Melkus G, Yaromina A, Zips D, Baumann M, Jakob PM, Flentje M. Correlating quantitative MR measurements of standardized tumor lines with histological parameters and tumor control dose. Radiother Oncol 2010; 96:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Doan BT, Autret G, Mispelter J, Méric P, Même W, Montécot-Dubourg C, Corrèze JL, Szeremeta F, Gillet B, Beloeil JC. Simultaneous two-voxel localized (1)H-observed (13)C-edited spectroscopy for in vivo MRS on rat brain at 9.4T: Application to the investigation of excitotoxic lesions. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 198:94-104. [PMID: 19289293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
(13)C spectroscopy combined with the injection of (13)C-labeled substrates is a powerful method for the study of brain metabolism in vivo. Since highly localized measurements are required in a heterogeneous organ such as the brain, it is of interest to augment the sensitivity of (13)C spectroscopy by proton acquisition. Furthermore, as focal cerebral lesions are often encountered in animal models of disorders in which the two brain hemispheres are compared, we wished to develop a bi-voxel localized sequence for the simultaneous bilateral investigation of rat brain metabolism, with no need for external additional references. Two sequences were developed at 9.4T: a bi-voxel (1)H-((13)C) STEAM-POCE (Proton Observed Carbon Edited) sequence and a bi-voxel (1)H-((13)C) PRESS-POCE adiabatically decoupled sequence with Hadamard encoding. Hadamard encoding allows both voxels to be recorded simultaneously, with the same acquisition time as that required for a single voxel. The method was validated in a biological investigation into the neuronal damage and the effect on the Tri Carboxylic Acid cycle in localized excitotoxic lesions. Following an excitotoxic quinolinate-induced localized lesion in the rat cortex and the infusion of U-(13)C glucose, two (1)H-((13)C) spectra of distinct (4x4x4mm(3)) voxels, one centred on the injured hemisphere and the other on the contralateral hemisphere, were recorded simultaneously. Two (1)H bi-voxel spectra were also recorded and showed a significant decrease in N-acetyl aspartate, and an accumulation of lactate in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The (1)H-((13)C) spectra could be recorded dynamically as a function of time, and showed a fall in the glutamate/glutamine ratio and the presence of a stable glutamine pool, with a permanent increase of lactate in the ipsilateral hemisphere. This bi-voxel (1)H-((13)C) method can be used to investigate simultaneously both brain hemispheres, and to perform dynamic studies. We report here the neuronal damage and the effect on the Tri Carboxylic Acid cycle in localized excitotoxic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bich-Thuy Doan
- Laboratoire de RMN biologique, ICSN-CNRS, UPR, 2301, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France.
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3
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Jansen JFA, Backes WH, Nicolay K, Kooi ME. 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain: absolute quantification of metabolites. Radiology 2006; 240:318-32. [PMID: 16864664 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2402050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen 1 (1H) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy enables noninvasive in vivo quantification of metabolite concentrations in the brain. Currently, metabolite concentrations are most often presented as ratios (eg, relative to creatine) rather than as absolute concentrations. Despite the success of this approach, it has recently been suggested that relative quantification may introduce substantial errors and can lead to misinterpretation of spectral data and to erroneous metabolite values. The present review discusses relevant methods to obtain absolute metabolite concentrations with a clinical MR system by using single-voxel spectroscopy or chemical shift imaging. Important methodological aspects in an absolute quantification strategy are addressed, including radiofrequency coil properties, calibration procedures, spectral fitting methods, cerebrospinal fluid content correction, macromolecule suppression, and spectral editing. Techniques to obtain absolute concentrations are now available and can be successfully applied in clinical practice. Although the present review is focused on 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain, a large part of the methodology described can be applied to other tissues as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus F A Jansen
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Matsumura A, Isobe T, Takano S, Kawamura H, Anno I. Non-invasive quantification of lactate by proton MR spectroscopy and its clinical applications. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005; 107:379-84. [PMID: 16023531 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactate is an important metabolite in clinical cases indicating the status of metabolic impairment. We applied a clinically relevant simple method for lactate quantification using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We used two long in-phase echo time (TE=272,544 ms) to calculate T2 relaxation time and the absolute concentration of lactate. This method was optimized using phantom study and applied to clinical cases. This technique does not require complicated processing and could be applied in daily clinical practice. Moreover, this technique enables lactate quantification in cases (e.g. tumor) where lipid peak is overlapped with the lactate peak at short echo times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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Bertram HC, Whittaker AK, Andersen HJ, Karlsson AH. The use of simultaneous 1H & 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance measurements to characterize energy metabolism during the conversion of muscle to meat. Int J Food Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fein G, Meyerhoff DJ. Ethanol in Human Brain by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Correlation With Blood and Breath Levels, Relaxation, and Magnetization Transfer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Off-resonance or pulsed on-resonance saturation pulses were used together with localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three brain regions of 20 healthy individuals. Statistically significant signal attenuations were observed for creatine-containing metabolites in posterior-parietal brain (12%), basal ganglia (18%), and cerebellum (15%). N-acetyl- and choline-containing metabolites were not significantly attenuated upon application of saturation pulses in either brain region. The findings are interpreted to reflect possible magnetization transfer between pools of creatine-containing metabolites with different molecular mobility. Magn Reson Med 42:417-420, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Meyerhoff
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Off-resonance metabolite magnetization transfer (MT) experiments were performed on rat brain in vivo and post mortem, with short (18 msec) and long (144 msec) echo-time 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In vivo and post mortem, the methyl protons of total creatine and all protons from glutamate/glutamine showed a strong MT effect on off-resonance saturation, as well as the methyl protons from lactate post mortem. Other resonances, like that of A-acetyl aspartate, showed a much smaller, but detectable, MT effect. The results obtained were confirmed by combining off-resonance saturation with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Three water suppression techniques, i.e., presaturation, chemical shift-selective (CHESS), and selective water eliminated Fourier transform (WEFT) were evaluated for their ability to generate an MT effect, to assess their possible influence on metabolite quantification. Presaturation and selective WEFT led to alterations of the total creatine, lactate, and N-acetyl aspartate resonance intensities, while CHESS had no effect. Finally, it was shown that water protons play an important role in the generation of the observed metabolite MT effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A de Graaf
- Department of Experimental In Vivo NMR, Image Sciences Institute and Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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9
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Luo Y, Rydzewski J, de Graaf RA, Gruetter R, Garwood M, Schleich T. In vivo observation of lactate methyl proton magnetization transfer in rat C6 glioma. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41:676-85. [PMID: 10332842 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199904)41:4<676::aid-mrm5>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements of the lactate methyl proton in rat brain C6 glioma tissue acquired in the presence of an off-resonance irradiation field, analyzed using coupled Bloch equation formalism assuming two spin pools, demonstrated the occurrence of magnetization transfer. Quantitative analysis revealed that a very small fraction of lactate (f = 0.0012) is rotationally immobilized despite a large magnetization transfer effect. Off-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation studies demonstrated that deuterated lactate binds to bovine serum albumin and the proteins present in human plasma, thereby providing a possible physical basis for the observed magnetization transfer effect. These results demonstrate that partial or complete saturation of the motionally restricted lactate pool (as well as other metabolites) by the application of an off-resonance irradiation field, such as that used for water presaturation, can lead to a substantial decrease in resonance intensity by way of magnetization transfer effects, resulting in quantitation errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Chatham JC, Forder JR. Lactic acid and protein interactions: implications for the NMR visibility of lactate in biological systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1426:177-84. [PMID: 9878726 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to a solution of lactate and alanine resulted in the disappearance of the 1H-NMR resonances from lactate but not alanine. As temperature is increased lactate becomes increasingly NMR visible and after heating above 65 degreesC and cooling to 25 degreesC lactate binding is reduced. With a concentration of 0.2 mM BSA, there was a linear relationship between NMR visible lactate versus total lactate over a range of lactate concentrations of 0.2-35 mM (slope 0.384+/-0.003) indicating that approx. 60% of the added lactate is not visible in the 1H-NMR spectrum. With a 0.1 mM BSA solution, however, the slope was markedly higher indicating that under these conditions only 25-30% of the lactate was NMR invisible. The results from this study indicate that decreased NMR visibility of lactate in proteinaceous solutions is due to non-specific binding which is dependent on the tertiary structure of the protein. This has important implications not only for the interpretation of in vivo 1H-NMR experiments but also for 13C, and 14C studies of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Chatham
- Division of NMR Research, Department of Radiology, 217 Traylor Building, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA.
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Swanson SD. Protein mediated magnetic coupling between lactate and water protons. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1998; 135:248-255. [PMID: 9799702 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic coupling between methyl lactate protons and water protons in samples of cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) is studied. Cross-relaxation spectroscopy shows efficient magnetization transfer from immobilized BSA to both water and methyl lactate protons. Transient and steady-state NOE experiments reveal a negative intermolecular NOE between methyl lactate and water protons. Lactate is indirectly detected by selectively saturating the methyl lactate protons and measuring the decrease in water proton magnetization. Indirect detection of methyl lactate protons is an order of magnitude more sensitive than direct detection in these model systems. Lactate was indirectly imaged, via the water proton resonance, with 1.1-microliter voxels in 2 min. Immobilized BSA reduces the intermolecular correlation time between water and lactate protons into the spin-diffusion limit where the NOE is negative. Possible molecular mechanisms for this coupling and applications to in vivo spectroscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Swanson
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0553, USA.
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Hockings PD, Rogers PJ. Thermodynamic significance of the lactate gradient. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 246:574-9. [PMID: 9208952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The theory that some bacteria can save energy by an energy-recycling process, in which protons are excreted with metabolic end-products with variable stoichiometry, has been examined by 1H-NMR. A method has been developed that utilises observed differences in the Hahn T2 relaxation of metabolites in the intracellular and extracellular compartments to distinguish and quantify metabolite signals originating from both compartments. It was found that the lactate electrochemical-potential gradient calculated from the fraction of lactate that is sufficiently mobile to contribute to the NMR signal was in exact balance with the proton electrochemical-potential gradient over a wide range of pH values. The conclusion was reached that previous reports of variable stoichiometry were due to 'bound' lactate at high intracellular pH that could neither contribute neither to the NMR signal nor to the lactate electrochemical-potential gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Hockings
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.
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Kauppinen RA, Eleff SM, Ulatowski JA, Kraut M, Soher B, van Zijl PC. Visual activation in alpha-chloralose-anaesthetized cats does not cause lactate accumulation in the visual cortex as detected by [1H]NMR difference spectroscopy. Eur J Neurosci 1997; 9:654-61. [PMID: 9153572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that neuronal activation results in lactate accumulation due to mismatch between glucose and oxygen consumption was tested in the cat model of visual activation by monitoring cerebral metabolism with localized 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Adult cats were anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose, paralysed and mechanically ventilated. Visual evoked potentials measured over the occipital cortex showed maximal amplitude at 2 Hz stimulation, but the latencies of the early cortical potentials, N1 and P1, were independent of stimulation frequency. High signal-to-noise ratio, short echo time volume-selected [1H]MRS was used to monitor cerebral lactate with a temporal resolution of 70 s. Difference proton spectroscopy unambiguously showed no lactate peak in the visual cortex during visual activation at stimulation frequencies ranging from 1 to 16 Hz. Absence of change in lactate concentration during visual stimulation was confirmed by averaging all the spectra acquired during activation and subtracting them from reference spectra collected in darkness, a procedure that had a calculated lactate detection limit of 0.17 mM. We also reduced the O2 in the inspired air to 13%, which decreased pO2 from 94.5 +/- 8.9 to 47.0 +/- 6.8 mmHg, during visual stimulation at 2 or 4 Hz. At this low PO2 level, visual stimulation did not cause lactate accumulation in the visual cortex, however. The present data show that neuronal activation to this degree in the cat brain is not associated with aerobic lactate production to an extent that can be detected with 1H MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kauppinen
- NMR Research Group, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Cady EB, Penrice J, Amess PN, Lorek A, Wylezinska M, Aldridge RF, Franconi F, Wyatt JS, Reynolds EO. Lactate, N-acetylaspartate, choline and creatine concentrations, and spin-spin relaxation in thalamic and occipito-parietal regions of developing human brain. Magn Reson Med 1996; 36:878-86. [PMID: 8946353 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910360610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the brains of normal infants demonstrated lower lactate (Lac)/choline (Cho), Lac/creatine (Cr), and Lac/ N-acetylaspartate (Naa) peak-area ratios in the thalamic region (predominantly gray matter) compared with occipitoparietal (mainly unmyelinated white matter) values. In the present study, thalamic Cho, Cr, and Naa concentrations between 32-42 weeks' gestational plus postnatal age were greater than occipito-parietal: 4.6 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- SE), 10.5 +/- 2.0, and 9.0 +/- 0.7 versus 1.8 +/- 0.6, 5.8 +/- 1.5, and 3.4 +/- 1.1 mmol/kg wet weight, respectively: Lac concentrations were similar, 2.7 +/- 0.6 and 3.3 +/- 1.3 mmol/kg wet weight, respectively. In the thalamic region, Cho and Naa T2s increased, and Cho and Lac concentrations decreased, during development. Lower thalamic Lac peak-area ratios are principally due to higher thalamic concentrations of Cho, Cr, and Naa rather than less Lac. The high thalamic Cho concentration may relate to active myelination; the high thalamic Naa concentration may be due to advanced gray-matter development including active myelination. Lac concentration is higher in neonatal than in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Cady
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
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