1
|
Buitinga M, Veeraiah P, Haans F, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Ectopic lipid deposition in muscle and liver, quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2447-2459. [PMID: 37667838 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the development of noninvasive imaging techniques have spurred investigations into ectopic lipid deposition in the liver and muscle and its implications in the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Computed tomography and ultrasound have been applied in the past, though magnetic resonance-based methods are currently considered the gold standard as they allow more accurate quantitative detection of ectopic lipid stores. This review focuses on methodological considerations of magnetic resonance-based methods to image hepatic and muscle fat fractions, and it emphasizes anatomical and morphological aspects and how these may influence data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pandichelvam Veeraiah
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Scannexus (Ultra-High Field Imaging Center), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Haans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center and Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fat unsaturation measures in tibial, subcutaneous and breast adipose tissue using short and long TE MRS at 3 T. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 86:61-69. [PMID: 34808305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat unsaturation and poly-unsaturation measures can be obtained in vivo with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) through the olefinic (≈5.4 ppm) and diallylic (≈2.8 ppm) resonances, respectively. Long echo time (TE) MRS sequences have been previously optimized for olefinic/methylene (≈1.3 ppm) or olefinic/methyl (≈0.9 ppm) measures. The objectives of this work, using a Point RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence, are to: 1) Investigate olefinic, methyl and methylene resonance decay in subcutaneous, tibial, and breast adipose tissue to determine if a direct comparison of unsaturation measures can be made without correction for T2 losses. 2) Assess intra-individual fat unsaturation and poly-unsaturation measures in the three adipose tissues. 3) Estimate correction factors for olefinic to methylene ratios to compensate for J-coupling and T2 relaxation losses that take place when increasing PRESS TE from 40 ms to 200 ms (previously optimized long-TE). 4) Investigate the utility of an inversion recovery for resolving the olefinic resonance from water in adipose tissue. PRESS spectra were acquired from the three adipose regions (breast in female only) in healthy volunteers at 3 T. It was found that olefinic and methyl signal decays faster in breast tissue compared to in tibial bone marrow. Poly-unsaturation measures (diallylic/methylene) differ for tibial bone marrow compared to subcutaneous and breast adipose tissue, with average values of 1.7 ± 0.4, 2.2 ± 0.4, and 2.3 ± 0.8%, respectively. PRESS (TE = 40 ms) with an inversion recovery resolves the olefinic and water resonances in breast tissue with a signal to noise ratio approximately six times greater than that using PRESS with a TE of 200 ms. Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM) with a TE of 20 ms (mixing time of 20 ms) was also combined with IR to resolve the olefinic resonance from that of water is spinal bone marrow.
Collapse
|
3
|
Juchem C, Cudalbu C, de Graaf RA, Gruetter R, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Boer VO. B 0 shimming for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4350. [PMID: 32596978 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) allow the chemical analysis of physiological processes in vivo and provide powerful tools in the life sciences and for clinical diagnostics. Excellent homogeneity of the static B0 magnetic field over the object of interest is essential for achieving high-quality spectral results and quantitative metabolic measurements. The experimental minimization of B0 variation is performed in a process called B0 shimming. In this article, we summarize the concepts of B0 field shimming using spherical harmonic shimming techniques, specific strategies for B0 homogenization and crucial factors to consider for implementation and use in both brain and body. In addition, experts' recommendations are provided for minimum requirements for B0 shim hardware and evaluation criteria for the primary outcome of adequate B0 shimming for MRS and MRSI, such as the water spectroscopic linewidth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Juchem
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Vincent O Boer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ter Voert EEGW, Heijmen L, van Asten JJA, Wright AJ, Nagtegaal ID, Punt CJA, de Wilt JHW, van Laarhoven HWM, Heerschap A. Levels of choline-containing compounds in normal liver and liver metastases of colorectal cancer as recorded by 1 H MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4035. [PMID: 30457686 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A relatively high signal for choline-containing compounds (total choline, tCho) is commonly found in 1 H MR spectra of malignant tumors, but it is unclear if this also occurs in tumors in the liver. We evaluated the potential of the tCho signal in single voxel 1 H MR spectra of the human liver to assess metastases of colorectal cancers. EXPERIMENT MR spectra of an 8 cm3 PRESS-localized voxel were obtained at 3 T from the livers of 12 healthy volunteers and from metastatic lesions in 20 patients in two different sessions. To correct for motion artifacts, sequentially recorded spectra were individually phased and frequency aligned before averaging. Spectra were analyzed using LCModel and tissue levels estimated by water referencing. Repeatability was assessed with Bland-Altman analyses. To estimate tumor necrosis, diffusion-weighted imaging of the liver was performed. High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) spectra of tumor and normal liver samples were obtained at 11.7 T. RESULTS With increasing tumor volumes, tCho levels decreased, indicating a partial volume effect. Mean tCho content in tumors larger than the PRESS voxel (>8 cm3 ) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than for normal liver: 1.6 (range 0.0-3.4) versus 6.9 (range 4.9-11.1) mmol/kg wet weight, while it was comparable for tumors smaller than 8 cm3 : 7.0 (range 3.8-9.3) mmol/kg. The higher 90th percentile apparent diffusion coefficient value in the larger lesions indicates more necrosis. Measurement repeatability was average in normal livers and poor in tumors. HRMAS did not show substantial differences in choline-containing compounds between normal liver and metastasis. CONCLUSION An increased tCho content was not observed in 1 H MR spectra of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, compared with normal liver. This may be due to the background of a high tCho signal in spectra of normal liver or to an intrinsic lower tCho content in these tumors, but is most likely the result of necrosis in metastatic tumor tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E G W Ter Voert
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Heijmen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J A van Asten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan J Wright
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H W de Wilt
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fillmer A, Hock A, Cameron D, Henning A. Non-Water-Suppressed 1H MR Spectroscopy with Orientational Prior Knowledge Shows Potential for Separating Intra- and Extramyocellular Lipid Signals in Human Myocardium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16898. [PMID: 29203776 PMCID: PMC5714998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions such as type II diabetes are linked with elevated lipid levels in the heart, and significantly increased risk of heart failure; however, metabolic processes underlying the development of cardiac disease in type II diabetes are not fully understood. Here we present a non-invasive method for in vivo investigation of cardiac lipid metabolism: namely, IVS-McPRESS. This technique uses metabolite-cycled, non-water suppressed 1H cardiac magnetic resonance spectroscopy with prospective and retrospective motion correction. High-quality IVS-McPRESS data acquired from healthy volunteers allowed us to investigate the frequency shift of extramyocellular lipid signals, which depends on the myocardial fibre orientation. Assuming consistent voxel positioning relative to myofibres, the myofibre angle with the magnetic field was derived from the voxel orientation. For separation and individual analysis of intra- and extramyocellular lipid signals, the angle myocardial fibres in the spectroscopy voxel take with the magnetic field should be within ±24.5°. Metabolite and lipid concentrations were analysed with respect to BMI. Significant correlations between BMI and unsaturated fatty acids in intramyocellular lipids, and methylene groups in extramyocellular lipids were found. The proposed IVS-McPRESS technique enables non-invasive investigation of cardiac lipid metabolism and may thus be a useful tool to study healthy and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Fillmer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastr. 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hock
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastr. 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Lenggstr. 31, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donnie Cameron
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, MedStar Harbor Hospital, 3001 South Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD21225, Maryland, USA
| | - Anke Henning
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Gloriastr. 35, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Ring 11, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reischauer C, Hock A, Kolokythas O, Binkert CA, Gutzeit A. Fully navigated 3 T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver metastases with inner-volume saturation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:2615-2622. [PMID: 28523414 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate that fully navigated magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with inner-volume saturation (IVS) at 3 T results in high-quality spectra that permit evaluating metabolic changes in hepatic metastases without the need for patient compliance. METHODS Nine patients with untreated, biopsy-proven large hepatic metastases (minimum diameter of 3 cm) were included. In each patient, localized proton MRS was performed in the metastatic lesion and in uninvolved liver parenchyma. To improve quality and consistency of proton MRS, navigator gating was thereby performed not only during acquisition of the spectroscopic data but also during localization imaging and throughout the preparation phases. IVS was utilized to reduce chemical shift displacement between different metabolites and to diminish flow artifacts. Metabolite quantities were normalized relative to the unsuppressed water peak and choline-containing compounds (CCC) to lipid ratios were determined. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess differences in the amounts of lipids and CCC as well as the CCC-to-lipid ratios between liver metastases and normal-appearing liver parenchyma. RESULTS Fully navigated point-resolved spectroscopy with IVS resulted in high-quality spectra in all patients. Navigator gating during localization imaging and spectroscopic acquisition thereby ensured a precise localization of the spectroscopic voxel. Decreased quantities of lipid and CCC were observed in metastatic tissue compared with uninvolved liver parenchyma. However, the latter trend fell short of statistical significance. Moreover, elevated levels of the CCC-to-lipid ratios were detected in metastatic tissue relative to normal-appearing liver parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that fully navigated MRS of the liver with IVS at 3 T allows for a precise localization of the spectroscopic voxel and results in high-quality spectra that permit evaluating liver metabolism without the need for patient compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Reischauer
- Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Hirslanden Hospital St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Hock
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy of Psychosomatics, Zurich University Hospital for Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
- Philips Healthcare, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Binkert
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Gutzeit
- Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Hirslanden Hospital St. Anna, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weis J, Kullberg J, Ahlström H. Multiple breath-hold proton spectroscopy of human liver at 3T: Relaxation times and concentrations of glycogen, choline, and lipids. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:410-417. [PMID: 28419608 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of an expiration multiple breath-hold 1 H-MRS technique to measure glycogen (Glycg), choline-containing compounds (CCC), and lipid relaxation times T1 , T2 , and their concentrations in normal human liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited. Experiments were performed at 3T. Multiple expiration breath-hold single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) technique was used for localization. Water-suppressed spectra were used for the estimation of Glycg, CCC, lipid methylene (CH2 )n relaxation times and concentrations. Residual water lines were removed by the Hankel Lanczos singular value decomposition filter. After phase correction and frequency alignment, spectra were averaged and processed by LCModel. Summed signals of Glycg resonances H2H4', H3, and H5 between 3.6 and 4 ppm were used to estimate their apparent relaxation times and concentration. Glycg, CCC, and lipid content were estimated from relaxation corrected spectral intensity ratios to unsuppressed water line. RESULTS Relaxation times were measured for liver Glycg (T1 , 892 ± 126 msec; T2 , 13 ± 4 msec), CCC (T1 , 842 ± 75 msec; T2 , 50 ± 5 msec), lipid (CH2 )n (T1 , 402 ± 19 msec; T2 , 52 ± 3 msec), and water (T1 , 990 ± 89 msec; T2 , 30 ± 2 msec). Mean CCC and lipid concentrations of healthy liver were 7.8 ± 1.3 mM and 15.8 ± 23.6 mM, respectively. Glycg content was found lower in the morning (48 ± 21 mM) compared to the afternoon (145 ± 50 mM). CONCLUSION Multiple breath-hold 1 H-MRS together with dedicated postprocessing is a feasible technique for the quantification of liver Glycg, CCC, and lipid relaxation times and concentrations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:410-417.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weis
- Department of Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|