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Light S, Sagit R, Ithychanda SS, Qin J, Elofsson A. The evolution of filamin-a protein domain repeat perspective. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:289-98. [PMID: 22414427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Particularly in higher eukaryotes, some protein domains are found in tandem repeats, performing broad functions often related to cellular organization. For instance, the eukaryotic protein filamin interacts with many proteins and is crucial for the cytoskeleton. The functional properties of long repeat domains are governed by the specific properties of each individual domain as well as by the repeat copy number. To provide better understanding of the evolutionary and functional history of repeating domains, we investigated the mode of evolution of the filamin domain in some detail. Among the domains that are common in long repeat proteins, sushi and spectrin domains evolve primarily through cassette tandem duplications while scavenger and immunoglobulin repeats appear to evolve through clustered tandem duplications. Additionally, immunoglobulin and filamin repeats exhibit a unique pattern where every other domain shows high sequence similarity. This pattern may be the result of tandem duplications, serve to avert aggregation between adjacent domains or it is the result of functional constraints. In filamin, our studies confirm the presence of interspersed integrin binding domains in vertebrates, while invertebrates exhibit more varied patterns, including more clustered integrin binding domains. The most notable case is leech filamin, which contains a 20 repeat expansion and exhibits unique dimerization topology. Clearly, invertebrate filamins are varied and contain examples of similar adjacent integrin-binding domains. Given that invertebrate integrin shows more similarity to the weaker filamin binder, integrin β3, it is possible that the distance between integrin-binding domains is not as crucial for invertebrate filamins as for vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Light
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
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Meriaux C, Arafah K, Tasiemski A, Wisztorski M, Bruand J, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Desmons A, Debois D, Laprévote O, Brunelle A, Gaasterland T, Macagno E, Fournier I, Salzet M. Multiple changes in peptide and lipid expression associated with regeneration in the nervous system of the medicinal leech. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18359. [PMID: 21526169 PMCID: PMC3081291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adult medicinal leech central nervous system (CNS) is capable of regenerating specific synaptic circuitry after a mechanical lesion, displaying evidence of anatomical repair within a few days and functional recovery within a few weeks. In the present work, spatiotemporal changes in molecular distributions during this phenomenon are explored. Moreover, the hypothesis that neural regeneration involves some molecular factors initially employed during embryonic neural development is tested. RESULTS Imaging mass spectrometry coupled to peptidomic and lipidomic methodologies allowed the selection of molecules whose spatiotemporal pattern of expression was of potential interest. The identification of peptides was aided by comparing MS/MS spectra obtained for the peptidome extracted from embryonic and adult tissues to leech transcriptome and genome databases. Through the parallel use of a classical lipidomic approach and secondary ion mass spectrometry, specific lipids, including cannabinoids, gangliosides and several other types, were detected in adult ganglia following mechanical damage to connected nerves. These observations motivated a search for possible effects of cannabinoids on neurite outgrowth. Exposing nervous tissues to Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) receptor agonists resulted in enhanced neurite outgrowth from a cut nerve, while exposure to antagonists blocked such outgrowth. CONCLUSION The experiments on the regenerating adult leech CNS reported here provide direct evidence of increased titers of proteins that are thought to play important roles in early stages of neural development. Our data further suggest that endocannabinoids also play key roles in CNS regeneration, mediated through the activation of leech TRPVs, as a thorough search of leech genome databases failed to reveal any leech orthologs of the mammalian cannabinoid receptors but revealed putative TRPVs. In sum, our observations identify a number of lipids and proteins that may contribute to different aspects of the complex phenomenon of leech nerve regeneration, establishing an important base for future functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Meriaux
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Karim Arafah
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jocelyne Bruand
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Annie Desmons
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Delphine Debois
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Macagno
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée (FABMS), EA 4550, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Quigley IK, Xie X, Shankland M. Hau-Pax6A expression in the central nervous system of the leech embryo. Dev Genes Evol 2007; 217:459-68. [PMID: 17508218 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-007-0156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The leech Helobdella sp. (Austin) has two genes of the Pax6 subfamily, one of which is characterized in detail. Hau-Pax6A was expressed during embryonic development in a pattern similar to other bilaterian animals. RNA was detected in cellular precursors of the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral cells including a population associated with the developing eye. The CNS of the mature leech is a ventral nerve cord composed of segmental ganglia, and embryonic Hau-Pax6A expression was primarily localized to the N teloblast lineage that generates the majority of ganglionic neurons. Expression began when the ganglion primordia were four cells in length and was initially restricted to a single cell, n(s).a, whose descendants will form the ganglion's anterior edge. At later stages, the Hau-Pax6A expression pattern expanded to include additional CNS precursors, including some descendants of the O teloblast. Expression persisted through the early stages of ganglion morphogenesis but disappeared from the segmented body trunk at the time of neuronal differentiation. The timing and iterated pattern of Hau-Pax6A expression in the leech embryo suggests that this gene may play a role in the segmental patterning of CNS morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Quigley
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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