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Alshammari B, Alanazi NF, Kreedi F, Alshammari F, Alkubati SA, Alrasheeday A, Madkhali N, Alshara A, Bakthavatchaalam V, Al-Masaeed M, Alshammari SK, Alshammari NK, Ansari M, Hussain A, Al-Sadi AK. Exposure to secondary traumatic stress and its related factors among emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia: a mixed method study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:337. [PMID: 38762742 PMCID: PMC11102619 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department (ED) nurses are exposed to the risk of secondary traumatic stress (STS), which poses a threat not only to nurses' health and psychological well-being but also adversely affects the execution of their professional duties. The quality and outcome of their nursing services are negatively affected by STS. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to comprehensively investigate the prevalence and intensity of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) among Emergency Department (ED) nurses. It aims to identify and analyze the socio-demographic, occupational, and psychological factors that influence the severity and variation of STS experienced by these nurses. METHODS The study utilized a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, including two phases. Phase 1 employed a cross-sectional study design, utilizing a convenience sample of 181 nurses to explore the levels of STS and the factors associated with it. Following this, Phase 2 was structured as a qualitative descriptive study, which involved conducting semi-structured interviews with a purposefully selected group of ten ED nurses. Data collection took place at three major hospitals in Saudi Arabia during the period from January to June 2022. RESULTS A total of 181 participants were included in the study. The mean STSS score reported by the nurses was 51 (SD = 13.23) out of the maximum possible score of 85, indicating severe STS among ED nurses. Factors associated with an increase in the levels of STS among ED nurses included being female, older in age, married, possessing higher education and experience, having a positive relationship with colleagues, receiving organisational support, and dealing with a higher number of trauma cases. Several themes emerged from the qualitative interviews including: ED Characteristics: Dual Impact on STS, Emotional Resonance and Vulnerability, Personal Life Stressors, The Ability to Cope, and Social Support. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Future strategies and interventions targeting STS should be prioritized to effectively manage its impact on ED nurses. It is crucial to develop targeted interventions that address the specific factors contributing to STS, as identified in this study. Additionally, these findings aim to enhance awareness among nursing administrators, managers, and supervisors about the critical factors associated with STS. This awareness is essential for accurately assessing and developing interventions that mitigate STS among nursing staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Alshammari
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, 2440, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nada F Alanazi
- Hail General Hospital, Hail Health Cluster, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah Kreedi
- Public Authority of Disabled, Kuwait City, 34R5+25Q 212, Kuwait
| | - Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer A Alkubati
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeida University, Hodeida, Yemen
| | - Awatif Alrasheeday
- Nursing Administration Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Madkhali
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Alshara
- Nursing Administration Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahmoud Al-Masaeed
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, University of Newcastle, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Sabah Kaied Alshammari
- Total quality and patient safety department, King Salman Specialist Hospital- Cardiac Center, Hail Health Cluster, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nwair Kaied Alshammari
- Outpatient department, King Salman Specialist Hospital- Cardiac Center, Hail Health Cluster, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Ansari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K Al-Sadi
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, 2440, Saudi Arabia
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Long H, Yan L, Zhong X, Yang L, Liu Y, Pu J, Lou F, Luo S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ji P, Jin X. Measuring job stress of dental workers in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: reliability and validity of the hospital consultants' job stress questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:246. [PMID: 38566067 PMCID: PMC10985848 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hospital Consultants' Job Stress Questionnaire (HCJSQ) has been widely used to assess sources and levels of job stress. However, its reliability and validity among Chinese dental workers have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the HCJSQ specifically in Chinese dental workers. METHODS The HCJSQ was used to explore the sources and the global ratings of job stress among Chinese dental workers. To assess the reliability and validity of the HCJSQ, various statistical measures were employed, including Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Spearman-Brown coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. RESULTS Of the participants, 526 (17.4%) reported high levels of stress, while 1,246 (41.3%) and 1,248 (41.3%) reported moderate and low levels of stress, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the modified HCJSQ was 0.903, and the Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.904. Spearman correlation coefficient between individuals' items and the total score ranged from 0.438 to 0.785 (p < 0.05). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that three factors accounted for 60.243% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated factor loadings between 0.624 and 0.834 on the specified items. The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit, with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation of 0.064, Normative Fit Index of 0.937, Comparative Fit Index of 0.952, Incremental Fit Index of 0.952, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.941, and Goodness of Fit Index of 0.944. Additionally, the convergent validity and discriminant validity showed a good fit for the three-factor model. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm that Chinese dental workers experience high levels of stress, and the three-factor model of the HCJSQ proves to be a suitable instrument for evaluating the sources and levels of job stress among Chinese dental workers. Therefore, it is imperative that relevant entities such as hospitals, medical associations, and government take appropriate measures to address the existing situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Long
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhi Lou
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 401147, Chongqing, China.
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Kitano M, Shoji K, Nakaita I, Sano S, Tachibana S, Shigemura J, Tachimori H, Noguchi N, Waki F, Edo N, Koga M, Toda H, Yoshino A, Nagamine M. Japanese public health nurses classified based on empathy and secondary traumatic stress: variable-centered and person-centered approaches. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:710. [PMID: 37784052 PMCID: PMC10544614 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare providers frequently help traumatized people and are regularly exposed to indirect trauma from their work, resulting in negative psychological responses, such as secondary traumatic stress. Empathy has been associated with patient's quality of care and secondary traumatic stress among healthcare providers. However, the relationship between dispositional empathy and secondary traumatic stress has not been fully elucidated. This study used person- and variable-centered approaches to explore the nature of this relationship. METHODS A total of 1,006 Japanese public health nurses working in the Tohoku region and Saitama prefecture completed questionnaires that included scales assessing dispositional empathy, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout. First, we examined predictors of secondary traumatic stress using multiple linear regression analysis. Then, we conducted a latent profile analysis to classify participants into unique groups based on four subscales of dispositional empathy (i.e., empathic concern, perspective taking, personal distress, fantasy) and secondary traumatic stress. Finally, we compared the mean values of the study variables across these groups. RESULTS The multiple regression indicated that in those working in Saitama prefecture, lifetime traumatic experiences, work-related distress, and personal distress were positively related to secondary traumatic stress, but perceived support was negatively related to secondary traumatic stress. Latent profile analysis extracted four unique subgroups. Group 1 displayed the highest secondary traumatic stress levels. Group 2 was characterized by the highest level of empathic concern, personal distress, and fantasy and the lowest perspective taking. Group 3 had a moderate secondary traumatic stress level. Group 4 had the lowest secondary traumatic stress and personal distress scores. In these four groups, the burnout scale (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) showed a pattern similar to the secondary traumatic stress scale. CONCLUSIONS Our person-centered approach showed that this sample of public health nurses could be classified into four unique groups based on their empathy and secondary traumatic stress scores. Although this group of public health nurses was not large, one group displayed high personal distress levels and high secondary traumatic stress levels. Further research is needed to determine effective interventions for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kitano
- Division of Behavioral Science, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shoji
- University of Human Environments, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikumi Nakaita
- Faculty of Nursing, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Sano
- Department of Psychology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoichi Tachibana
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Shigemura
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisateru Tachimori
- Endowed Course for Health System Innovation, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Information Medicine, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Noguchi
- Department of Nursing, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumiko Waki
- Division of Behavioral Science, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Naoki Edo
- Division of Behavioral Science, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Minori Koga
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aihide Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masanori Nagamine
- Division of Behavioral Science, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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He Y, Liu Z, Zhang J, Yao J, Xiao H, Wan H. Validity and Reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese Version. Front Surg 2022; 9:882712. [PMID: 35433816 PMCID: PMC9010506 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.882712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo test the validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version in clinical nurses.MethodsAccording to the translation principles of the Brislin Scale, the original scale was translated, back translated and cross-culturally adapted to form the Chinese version of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Nurses in three general hospitals in Changsha, Hunan province were surveyed by convenient sampling method from July 2020 to September 2021. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity and criterion validity was used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Internal consistency Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale.ResultsA total of 678 nurses were included in the study. There were 460 people in sample 1 and 218 people in sample 2. Two common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. The cumulative contribution was 65.560%. The two-factor structure model was good (χ2/df = 3.137, CFI = 0.928, IFI = 0.929, GFI = 0.842, TLI = 0.917, RMSEA = 0.099). The I-CVI of the scale was 0.8–1.0. The S-CVI/Ave was 0.94. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.956. The broken half reliability is 0.920. The retest reliability is 0.910.ConclusionThis study identified two components of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version, which has 2 dimensions and 17 items. With good validity and reliability, it is suitable for the assessment of secondary traumatic stress among clinical nurses in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Zhiqun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Jiapei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Huan Wan
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Wan
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