1
|
Arshad N, Akhtar S, Ismail T, Saeed W, Qamar M, Özogul F, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM. The Comparative Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation and Germination on the Levels of Neurotoxin, Anti-Nutrients, and Nutritional Attributes of Sweet Blue Pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.). Foods 2023; 12:2851. [PMID: 37569119 PMCID: PMC10417352 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), an indigenous legume of the subcontinental region, is a promising source of protein and other nutrients of health significance. Contrarily, a high amount of β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and other anti-nutrients limits its wider acceptability as healthier substitute to protein of animal and plant origin. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of different processing techniques, viz. soaking, boiling, germination, and fermentation, to improve the nutrient-delivering potential of grass pea lentil and to mitigate its anti-nutrient and toxicant burden. The results presented the significant (p < 0.05) effect of germination on increasing the protein and fiber content of L. sativus from 22.6 to 30.7% and 15.1 to 19.4%, respectively. Likewise, germination reduced the total carbohydrate content of the grass pea from 59.1 to 46%. The highest rate of reduction in phytic acid (91%) and β-ODAP (37%) were observed in germinated grass pea powder, whereas fermentation anticipated an 89% reduction in tannin content. The lactic acid fermentation of grass pea increased the concentration of calcium, iron, and zinc from 4020 to 5100 mg/100 g, 3.97 to 4.35 mg/100 g, and 3.52 to 4.97 mg/100 g, respectively. The results suggest that fermentation and germination significantly (p < 0.05) improve the concentration of essential amino acids including threonine, leucine, histidine, tryptophan, and lysine in L. sativus powder. This study proposes lactic acid fermentation and germination as safer techniques to improve the nutrient-delivering potential of L. sativus and suggests processed powders of the legume as a cost-effective alternative to existing plant proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Arshad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (N.A.); (T.I.); (W.S.); (M.Q.)
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (N.A.); (T.I.); (W.S.); (M.Q.)
| | - Tariq Ismail
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (N.A.); (T.I.); (W.S.); (M.Q.)
| | - Wisha Saeed
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (N.A.); (T.I.); (W.S.); (M.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Qamar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (N.A.); (T.I.); (W.S.); (M.Q.)
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey;
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Edwards A, Njaci I, Sarkar A, Jiang Z, Kaithakottil GG, Moore C, Cheema J, Stevenson CEM, Rejzek M, Novák P, Vigouroux M, Vickers M, Wouters RHM, Paajanen P, Steuernagel B, Moore JD, Higgins J, Swarbreck D, Martens S, Kim CY, Weng JK, Mundree S, Kilian B, Kumar S, Loose M, Yant L, Macas J, Wang TL, Martin C, Emmrich PMF. Genomics and biochemical analyses reveal a metabolon key to β-L-ODAP biosynthesis in Lathyrus sativus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:876. [PMID: 36797319 PMCID: PMC9935904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a rich source of protein cultivated as an insurance crop in Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Its resilience to both drought and flooding makes it a promising crop for ensuring food security in a changing climate. The lack of genetic resources and the crop's association with the disease neurolathyrism have limited the cultivation of grass pea. Here, we present an annotated, long read-based assembly of the 6.5 Gbp L. sativus genome. Using this genome sequence, we have elucidated the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of the neurotoxin, β-L-oxalyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (β-L-ODAP). The final reaction of the pathway depends on an interaction between L. sativus acyl-activating enzyme 3 (LsAAE3) and a BAHD-acyltransferase (LsBOS) that form a metabolon activated by CoA to produce β-L-ODAP. This provides valuable insight into the best approaches for developing varieties which produce substantially less toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Edwards
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Isaac Njaci
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa International Livestock Research Institute Hub, ILRI campus, Naivasha Road, P.O. 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Abhimanyu Sarkar
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, 93 Laurence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Zhouqian Jiang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | | | - Christopher Moore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jitender Cheema
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Martin Rejzek
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Marielle Vigouroux
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Vickers
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Roland H M Wouters
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pirita Paajanen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Jonathan D Moore
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Janet Higgins
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - David Swarbreck
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098, San Michele all' Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Colin Y Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sagadevan Mundree
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane City, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Global Crop Diversity Trust, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shiv Kumar
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Avenue Hafiane Cherkaoui, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Matt Loose
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Levi Yant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jiří Macas
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Trevor L Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Peter M F Emmrich
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa International Livestock Research Institute Hub, ILRI campus, Naivasha Road, P.O. 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
- Norwich Institute for Sustainable Development, School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miranda C, Xu Q, Oehrle NW, Islam N, Garrett WM, Natarajan SS, Gillman JD, Krishnan HB. Proteomic Comparison of Three Extraction Methods Reveals the Abundance of Protease Inhibitors in the Seeds of Grass Pea, a Unique Orphan Legume. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10296-10305. [PMID: 31464437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grass pea is an orphan legume that is grown in many places in the world. It is a high-protein, drought-tolerant legume that is capable of surviving extreme environmental challenges and can be a sole food source during famine. However, grass pea produces the neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), which can cause a neurological disease. This crop is promising as a food source for both animals and humans if β-ODAP levels and other antinutritional factors such as protease inhibitors are lowered or removed. To understand more about these proteins, a proteomic analysis of grass pea was conducted using three different extraction methods to determine which was more efficient at isolating antinutritional factors. Seed proteins extracted with Tris-buffered saline (TBS), 30% ethanol, and 50% isopropanol were identified by mass spectrometry, resulting in the documentation of the most abundant proteins for each extraction method. Mass spectrometry spectral data and BLAST2GO analysis led to the identification of 1376 proteins from all extraction methods. The molecular function of the extracted proteins revealed distinctly different protein functional profiles. The majority of the TBS-extracted proteins were annotated with nutrient reservoir activity, while the isopropanol extraction yielded the highest percentage of endopeptidase proteinase inhibitors. Our results demonstrate that the 50% isopropanol extraction method was the most efficient at isolating antinutritional factors including protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Miranda
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , China
| | - Nathan W Oehrle
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory , USDA-Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville 20705 , United States
| | - Savithiry S Natarajan
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory , USDA-ARS , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Jason D Gillman
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Q, Qu J, Song B, Liu F, Chen P, Krishnan HB. Lathyrus sativus Originating from Different Geographical Regions Reveals Striking Differences in Kunitz and Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8119-8129. [PMID: 31265283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important legume commonly grown in arid and semi-arid regions. This protein-rich legume performs well even under harsh environmental conditions and is considered to be a strategic famine food in developing countries. Unfortunately, its potential usage is greatly limited as a result of the presence of antinutritional factors, including the neuroexcitatory amino acid β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and protease inhibitors. β-ODAP is responsible for a neurodegenerative syndrome that results in the paralysis of lower limbs, while protease inhibitors affect protein digestibility, resulting in reduced growth. Concerted research efforts have led to development of grass pea cultivars with reduced β-ODAP content. In contrast, very little information is available on the protease inhibitors of L. sativus. In this study, we have conducted biochemical characterization of 51 L. sativus accessions originating from different geographical regions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of seed globulins and prolamins revealed striking similarity in their protein profile, although geographic-specific variations in profiles was also evident. Measurement of Bowman-Birk chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBi) and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTi) activities in accessions revealed striking differences among them. Amino acid sequence alignment of grass pea BBi and KTi revealed significant homology to protease inhibitors from several legumes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated high-level expression of BBi and KTi in dry seeds and weak expression in other organs. Our study demonstrates substantial variation in BBi and KTi among grass pea accessions that could be exploited in breeding programs for the development of grass pea lines that are devoid of these antinutritional factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Jinmiao Qu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology at the Chinese Ministry of Education , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research, United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarker A, Fikre A, El-Moneim AMA, Nakkoul H, Singh M. Reducing anti-nutritional factor and enhancing yield with advancing time of planting and zinc application in grasspea in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:27-32. [PMID: 28503807 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is an important pulse crop for food, feed and sustainable crop production systems in Ethiopia. Despite its advantages in nutrition and adaptability to harsh climate and low fertile soil, it contains a neurotoxin, β-N-oxalyl-α,β-diamiono propionic acid (β-ODAP), which paralyses the lower limbs and is affected by genotypic and agronomic factors. To determine the effect of zinc application and planting date on yield and β-ODAP content of two genotypes, experiments were conducted in two regions of Ethiopia. RESULTS The main effects of variety, sowing date and zinc and their interactions were significant (P < 0.001) for β-ODAP and seed yield, which had a linear relationship with zinc. For the improved grasspea variety, an application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc showed a reduction of β-ODAP from 0.15% to 0.088% at Debre Zeit and 0.14% to 0.08% at Sheno and increased its yield from 841 kg ha-1 to 2260 kg ha-1 at Debre Zeit and from 715 to 1835 kg ha-1 at Sheno. Early sowing showed a reduction in ODAP content in relation to the late sowing. CONCLUSION An application of Zn beyond even 20 kg ha-1 with an early sowing is recommended for the improved variety. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sarker
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
| | - Asnake Fikre
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Ali M Abd El-Moneim
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
| | - Hani Nakkoul
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
| | - Murari Singh
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haque RM, Kuo YH, Lambein F, Hussain M. Effect of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of the neuro-excitatory amino acid β-ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid) in callus tissue of Lathyrus sativus. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:583-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
7
|
Enneking D. The nutritive value of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) and allied species, their toxicity to animals and the role of malnutrition in neurolathyrism. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:694-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
8
|
Kumar S, Bejiga G, Ahmed S, Nakkoul H, Sarker A. Genetic improvement of grass pea for low neurotoxin (β-ODAP) content. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:589-600. [PMID: 20659523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grass pea is a promising crop for adaptation under climate change because of its tolerance to drought, water-logging and salinity, and being almost free from insect-pests and diseases. In spite of such virtues, global area under its cultivation has decreased because of ban on its cultivation in many countries. The ban is imposed due to its association with neurolathyrism, a non-reversible neurological disorder in humans and animals due to presence of neurotoxin, β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) in its seedlings and seeds. The traditional varieties of grass pea contain 0.5-2.5% β-ODAP. Exploitable genetic variability for β-ODAP has been observed for development of low ODAP varieties, which along with improved agronomic and detoxification practices can help reduce the risk of lathyrism. Collaborative efforts between ICARDA and NARS have resulted in development of improved varieties such as Wasie in Ethiopia, Ratan, Prateek and Mahateora in India, and BARI Khesari-1 and BARI Khesari-2 in Bangladesh with <0.10% β-ODAP. Soil application of 15-20 kg ha(-1) zinc sulphate, early planting, and soaking seeds in water have shown significant effects on β-ODAP. Because of the often cross-pollination nature, the current breeding procedures being followed in grass pea requires paradigm shift in its approach for a possible genetic breakthrough.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar
- Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nunn PB, Bell EA, Watson AA, Nash RJ. Toxicity of Non-protein Amino Acids to Humans and Domestic Animals. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-protein amino acids are common in plants and are present in widely consumed animal feeds and human foods such as alfalfa ( Medicago sativa), which contains canavanine, and lentil ( Lens culinaris), which contains homoarginine. Some occur in wild species that are inadvertently harvested with crop species. Some nonprotein amino acids and metabolites can be toxic to humans, e.g. Lathyrus species contain a neurotoxic oxalyl-amino acid. Some potential toxins may be passed along a food chain via animal intermediates. The increased interest in herbal medicines in the Western countries will increase exposure to such compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Nunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, St Michael's Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - E. Arthur Bell
- Formerly at the School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, England, UK
| | - Alison A. Watson
- Phytoquest Limited, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Robert J. Nash
- Phytoquest Limited, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Barceloux
- Emergency Department, Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center, Pomona, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramachandran S, Bairagi A, Ray AK. Improvement of nutritive value of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seed meal in the formulated diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish gut bacterium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:1465-72. [PMID: 15939274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2004] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (4.0 kcalg(-1) approximately) diets were formulated incorporating raw and fermented grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seed meal at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels by weight into a fish meal based diet and fed to rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings for 80 days and fish performance was studied. A particular bacterial strain (Bacillus sp.) isolated from the intestine of adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in the wild having significant amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic activities were used for fermentation of seed meal for 15 days at 37 degrees C. Fermentation of grass pea seed meal was effective in significantly reducing the crude fibre content and anti-nutritional factors, such as tannins, phytic acid and the neurotoxin, beta-ODAP and enhancing the available free amino acids and fatty acids. In terms of growth response, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, 30% fermented grass pea seed meal incorporated diet resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) better performance of rohu fingerlings. In general, growth and feed utilization efficiencies of fish fed diets containing fermented seed meal were superior to those fed diets containing raw seed meal. The apparent protein digestibility (APD) values decreased with increasing levels of raw seed meal in the diets. The APD for raw seed meal was lower at all levels of inclusion in comparison to those for the fermented seed meals. The highest deposition of carcass protein was recorded in fish fed the diet containing 40% fermented seed meal. The results indicated that fermented grass pea seed meal can be incorporated in carp diets up to 30% level compared to 10% level of raw seed meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ramachandran
- Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bell EA. Nonprotein amino acids of plants: significance in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:2854-65. [PMID: 12720365 DOI: 10.1021/jf020880w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Those nonprotein amino acids found in food and fodder plants and known to be toxic to man and domestic animals are described. These include toxins from many legume genera including Lathyrus, from other higher plant families, from seaweeds, and from fungi. Some inhibit protein synthesis, while others are incorporated into proteins with toxic effects. Basic processes such as urea synthesis and neurotransmission may be disrupted. The probable roles of nonprotein amino acids in protecting plants against predators, pathogens, and competing plant species are considered. The need to learn more of the nutritive value of nontoxic nonprotein amino acids and to explore the potential of others either as drugs or as leads to drugs in human and veterinary medicine is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Arthur Bell
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Getahun H, Lambein F, Van der Stuyft P. ABO blood groups, grass pea preparation, and neurolathyrism in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:700-3. [PMID: 12625154 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An exploratory study was conducted in the rural Estie district of Ethiopia in 1997 to identify the role of ABO blood group, rhesus factor, and type of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) diet in the susceptibility to neurolathyrism. Five-hundred study subjects (250 cases and 250 controls) were examined and interviewed, and had their ABO and rhesus blood groups determined. The majority (86%) of the cases were males. Blood group O was the most common in the patients and controls followed by groups A, B, and AB. The vast majority of the study subjects were rhesus-positive. The gravy (Shiro) grass pea preparation was consumed by 91.6% of the study population, boiled (Nifiro) by 86%, and roasted (Kollo) by 56.4%. Almost half (48%) of the cases had consumed grass pea for > 4 months compared to 8% of controls (P < 0.001). There was a significant association between the risk for neurolathyrism and the consumption of boiled (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 98.4) and roasted (AOR = 55.62) forms of grass pea. There was no risk of paralysis associated with consumption of the gravy form of grass pea (AOR = 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.1-2.0). Blood group O remained significantly associated with the disease after adjusting for age, type of grass pea preparation consumed, and duration of consumption (AOR = 2.90).
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The amino acid content of seeds and 4-day-old seedlings were studied in five species of lentil: Lens culinaris, L. orientalis, L. ervoides, L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Free amino acid and also total protein amino acid content after HCl hydrolysis were determined by HPLC. The nonprotein UV-absorbing amino acids were determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The content of free protein amino acids in seeds varied among species and increased dramatically after germination. Asparagine is quantitatively most important in both seed and seedling. The content of free nonprotein amino acids is variable in seeds and seedlings. gamma-Hydroxyarginine, gamma-hydroxyornithine, alpha-aminobutyric acid and taurine were found in both seeds and seedlings. Homoarginine was found in four species but not in L. orientalis while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-aaa) and three isoxazolinone derivatives: beta-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine (BIA), gamma-glutamyl-BIA (gamma-glu-BIA) and 2-carboxymethyl-isoxazolin-5-one (CMI) were found exclusively in the seedlings. CMI was identified for the first time in lentil species. Lathyrine, beta-(2-amino-pyrimidine-4-yl)-alanine, which was reported to be in the seeds of some Lathyrus species was confirmed to be present also in the seedling of L. culinaris (trace amount), L. nigricans and L. odemensis. Trigonelline (N-methyl-nicotinic acid), a plant hormone, is present both in seeds and seedlings in different concentrations except in L. ervoides. The different combination of nonprotein amino acids among the species gives indication of their genetic relationship and might partly explain the varying compatibility for interspecies crossing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Rozan
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Jozef Kluyskensstraat 27, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hanbury C, White C, Mullan B, Siddique K. A review of the potential of Lathyrus sativus L. and L. cicera L. grain for use as animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
16
|
El-Moneim AMA, van Dorrestein B, Baum M, Mulugeta W. Improving the Nutritional Quality and Yield Potential of Grasspea ( Lathyrus Sativus L.). Food Nutr Bull 2000; 21:493-496. [DOI: 10.1177/156482650002100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lathyrus sativus (grasspea or chickling pea) is a popular food and feed crop in certain Asian and African countries, such as Bangladesh, China, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, because of its resistance to drought, flood, and moderate salinity and because of its low input requirements. When other crops fail under adverse climatic conditions, L. sativus can become the only available food source for the poor and sometimes is a survival food during famine. Although seeds of L. sativus are tasty and protein rich, overconsumption can cause an upper-neurone disease known as neurolathyrism, an irreversible paralysis of the lower limbs. The level of this compound in the dry seeds varies widely, depending on genetic factors and environmental conditions. The ability of L. sativus to provide an economic yield under most adverse conditions has made it a popular crop in subsistence farming in many developing countries, and it offers a great potential for use in other parts of the world. In the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region, under low-rainfall conditions there is a tendency for increasing monoculture of cereals, such as barley. The incorporation of grasspea in the rotation can make the production system more sustainable by improving soil fertility and breaking disease and pest cycles. The objectives of the crop improvement programme of International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) for this species are to improve its yield potential and nutritional quality through the reduction of its content of the neurotoxin 3-(N -oxalyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). Low-neurotoxin lines having 0.07% to 0.02% β-ODAP were developed by using conventional breeding methods and by developing somaclonal variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Abd El-Moneim
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Aleppo, Syria
| | - B. van Dorrestein
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Aleppo, Syria
| | - M. Baum
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Aleppo, Syria
| | - W. Mulugeta
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Aleppo, Syria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan JK, Kuo YH, Haque A, Lambein F. Inhibitory and excitatory amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid of neurolathyrism patients, a highly prevalent motorneurone disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 91:506-10. [PMID: 7572048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neurolathyrism is caused by overconsumption of seeds containing 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (beta-ODAP). Amino acids levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in 50 patients with neurolathyrism and 12 healthy volunteers. The levels of excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate were 281% and 71% respectively of control values. The concentration of inhibitory amino acids glycine and taurine were 277% and 198% respectively of the levels in CSF from control individuals. There was a significant correlation between the level of glycine and the duration of the disease. We also found increased levels of threonine, serine and alanine. In contrast to reports on other motor neurone diseases where an increase of isoleucine was observed we found a significant decrease of isoleucine. The results suggest a disturbance of amino acid metabolism due to excitotoxic damages caused by beta-ODAP, a dietary excitatory amino acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Khan
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Determination of non-protein amino acids and toxins in Lathyrus by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn phenyl isothiocyanate derivatization. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Lambein F, Haque R, Khan JK, Kebede N, Kuo YH. From soil to brain: zinc deficiency increases the neurotoxicity of Lathyrus sativus and may affect the susceptibility for the motorneurone disease neurolathyrism. Toxicon 1994; 32:461-6. [PMID: 8053001 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency and oversupply of iron to the roots of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) induce increases in the content of the neurotoxin beta-L-ODAP (3-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid) in the ripe seeds. The transport of zinc to the shoots is enhanced by the addition of beta-L-ODAP. The neurotoxin of L. sativus is proposed to function as a carrier molecule for zinc ions. Soils, depleted in micronutrients from flooding by monsoon rains (Indian subcontinent) or otherwise poor in available zinc and with high iron content (Ethiopian vertisols), may be responsible for higher incidence of human lathyrism, one of the oldest neurotoxic diseases known to man. A role for brain zinc deficiency in the susceptibility for lathyrism is postulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Lambein
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Haque A, Hossain M, Khan JK, Kuo YH, Lambein F, De Reuck J. New findings and symptomatic treatment for neurolathyrism, a motor neuron disease occurring in north west Bangladesh. PARAPLEGIA 1994; 32:193-5. [PMID: 8008424 DOI: 10.1038/sc.1994.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurolathyrism is a form of spastic paraparesis caused by the neuroexcitatory amino acid 3-N-oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (beta-ODAP) present in the seeds and foliage of Lathyrus sativus. The disease is irreversible and usually nonprogressive. Tolperisone HCl, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, has been shown to reduce significantly the spasticity in neurolathyrism patients. Sporadic occurrence of HTLV-1 infection (0.9%) and of osteolathyrism was found among the neurolathyrism patients. Osteolathyrism is linked to the consumption of the green shoots of Lathyrus sativus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Haque
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|