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Detection of Dinophysistoxin-1 in Clonal Culture of Marine Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum foraminosum (Faust M.A., 1993) from the Sea of Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3947-59. [PMID: 26426049 PMCID: PMC4626713 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time the presence of dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) in a culture of Prorocentrum foraminosum was revealed in cells and in the culture medium. The clone was isolated from coastal waters of the Sea of Japan and identified by molecular analyses of SSU and D1/D2 regions of LSU rDNA. The concentration of DTX-1 in cells was 8.4 ± 2.5 pg/cell and, in cell-free media, 27.9 ± 14.7 µg/L. The toxin presence was confirmed by HPLC with high-resolution tandem mass-spectrometry.
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2
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Arivazhagan M, Subhasini VP, Kavitha R. Density functional theory investigations on the conformational stability, molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 6-methyl-2-chromenone. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 128:527-539. [PMID: 24691367 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Fourier-transform infrared and FT-Raman spectra of 6-methyl-2-chromenone (6M2C) was recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1) respectively. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 6M2C were carried out by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP and LSDA) method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (μ) and the first order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated compound were computed using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. The calculated results also show that 6M2C might have microscopic non-linear optical (NLO) behaviour with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of infrared and Raman spectra of 6M2C is also reported. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. The molecular electrostatic potential map shows that the negative potential sites are on the electronegative atoms as well as the positive potential sites are around the hydrogen atoms. The NMR spectrum is used in conjunction with other forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis to determinate the structures of complicated organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arivazhagan
- Department of Physics, A.A. Government Arts College, Musiri, Tiruchirappalli 621201, TN, India.
| | - V P Subhasini
- Department of Physics, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai 600119, TN, India
| | - R Kavitha
- Department of Physics, Saranathan Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli 620012, TN, India
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3
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Sassolas A, Hayat A, Catanante G, Marty JL. Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta 2013; 105:306-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Derivatization of azaspiracid biotoxins for analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8089-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Sıdır İ, Sıdır YG, Kumalar M, Taşal E. Ab initio Hartree–Fock and density functional theory investigations on the conformational stability, molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 7-acetoxy-6-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-4,8-dimethylcoumarin molecule. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Volpe G, Cotroneo E, Moscone D, Croci L, Cozzi L, Ciccaglioni G, Palleschi G. A bienzyme electrochemical probe for flow injection analysis of okadaic acid based on protein phosphatase-2A inhibition: An optimization study. Anal Biochem 2009; 385:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Chapter 13 Phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Takahashi E, Yu Q, Eaglesham G, Connell DW, McBroom J, Costanzo S, Shaw GR. Occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in water, phytoplankton and shellfish from North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 64:429-42. [PMID: 17512582 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of marine microalgae are known to produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish and when eaten, lead to toxic and potentially fatal reactions in humans. This paper reports on the occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in the waters, phytoplankton and shellfish of Southeast Queensland, Australia. These algal toxins include okadaic acid (OA), domoic acid (DA), gymnodimine (GD), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and pectenotoxin-2-seco acid (PTX-2-SA), which were detected in the sampled shellfish and phytoplankton, via HPLC-MS/MS. Dissolved OA, PTX-2 and GD were also detected in the samples collected from the water column. This was the first occasion that DA and GD have been reported in shellfish, phytoplankton and the water column in Queensland waters. Phytoplankton tows contained both the toxic Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia algae species, and are suspected of being the most likely producers of the OA, PTX-2s and DA found in shellfish of this area. The number of cells, however, did not correlate with the amount of toxins present in either shellfish or phytoplankton. This indicates that toxin production by algae varies with time and the species present and that number of cells alone cannot be used as an indicator for the presence of toxins. The presence of OA and PTX-2s were more frequently seen in the summer, while DA and GD were detected throughout the year and without any obvious seasonal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takahashi
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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9
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Mouratidou T, Kaniou‐Grigoriadou I, Samara C, Koumtzis T. Determination of Okadaic Acid and Related Toxins in Greek Mussels by HPLC with Fluorimetric Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200025690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theoni Mouratidou
- a National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins , Center of Veterinary Institutions of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Agriculture , Limnou 3A, 546 27 , Thessaloniki , Greece
- b Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Ignatia Kaniou‐Grigoriadou
- a National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins , Center of Veterinary Institutions of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Agriculture , Limnou 3A, 546 27 , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- b Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Themistokles Koumtzis
- b Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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10
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Sortur V, Yenagi J, Tonannavar J, Jadhav VB, Kulkarni MV. Fourier transform-infrared and Raman spectra, ab initio calculations and assignments for 6-methyl-4-bromomethylcoumarin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 64:301-7. [PMID: 16644266 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform-infrared (4000-400 cm-1) and Raman (3500-50 cm-1) spectral measurements have been made for 6-methyl-4-bromomethylcoumarin. Equilibrium structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and depolarization ratios have been computed at RHF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory. Twisting CH2Br moiety in the geometry optimization leads to the most stable conformer lacking symmetry (C1). This is reflected in the richness of bands in the experimental spectra. A complete assignments of the bands, aided by the ab initio calculations, has been proposed for the 6-methyl-4-bromomethylcoumarin. Due to lack of symmetry, several normal vibrations have been found to be mixed ones.
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Rawn DFK, Ménard C, Niedzwiadek B, Lewis D, Lau BPY, Delauney-Bertoncini N, Hennion MC, Lawrence JF. Confirmation of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 and dinophysistoxin-2 in shellfish as their anthrylmethyl derivatives using UV radiation. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1080:148-56. [PMID: 16008053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method for confirmation of the diarrhetic shellfish poisons (DSP): okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2) using fluorescence detection following derivatization with 9-chloromethylanthracene, has been established as an alternate to LC/MS. Exposure of the anthrylmethyl derivatives of OA, DTX-1 and DTX-2 to near UV light (300-400 nm) resulted in the loss of these compounds to below detection limits within 30 min, with a concurrent appearance of two additional compounds. Based on the mass spectral evidence, we propose that these newly formed compounds are the decarboxylation products of the derivatized diarrhetic shellfish poisons. UV radiation is, therefore, proposed as a rapid and simple confirmation technique for these DSP in mussel samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea F K Rawn
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 2203D, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2.
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Dahlmann J, Budakowski WR, Luckas B. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry based method for the simultaneous determination of algal and cyanobacterial toxins in phytoplankton from marine waters and lakes followed by tentative structural elucidation of microcystins. J Chromatogr A 2003; 994:45-57. [PMID: 12779218 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography (LC)-based method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection was developed for simultaneous determination of various algal and cyanobacterial toxins extracted from phytoplankton occurring world-wide in marine waters and lakes. The method enables quantification of saxitoxin, anatoxin-A, domoic acid, nodularin, microcystins, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 with a single chromatographic run. In addition, the applied chromatographic conditions allow isolation and identification of substances suspected to be "new" microcystins (cyclic peptides) by fraction collection, hydrolysis, derivatisation of resulting free amino acids with the modified chiral Marfey's reagent N-alpha-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-valinamide (L-FDVA) and enantioselective analysis of the amino acid derivatives by LC-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dahlmann
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 25, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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13
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Holmes MJ, Teo SL, Khoo HW. Detection of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins from tropical shellfish using liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. NATURAL TOXINS 2002; 7:361-4. [PMID: 11122530 DOI: 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<361::aid-nt79>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A negative mode liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-SRM MS) method was developed to detect low concentrations of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). Detection relies upon monitoring the transition of negative precursor ions [M - H]- to a common fragment ion of m/z 255. Our limit of detection for okadaic acid with this method is 0.5 pg on column. LC-SRM MS has allowed us to detect persistent, low concentrations of DSP toxins from Singapore shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences and National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Vale P, Sampayo MADM. Esterification of DSP toxins by Portuguese bivalves from the Northwest coast determined by LC-MS--a widespread phenomenon. Toxicon 2002; 40:33-42. [PMID: 11602276 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) were confirmed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection both in extracts of digestive glands and edible parts of Portuguese shellfish. No dinophysistoxin-1 was found even in highly contaminated samples examined. However, only in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) were these two parent toxins commonly found in a free form. Usually they were found largely esterified in all remaining shellfish species-common cockle (Cerastoderma edule), peppery furrow shell (Scrobicularia plana), carpet shell (Venerupis pullastra), oyster (Crassostrea japonica), razor clam (Ensisspp.), and clam (Ruditapes decussata). Oysters were the least toxic. In mussels esterified OA did not surpass 50% of the total OA found in edible parts, while DTX2 esterification rates were usually much lower. In remaining shellfish species usually more than 95% of the total OA was found esterified, while free DTX2 was rarely found. Also ratios of total DTX2/total OA were higher in mussels than in the remaining species examined. From all these species commercially exploited at the northern coast, mussels and cockles contained the highest levels of DSP toxins, thus representing the highest theoretical health risk. The previous association of DTX2 with the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta was confirmed with selective MS detection; while OA was the only parent diarrhoeic toxin found associated with Dinophysis acuminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
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15
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Delaunay N, Pichon V, Caer JPL, Hennion MC. Immunoaffinity extraction as a new approach for an improved liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric or fluorimetric determination of okadaic acid in shellfish and algae. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Chapter 10 HPLC methods for the determination of mycotoxins and phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Puech L, Dragacci S, Gleizes E, Fremy JM. Use of immunoaffinity columns for clean-up of diarrhetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) extracts from shellfish prior to their analysis by HPLC/fluorimetry. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1999; 16:239-51. [PMID: 10560577 DOI: 10.1080/026520399284000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastro-intestinal disease caused by consumption of seafood contaminated by microalgal toxins, mainly okadaic acid (OA) and structurally related toxins, dinophysistoxins (DTXs). Regulatory monitoring is generally based on rodent bioassays which, however, present some technical and ethical disadvantages. The most promising technique of analysis of these toxins involves an HPLC separation with spectrofluorimetric detection after derivatization of the toxins with a fluorescent reagent. The lack of specificity of the extraction procedure (liquid-liquid partition), and the presence of interfering compounds in the matrix, does not allow the determination and the quantification of low amounts of toxins in seafood. In this paper, the authors report the development and the characterization of immunoaffinity columns (IAC), which were elaborated using anti-okadaic acid monoclonal antibodies, for a specific retention of the OA group of toxins. The coupling yield and the stability of these columns were investigated as well as their capacity to remove interfering compounds. Cross-reactivity was observed between the antibodies and the DTX-1 and the DTX-2, allowing the detection of the different toxins in a single analysis. Different spiked (1 microgram OA/g) or naturally-contaminated (mussel digestive gland: 2 micrograms OA/g; algae: 165 micrograms OA/g) matrices were tested. The recovery for OA varied from 55 to 95% according to the matrices. The IAC purification was then included as a step of a global [IAC/HPLC/spectrofluorimetric detection] method and the performance of the method was evaluated. Estimations of the linearity and the accuracy (percentages of the presumptive response for OA in the range +101% to +114%) were satisfactory in accordance with the method validation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Puech
- French EU Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture.
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Quilliam MA, Gago-Martínez A, Rodríguez-Vázquez JA. Improved method for preparation and use of 9-anthryldiazomethane for derivatization of hydroxycarboxylic acids. Application to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins. J Chromatogr A 1998; 807:229-39. [PMID: 9646498 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of a method for the "in situ" generation of 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) to the derivatization of the carboxyl function in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins revealed the formation of artifact products. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, it was determined that these artifacts were due to base-catalyzed reactions between the solvent, ethyl acetate, and the hydroxyl groups of the analyte to produce O-acetylated ADAM derivatives. Using a new formulation, with tetrahydrofuran as solvent, it was possible to eliminate these artifact reactions. Various reaction parameters have also been re-optimized to ensure quantitative derivatizations. An assessment method was developed that was useful not only for optimizing reaction parameters, but also for evaluating the reagent potency before use on important samples. Finally, application of the method to the determination of DSP toxins in plankton and mussel tissue was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Quilliam
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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González JC, Vieytes MR, Vieites JM, Botana LM. Improvement on sample clean-up for high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorimetric determination of diarrhetic shellfish toxins using 1-bromoacetylpyrene. J Chromatogr A 1998; 793:63-70. [PMID: 9468651 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-2, two of the main diarrhetic shellfish toxins, can be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorimetry as pyrenacyl esters. Toxin fluorescent derivatives were obtained after quantitative derivatization with 1-bromoacetylpyrene in acetonitrile. An efficient improvement in the silica gel clean-up procedure of the pyrenacyl derivatives is reported. The clean-up cartridge is washed with hexane-dichloromethane (1:1, v/v), dichloromethane-ethyl acetate (8:2, v/v), and finally the pyrenacyl esters were eluted with dichloromethane-methanol (9:1, v/v). We compare this procedure with other methods already described. Good results were obtained with mussels, scallops and clams. The clean-up procedure showed good robustness when checked against silica and solvents activity. Using samples of mussel hepatopancreas with an OA concentration ranging from 0 to 2 micrograms OA/g hepatopancreas, the inter-assay relative standard deviation ranged from 5.5 to 12.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Lugo, Spain
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20
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Comesaña-Losada M, Gago-Martínez A, Leao-Martins JM, Rodríguez-Vázquez JA. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for determination of marine biotoxins. Analyst 1996; 121:1665-70. [PMID: 8952453 DOI: 10.1039/an9962101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Paralysing and diarrhetic shellfish poisonings (PSP and DSP) are important intoxications caused by the consumption of shellfish, mainly bivalve molluscs, contaminated by certain species of toxic dinoflagellates present in the marine phytoplankton. Their appearance and massive reproduction take place in some periods of the year, causing the phenomenon commonly known as 'red tide'. This causes significant problems to health and to the economy of the Galician region. The AOAC mouse bioassay is the most commonly used method of analysis for these toxic compounds, being the official method in most countries. Owing to the lack of sensitivity and selectivity of the biological assay, HPLC methods were developed as an alternative methodology. In this paper work carried out on the improvement of the chromatographic conditions in order to achieve accurate information about the PSP and DSP compounds present in the studied samples is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comesaña-Losada
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Spain
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21
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Lawrence JF, Roussel S, Ménard C. Liquid chromatographic determination of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 in shellfish after derivatization with 9-chloromethylanthracene. J Chromatogr A 1996; 721:359-64. [PMID: 8611946 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The reagent 9-chloromethylanthracene was evaluated for derivatization of the diarrhetic shellfish poisons, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), to form fluorescent products separable by liquid chromatography. The toxins were reacted with the reagent in acetonitrile in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide for 1 h at 90 degrees C. The products were purified by using two silica solid-phase extraction cartridges before being determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The results are comparable to those obtained using 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) for okadaic acid and DTX-1 in mussel tissue. Detection limits were estimated to be about 70-100 ng/g hepatopancreas (equivalent to 12-20 ng/g whole tissue) for each toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lawrence
- Food Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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