Resourcefulness and health practices of diabetic women

Effects of resourcefulness on internet game addiction among college students: The mediating role of anxiety and the moderating role of gender

Introduction

The mechanism of internet game addiction is unclear. Whether anxiety mediates between resourcefulness and internet game addiction and whether gender affect its mediation role have not been studied previously.

Methods

A total of 4,889 college students from a college in southwest China were included in this study to complete the investigation, in which three questionnaires were used for evaluation.

Results

Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a remarkable negative correlation between resourcefulness with internet game addiction and anxiety, as well as a significant positive correlation between anxiety and this addiction. The structural equation model confirmed the mediation role of anxiety. The multi-group analysis confirmed the moderating role of gender in the mediation model.

Discussion

These findings have advanced the results of existing studies, indicating the buffering effect of resourcefulness on internet game addiction and revealing the potential mechanism of this relationship.

Mental health and self-management in glaucoma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in China

PURPOSE

To investigate mental health and self-management in glaucoma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and to describe the correlation between anxiety, depression, glaucoma, and self-management.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included glaucoma patients who enrolled in the case management platform and completed an online survey. The survey included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Glaucoma Self-Management Questionnaire (GSMQ).

RESULTS

Among 109 glaucoma patients enrolled in this study, the proportions of patients suffering from depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic were 26.6% and 20.2%, respectively. A statistical association was found between depression and self-management behaviour in these glaucoma patients (r = -0.247, P = 0.010). The self-management scores in patients less than 35 years were lower than those in patients aged 35-60 years (P = 0.046). The scores of body function promotion in men were lower than those in women (P = 0.048). Patients with primary school education and below had lower scores in the medical management of disease than those with either middle school education (P = 0.032) or community college education or higher (P = 0.022).

CONCLUSION

A high proportion of anxiety and depression was found in glaucoma patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Better self-management behaviour was associated with stronger mental health regulation. It is important to help glaucoma patients improve their self-management behaviours, especially for young men with low educational levels.

Effect of an online resourcefulness training in improving psychological well-being of front-line medical staff: a quasi-experimental study

Background

The global COVID-19 pandemic is still not under effective control, and strong workplace supports with comprehensive mental health interventions are urgently needed to help medical staff effectively respond to the pandemic. This study aimed to verify the effect of an online resourcefulness training program on the resourcefulness, and psychological variables of front-line medical staff working in the COVID-19 isolation ward.

Design

A pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental design with control group was employed.

Participants

A total of 60 participants working in two isolation wards were recruited via convenience sampling. The two isolation wards were randomly assigned to the control group (isolation ward 1, n = 30) and the intervention group (isolation ward 2, n = 30).

Intervention

The participants were trained online by video conferences and WeChat. The control group received conventional training (e.g., psychological training, psychological counseling), while the intervention group received a 4-h online resourcefulness training. Both groups learned updated guidelines of COVID-19 simultaneously via video conference. The primary outcomes (resourcefulness, anxiety, depression and coping styles) and the secondary outcome (psychological resilience) were measured before intervention and three time points after intervention.

Results

After the intervention and one week after the intervention, the resourcefulness, resilience, and positive response scores of the participants in the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The anxiety and negative response scores in the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all p < 0.05).

One month after the intervention, the scores of resourcefulness, tenacity, and positive response of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group (all p < 0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the two groups of participants had statistically significant changes in the time-based effect and group-based effect in resourcefulness, resilience, anxiety scores and coping styles (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The results showed that our online resourcefulness training can significantly improve the resourcefulness, resilience, and positive response scores and effectively reduce anxiety and depression scores of front-line medical staff. This demonstrates that online resourcefulness training would be an effective tool for the psychological adjustment of front-line medical staff in fighting against COVID-19.

Understanding the Associations Among Perceived Stress, Self-Control Skills, and Overeating in Asian Adolescents

OBJECTIVE

Built on Rosenbaum's self-control theory, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-control skills in the relationship between perceived stress and overeating patterns among adolescents from an Asia-Pacific region.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was used with a school-based, nonclinical sample of 195 adolescents. Participants completed self-report measures assessing study variables and demographic information such as body mass index (BMI) status for adolescents and their parents. Mediation analyses were conducted with Hayes' PROCESS macro modeling tool to assess self-control skills as the mediator of the relationships between perceived stress and each overeating pattern based on the regression-based bootstrapping method, adjusting for potential covariates.

RESULTS

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was approximately 18% in the current sample of adolescents. While controlling for age, sex, and standardized BMI, self-control skills mediated the effects of stress on emotional and external eating, but not on restrained eating; in addition, self-control skills partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and an overall overeating tendency.

CONCLUSION

Consistent with Rosenbaum's self-control theory, self-control skills were found to mediate the relationship between perceived stress and emotional and external eating. This study highlights the importance of prevention treatments developed to impart adolescents with self-control skills, decrease their perceived stress, and consequently, reduce their overeating patterns during this intense developmental period.

Depressive Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Prostate Cancer Survivors

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is a global health problem; its incidence is on the rise in Chinese and usually fraught with both physical and psychological symptomatology.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to explore the relationships among demographic and disease characteristics, resourcefulness, depressive symptoms, and health related quality of life (HRQOL).

METHODS

A descriptive, correlational design was used. A total of 200 individuals with prostate cancer were recruited. The participants completed a self-report regarding their depressive symptoms and HRQOL. Using a structural equation modeling approach, all relationships among the factors, mediators, depressive symptoms, and HRQOL were analyzed.

RESULTS

The more resourcefulness that participants perceived, the more likely they were to report better HRQOL. The best-fitted structural equation model included individual demographics and disease characteristics and resourcefulness as significant predictors of HRQOL. Moreover, this structural model explained 72%, 76%, and 57% of the variance in physical quality of life, mental quality of life, and depressive symptoms, respectively. In addition, resourcefulness had a positive mediating effect on increasing the physical and mental quality of life and decreasing the depressive symptoms for patients with prostate cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Resourcefulness helps patients with prostate cancer build a positive attitude and that it is crucial for enhancing the HRQOL of patients. By using the proper resourcefulness strategy, that is, either personal (self-help) or social (help-seeking), nursing professionals can substantially contribute to enhancing the HRQOL for patients with PC.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Knowledge of risk factors for HRQOL would be useful for nursing professional in detecting health problems and treatment options.

Depression and Health-Related Quality of Life and Their Association With Resourcefulness in Survivors of Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify the determinants of depressive symptoms (DSs) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in survivors of prostate cancer (PC).

METHODS

This study used a descriptive, correlational design to assess a sample of 133 individuals with PC. The participants were face-to-face interviewed to collect demographic data and disease characteristics, assess self-control schedule, and survey health status. Correlation analysis, Student's t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis were applied.

RESULTS

Over half the patients had depressive symptoms, and 96.1% had erectile dysfunction. Lack of resourcefulness was found to decrease PC-specific quality of life (PCQOL) and physical quality of life (PQOL). The participants who were more resourceful showed a better mental quality of life (MQOL) and PQOL (r=0.53**; r=0.41**) and fewer DSs (r=-0.52**). Most participants were stage II and IV, and there were significantly different effects on PQOL and MQOL related to cancer stage. Regarding the different outcomes of various therapies, the findings suggested that survivors of PC who underwent radical prostatectomy were more likely to have a better MQOL than those who underwent other treatments. In addition, resourcefulness had mediating effects on pain, PQOL/MQOL, and DSs in the patients with PC.

CONCLUSIONS

Good mental health and resourcefulness can help patients with PC reduce pain and enhance positive thinking and may augment PQOL and MQOL.

Model Development of Mothering by Women with Bipolar Illness

A sensitive, secure, and consistent relationship with their mother is critical for young children. There is a dearth of knowledge about the quality of mothering of young children by women with bipolar disorder. These mothers are frequently challenged, unable to provide consistency, and are at risk for loss of child custody. The model described in this article reflects a critical analysis of conceptual and empirical literature regarding mothering quality, resourcefulness, disorder severity, medication adherence, social supports, and child-rearing beliefs. The model can provide a conceptual framework for research, direct the selection of research instruments, and hypothesize the relationships among constructs.

Psychometric properties of the resourcefulness scale among caregivers of persons with autism spectrum disorder

Caregiving for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be very costly to caregivers' well-being. Resourcefulness interventions have shown increases in positive health outcomes. However, before delivering the intervention, there should be a reliable and a valid measure to test resourcefulness. The psychometric properties of the Resourcefulness Scale (RS) have not been examined among ASD caregivers. This study examined the psychometrics of the 28-item RS in a convenience sample of 204 ASD caregivers. A Cronbach's alpha of .91 showed the internal consistency of the RS. Construct validity was supported by the emergence of two dimensions of resourcefulness (personal and social) in a confirmatory factor analysis and by substantial intercorrelations between the two subscales (r = .48, p < .001). Findings suggested the reliability and validity of RS among ASD caregivers, which is a necessary step toward implementing resourcefulness interventions to help ASD caregivers to deal with their stress and improve their quality of life.

Longitudinal analysis of resourcefulness, family strain, and depressive symptoms in grandmother caregivers

BACKGROUND

Grandmothers living with grandchildren face stressors that may increase depressive symptoms, but cognitive-behavioral strategies, such as resourcefulness, may reduce the effects of stressors on mental health.

PURPOSE

This analysis examined the contemporaneous and longitudinal relationships among intra-family strain, resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms in 240 grandmothers, classified by caregiving status to grandchildren.

METHODS

Grandmothers raising grandchildren, grandmothers living in multigenerational homes, and non-caregivers to grandchildren reported on intra-family strain, resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms using mailed questionnaires at three time points over 5 years. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the mediating effects of resourcefulness and the relationships between variables.

DISCUSSION

Grandmother caregiver status had significant effects on depressive symptoms and intra-family strain but not on resourcefulness. At all waves, higher resourcefulness was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, which reduced appraisals of intra-family strain.

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions focused on strengthening resourcefulness could reduce depressive symptoms over time.

Measuring use of resourcefulness skills: psychometric testing of a new scale

Highly resourceful individuals have been found better able to meet life's challenges and to experience more positive health outcomes. Although psychometrically sound measures of resourcefulness exist and resourcefulness training trials show that the intervention increases adaptive functioning and enhances quality of life, there is no direct measure of intervention fidelity. This study examined the reliability and validity of an 8-item Resourcefulness Skills Scale (RSS), which measures the frequency with which intervention recipients use specific resourcefulness skills. The RSS was found to have acceptable internal consistency (α = .78), criterion-related validity (r's = .50 and .52 with other resourcefulness scales), and construct validity (r's =.38 and .53 with theoretically-related constructs). Factor analysis revealed two factors reflecting personal and social resourcefulness. Because the RSS queries respondents on their use of skills taught during resourcefulness training, it has potential usefulness as a measure for evaluating how well the training is translated into use of the skills in daily life.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the depressive cognition scale

The purpose of this study was to validate the single-factor structure of the Depressive Cognition Scale (DCS) among individuals from the U.S. general population. The sample was composed of 629 adults from 42 states of the United States. All measures of model fit of the DCS exceeded the recommended criteria for the good model fit (χ(2)/df = 2.57, goodness-of-fitness index = .98, adjusted goodness-of-fitness index = .96, comparative fit index = .99, Tucker Lewis index = .98, root mean square error of approximation = .05, root mean residual = .01, and the P value for test of close fit = .464). Thus, the DCS was found to be a reliable and valid instrument to measure depressive cognitions among individuals from the general population.

Psychometric testing of the children's resourcefulness scale

PROBLEM

Resourcefulness is known to reduce depression in adults, but its effects on children are less well known, possibly for lack of a psychometrically sound measure.

METHODS

This study examined the reliability and validity of the 32-item Children's Self-Control Scale (C-SCS), which measures resourcefulness, in 122 school-aged children.

FINDINGS

Standard scale refinement methods produced a 10-item scale with alpha= .72 and correlations with the C-SCS (r = .86), positive thoughts (r = .38), and depressive symptoms (r =-.32). Factor analysis revealed two factors: problem-solving and delay of gratification.

CONCLUSIONS

The 10-item scale may be useful for identifying children who are not resourceful and are at risk for depression.

Psychometric assessment of the depressive cognition scale in women family members of adults with serious mental illness

Family members of persons with serious mental illness (SMI) are vulnerable to depression, and early identification of cognitive depressive symptoms is important to prevent it. The Depressive Cognition Scale (DCS) may be beneficial for early detection, but the scale's psychometrics have not been tested in family members of persons with SMI. In this study, 60 women relatives of adults with SMI completed the eight-item DCS and measures of caregiver burden, resourcefulness, sense of coherence, and quality of life. A Cronbach's alpha of .87 indicated internal consistency. Construct validity was supported by correlations with caregiver burden (.40), resourcefulness (-.65), sense of coherence (-.77), and quality of life (-.70). Confirmatory factor analysis produced a single factor with 48% of the variance explained and factor loadings >.45 for all items. The findings suggest the DCS is useful for early detection of depression in women relatives of adults with SMI.

The impact of learned resourcefulness on quality of life in type II diabetic patients: a cross-sectional correlational study

It is well recognized that patients with diabetes encounter a host of daily self-care issues, including controlling blood sugar and preventing and managing complications, which impact significantly upon quality of life. Studies have indicated that learned resourcefulness has a potentially positive effect in dealing with psychosocial and health problems. The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between learned resourcefulness and quality of life in type II diabetic patients. The mediating and moderating effects of learned resourcefulness on the relationship between metabolic control and quality of life of diabetic patients was also examined. This cross-sectional and correlational study included a convenience sample of 131 type II diabetic patients recruited from three hospitals in southern Taiwan. Data were collected through questionnaires, which included the Rosenbaum's Self Control Schedule and World Health Organization's Quality of Life (Short Version). Multiple regression techniques were used to analyze outcome predictors. Study findings include identification of a mediating effect of learned resourcefulness between metabolic control and quality of life. While most DM patients were not satisfied with their health, we found that those with greater learned resourcefulness enjoyed a better quality of life. Learned resourcefulness, gender, and HbA1C explained 35.2% of variance in DM patient quality of life. Male diabetic patients enjoyed a better quality of life than females, even though levels of learned resourcefulness between the two groups were not significantly different. Results indicate that poor metabolic control of diabetic patients has a detrimental effect on quality of life, and when diabetic patients use more self-control skills, they may achieve better quality of life. Results suggest that nurses who use cognitive behavior coping strategies (resourcefulness) may help diabetic patients achieve better metabolic control and promote better quality of life.

Clinical and life quality differences between Mexican American diabetic patients at a free clinic and a hospital-affiliated clinic in Texas

OBJECTIVE

This paper explores the contribution of personal, cultural, and disease characteristics, diabetes knowledge, number of symptoms, and 2 specific clinics to the explained variance in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) and quality of life among Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes.

DESIGN

This descriptive correlational study used hierarchical multiple regression analysis.

SAMPLE

87 Mexican American patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from 2 clinics, 1 hospital-affiliated and 1 free clinic, that served a primarily minority and indigent population.

MEASUREMENTS

A language-based acculturation scale, the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire-24, Diabetes Symptom Self-Care Inventory, and Self-Anchoring Striving Scale were administered in one-on-one interviews. Medical records were reviewed for recent A1c and health history.

RESULTS

The participants' clinic explained an additional 13% of the variance in A1c and 6% of the variance in quality of life after controlling for gender, acculturation, time since diagnosis, number of diabetes medications, diabetes knowledge, and number of symptoms. Clinics differed in patient characteristics, beyond the variables entered in the regression model, and in their care delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinic characteristics and their influence on diabetes outcomes should be explored to maximize patients' abilities to steer the course of their diabetes away from complications.

Grandmothers, caregiving, and family functioning

OBJECTIVES

We used McCubbin's Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation ( McCubbin, Thompson, & McCubbin, 2001) to examine how demographic factors, family stress, grandmother resourcefulness, support, and role reward affect perceptions of family functioning for grandmothers raising grandchildren, grandmothers living in multigenerational households, and grandmothers not caregiving for grandchildren.

METHODS

A sample of 486 grandmothers completed a mailed questionnaire. We used structural equation modeling to (a) test the effects of demographic factors (i.e., grandmother's age, race, marital status, and employment), family stressful life events and strain, grandmother's resourcefulness, subjective and instrumental support, and role reward on perceptions of family functioning for each grandmother group; (b) evaluate differences in the measurement and structural models between the grandmother groups using multisample analysis; and (c) test the model on the full sample, coding for caregiver status.

RESULTS

The models did not differ significantly by grandmother group; therefore we assessed the composite model using a multisample analysis. We found general support for the resiliency model and equivalence of the models across grandmother groups. Less support, resourcefulness, and reward, and more intrafamily strain and stressful family life events contributed to perceptions of worse family functioning.

DISCUSSION

Findings demonstrate the importance of the quality of family functioning for grandmothers in all types of families.

Testing the Health Practices in Pregnancy Questionnaire-II

OBJECTIVE

To revise and test a 34-item self-administered questionnaire that measures health practices important to pregnancy outcome.

DESIGN

Three studies were conducted: a content validity study with nurse experts, a content validity study with pregnant women, and a cross-sectional study using mailed surveys to test the reliability and construct validity of the Health Practices in Pregnancy Questionnaire-II (HPQ-II).

SETTINGS

Nurse-midwifery and obstetric physician practices.

PARTICIPANTS

Clinical experts (n = 8) and pregnant women (n = 10 for Study 2; n = 312 for Study 3).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The HPQ-II, a self-report instrument that measures pregnancy health practices.

RESULTS

Content validity was established with two reviews of the HPQ-II conducted by clinical experts and pregnant women and by a satisfactory Content Validity Index. Construct validity was supported by statistically significant correlations with a measure of prepregnancy health practices, scores on individual prepregnancy health practice items, and a theoretically related measure of women's attitudes toward their pregnancies and babies. Reliability (internal consistency) was satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONS

This instrument promises to be useful in research and practice involving health practices during pregnancy.

Depressive symptoms and learned resourcefulness among Taiwanese female adolescents

Depression in adolescents is a widespread problem and has negative consequences on mental health, including suicidal tendencies. Worldwide, this condition is twice as prevalent in females as in males. To identify factors that may affect the development of depression in female adolescents in Taiwan, a cross-sectional, correlational design was used to examine the relationships among stressors, learned resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms. Four hundred four Taiwanese female adolescents participated in the study. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression were used to analyze data. The study findings suggested that low household income, dissatisfaction with grades, perceived poor health state, and poor peer relationships were significant stressors that contribute to the development of depressive symptoms. Adolescents with greater learned resourcefulness had fewer depressive symptoms. In addition, learned resourcefulness mediated the effects of perceived health and peer relationships on depressive symptoms. Health-care providers can use this knowledge to teach adolescents coping strategies such as use of learned resourcefulness to prevent depression and its negative consequences.

Resourcefulness and self-care in pregnant women with HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has caused suffering in the lives of humans worldwide. Pregnant Thai women now constitute the fastest-growing segment of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Few studies have looked at self-care or resourcefulness among pregnant women with HIV. Using Rosenbaum's theory of learned resourcefulness, this study examined the direct effects of depression and resourcefulness on prenatal self-care as well as the mediating effects of resourcefulness on depression and self-care. A model testing study with 153 pregnant Thai women compared the effects of depression and resourcefulness on prenatal self-care in HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups. Regression analyses indicated direct effects of depression and resourcefulness on prenatal self-care. The effect of depression on prenatal self-care was mediated by resourcefulness. HIV status did not predict prenatal self-care. The findings on the relationships of depression, resourcefulness, and prenatal self-care can help nurses provide effective services to pregnant Thai women, including counseling on self-care.

Psychometric properties of the self-control schedule: Thai version

The psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Self-Control Schedule (SCS), a measure of learned resourcefulness, were examined. Data were collected from 77 pregnant women who were HIV positive and 103 pregnant women who were HIV negative. Back-translation was completed, and agreement between the two content experts as determined by the Content Validity Index was 86%. To assure the equivalence of the translated SCS, English and Thai versions were completed by 16 bilinguals, and the two versions were found to correlate highly (r=.95; p<.01). Internal consistency reliability for the Thai version of the SCS was.81. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to establish construct validity. The results suggest that the Thai version of the SCS has promise for use with pregnant Thai women; however, modification of some items would improve its understandability and cross-cultural applicability. Further psychometric testing in larger and more diverse samples is recommended.

Acceptance, cognitions, and resourcefulness in women with diabetes

The coexistence of diabetes and depression occurs frequently among young and middle-age women. Unless one is resourceful, simultaneous management of the symptoms of both conditions is especially challenging. Skills constituting resourcefulness are learned throughout life and are important for the optimal performance of daily activities. Little is known about specific factors that influence resourcefulness. In this study contextual factors (diabetic and depressive symptoms) and cognitive factors (positive cognitions and acceptance of diabetes) were examined as antecedents of learned resourcefulness in 82 women with type 2 diabetes. Regression analyses showed that depressive symptoms and positive cognitions were significant antecedents of learned resourcefulness: Positive cognitions mediated the effects of depressive symptoms on learned resourcefulness. The findings suggest the need for interventions thatfocus on development of positive cognitions to better promote resourcefulness in women with type 2 diabetes who are at risk for depression.