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Zhang D, Diao X, Wang Y, Xu K, Jin Q, Chen Z, Guo Z. Effect of Si content, pH, electrolyte and fulvic acid on the stability of Th(IV)-silicate colloids. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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2
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Heng J, Diao X, Zu G, Jin Q, Chen Z, Guo Z. Stability of Eu(III)-silicate colloids: Effect of Eu content, pH, electrolyte and fulvic acid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129363. [PMID: 35777145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved silicic acid in the environment has strong affinity for actinides (An), but An(III)-silicate colloids have been scarcely investigated. In this study, Eu(III)-silicate colloids, an analogue to An(III)-silicate, were prepared and the aggregation kinetics of the colloids was investigated as a function of Eu content (Si/Eu molar ratio), pH, background electrolyte (NaCl, NaNO3, NaClO4, KCl and CsCl) and fulvic acid (FA). Results indicated that the colloids with higher Si/Eu molar ratio exhibited higher stability under the same conditions. The stability of the colloids increased with increasing aqueous pH (7.1-9.4) and decreasing ionic strength, and the inhibition effect of monovalent electrolytes on the colloid stability followed the order of Na+ < K+ < Cs+ and Cl- < NO3- < ClO4-. In addition, the presence of FA significantly increased the stability of the colloids. The dependence of the stability on the chemical conditions in all cases could be illustrated by DLVO theory. Disaggregation kinetics showed that the aggregation process of the colloids was not fully reversible, because a time-dependent size memory effect led to a bigger mean size of disaggregated colloids as compared to the initial ones. The present work provides detailed insight in the formation and stability of An(III)-silicate colloids under the alkaline conditions relevant to geological disposal of radioactive waste, which is critical for understanding the behavior of this type of colloids in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhang
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Heng
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinya Diao
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Ganlin Zu
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China; Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zongyuan Chen
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China; Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Guo
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China; Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China.
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Zhai B, Tian Q, Li N, Yan M, Henderson MJ. SAXS study of the formation and structure of polynuclear thorium(IV) colloids and thorium dioxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:281-287. [PMID: 35254289 PMCID: PMC8900854 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521012923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable actinide colloids and nanoparticles are of interest because of their potential to affect the transportation of radionuclides in the near-field of a nuclear waste repository. At high concentrations, thorium(IV) can precipitate to form intrinsic colloids. In the present study, polynuclear thorium colloids and thorium dioxide crystallites, formed by the condensation of hydrolyzed Th4+ solutions (3 mM; initial pH 5.5) aged for up to 18 months, were studied using small-angle X-ray scattering. Scattering profiles were fitted using a unified Guinier/power-law model (Beaucage model) to extract the radii of gyration and Porod exponents. Analysis of the scattering profiles from a dispersion aged for 5 months indicated that both polymer coils and more compacted structures (radius of gyration Rg ≃ 10 nm) were present, which translated in the Kratky plots as a plateau and a peak maximum, respectively. After 18 months, the SAXS data were consistent with the presence of agglomerates of ThO2 particles suspended in aqueous solution (pH 3.2; [Th] = 1.45 mM). The measured radius of gyration (Rg) of the agglomerates was 5.8 nm, whereas the radius of the ThO2 particles was 2.5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minhao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mark J. Henderson
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Estevenon P, Dumas T, Solari PL, Welcomme E, Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Kvashnina KO, Moisy P, Poinssot C, Dacheux N. Formation of plutonium(IV) silicate species in very alkaline reactive media. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12528-12536. [PMID: 34545888 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the speciation of Pu(IV) in very alkaline and silicate ion rich reactive media allowed identification of the formation of plutonium(IV)-silicate colloidal suspensions which were stable for months. These colloids were stabilized in aqueous solution for pH > 13 and for concentrations around 10-2 mol L-1. Successive filtration processes allowed evaluation of their size, which was found to be smaller than 6 nm. Their structural characterization by XAS evidenced that their structure was similar to those identified for the other tetravalent actinide-silicate colloidal systems like thorium, uranium and neptunium. Their formation could explain the increase of plutonium solubility usually observed in alkaline silicate-rich solutions and could affect the plutonium mobility as a result in contaminated sites or in other environmental permeable media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Estevenon
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France. .,ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France. .,The Rossendorf Beamline at the ESRF, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France.
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Kristina O Kvashnina
- The Rossendorf Beamline at the ESRF, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, P.O. Box 510119, 01314, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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Estevenon P, Causse J, Szenknect S, Welcomme E, Mesbah A, Moisy P, Poinssot C, Dacheux N. In situ study of the synthesis of thorite (ThSiO 4) under environmental representative conditions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11512-11521. [PMID: 32840279 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thorite, (ThSiO4) with a zircon type structure, is one of the most abundant natural sources of thorium on Earth. Generally, actinides are known to form nanoparticles in silicate medium, though no direct link between those colloids and the crystalline form of thorite was evidenced until now. Here we show the formation of thorite from colloids and nanocrystalline structures under experimental conditions close to environmental pH and temperature. Through in situ small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) measurements, colloids with a few nanometers in size were first evidenced at a low reaction time. These colloids have elongated shapes and finally tend to aggregate after their size has reached 10 nm. Once aggregated, the system goes through a maturation step, ending with the emergence of nanocrystallites as thorite zircon structures. This maturation step is longer when the reaction temperature is decreased which highlights the kinetic considerations. These results have potential implications on the paragenesis of Th mineral deposits and also in the behaviour of Th and, by analogy, tetravalent actinides in the environment. The significant characteristics of this work are that Th-silicate colloids were demonstrated at low temperatures and a near neutral pH with long-term stability and a morphology in favor of high mobility in groundwater. If these species are formed in more diluted media, this could be problematic owing to the spreading of Th and, by analogy, other tetravalent actinides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Estevenon
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France. and CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Jeremy Causse
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | | | | | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | | | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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Estevenon P, Welcomme E, Tamain C, Jouan G, Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Poinssot C, Moisy P, Dacheux N. The formation of PuSiO 4 under hydrothermal conditions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6434-6445. [PMID: 32355939 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to synthesize plutonium(iv) silicate, PuSiO4, have been made on the basis of results recently reported in the literature for CeSiO4, ThSiO4, and USiO4 under hydrothermal conditions. Although it was not possible to prepare PuSiO4via applying the conditions reported for thorium and uranium, an efficient method of PuSiO4 synthesis was established by applying the conditions optimized for the CeSiO4 system. This method was based on the slow oxidation of plutonium(iii) silicate reactants under hydrothermal conditions at 150 °C in hydrochloric acid (pH = 3-4). These results shed new light on the potential behavior of plutonium in reductive environments, highlighting the representative nature of cerium surrogates when studying plutonium under such conditions and providing some important pieces of information regarding plutonium chemistry in silicate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Estevenon
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France and ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | | | | | - Gauthier Jouan
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Stephanie Szenknect
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | | | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, CEA, ENSCM, Site de Marcoule, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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7
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Estevenon P, Welcomme E, Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Moisy P, Poinssot C, Dacheux N. Preparation of CeSiO 4 from aqueous precursors under soft hydrothermal conditions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7551-7559. [PMID: 31119248 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01258c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Even though CeSiO4 was synthesized one time through a hydrothermal treatment, the conditions leading to its formation remain largely unknown. In order to define the optimized conditions of synthesis, a multiparametric study was developed by varying the pH of the solution, the temperature, and the nature of the reactants and of the complexing ions in solution. This study highlighted that CeSiO4 could not be obtained starting from Ce(iv) reactants. An optimal set of conditions was defined to prepare single phase samples. Pure CeSiO4 was obtained through a hydrothermal treatment at 150 °C using a starting mixture of 1 mol L-1 Ce(iii) nitrate and Na2SiO3 solutions and by adjusting the initial pH to 8. The chemical limitations observed during the synthesis of CeSiO4 suggested that the formation of this phase may result from the slow in situ oxidation of a Ce(iii) silicate complex during the hydrothermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Estevenon
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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Estevenon P, Kaczmarek T, Vadot F, Dumas T, Solari PL, Welcomme E, Szenknect S, Mesbah A, Moisy P, Poinssot C, Dacheux N. Formation of CeSiO 4 from cerium(iii) silicate precursors. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10455-10463. [PMID: 31241109 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the preparation of CeSiO4 has been already reported, the formation of pure cerium silicate from aqueous precursors appears as a challenge. An innovative way of synthesis has been identified in this study, allowing the formation of CeSiO4 after hydrothermal treatment starting from Ce(iii) silicate precursors. Among the experimental parameters examined, significant effects were found according to the nature of the precursor and of the reactive media considered, the pH of the reactive media and the temperature of the hydrothermal process. This study allows the determination of optimized conditions for the hydrothermal synthesis of pure CeSiO4 (A-Ce2Si2O7 or Ce4.67(SiO4)3O as starting precursors, nitric medium, pH = 7, 7 days at 150 °C). The in situ low oxidation rate of Ce(iii) into Ce(iv) was a key parameter to consider in order to avoid the presence of CeO2 in the final mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Estevenon
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France and ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Thibault Kaczmarek
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France and ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Fabien Vadot
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France and ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Eleonore Welcomme
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Stephanie Szenknect
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Philippe Moisy
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Christophe Poinssot
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, CEA Marcoule Research Department of Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes, DMRC, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Nicolas Dacheux
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Site de Marcoule - Bât. 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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Neill TS, Morris K, Pearce CI, Sherriff NK, Burke MG, Chater PA, Janssen A, Natrajan L, Shaw S. Stability, Composition, and Core-Shell Particle Structure of Uranium(IV)-Silicate Colloids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9118-9127. [PMID: 30001122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is typically the most abundant radionuclide by mass in radioactive wastes and is a significant component of effluent streams at nuclear facilities. Actinide(IV) (An(IV)) colloids formed via various pathways, including corrosion of spent nuclear fuel, have the potential to greatly enhance the mobility of poorly soluble An(IV) forms, including uranium. This is particularly important in conditions relevant to decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the geological disposal of radioactive waste. Previous studies have suggested that silicate could stabilize U(IV) colloids. Here the formation, composition, and structure of U(IV)-silicate colloids under the alkaline conditions relevant to spent nuclear fuel storage and disposal were investigated using a range of state of the art techniques. The colloids are formed across a range of pH conditions (9-10.5) and silicate concentrations (2-4 mM) and have a primary particle size 1-10 nm, also forming suspended aggregates <220 nm. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, ultrafiltration, and scanning transmission electron microscopy confirm the particles are U(IV)-silicates. Additional evidence from X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function data suggests the primary particles are composed of a UO2-rich core and a U-silicate shell. U(IV)-silicate colloids formation correlates with the formation of U(OH)3(H3SiO4)32- complexes in solution indicating they are likely particle precursors. Finally, these colloids form under a range of conditions relevant to nuclear fuel storage and geological disposal of radioactive waste and represent a potential pathway for U mobility in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Neill
- Research Centre for Radwaste and Disposal, Williamson Research Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Katherine Morris
- Research Centre for Radwaste and Disposal, Williamson Research Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Carolyn I Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Nicholas K Sherriff
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Chadwick House, Warrington Road , Birchwood Park, Warrington WA3 6AE , U.K
| | - M Grace Burke
- Materials Performance Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Philip A Chater
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Arne Janssen
- Materials Performance Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Louise Natrajan
- School of Chemistry , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Samuel Shaw
- Research Centre for Radwaste and Disposal, Williamson Research Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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Zänker H, Weiss S, Hennig C, Brendler V, Ikeda‐Ohno A. Oxyhydroxy Silicate Colloids: A New Type of Waterborne Actinide(IV) Colloids. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:174-182. [PMID: 27957406 PMCID: PMC5130165 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
At the near-neutral and reducing aquatic conditions expected in undisturbed ore deposits or in closed nuclear waste repositories, the actinides Th, U, Np, and Pu are primarily tetravalent. These tetravalent actinides (AnIV) are sparingly soluble in aquatic systems and, hence, are often assumed to be immobile. However, AnIV could become mobile if they occur as colloids. This review focuses on a new type of AnIV colloids, oxyhydroxy silicate colloids. We herein discuss the chemical characteristics of these colloids and the potential implication for their environmental behavior. The binary oxyhydroxy silicate colloids of AnIV could be potentially more mobile as a waterborne species than the well-known mono-component oxyhydroxide colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Zänker
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Stephan Weiss
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Christoph Hennig
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Vinzenz Brendler
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
| | - Atsushi Ikeda‐Ohno
- Institute of Resource EcologyHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfP.O. Box 51 01 1901314DresdenGermany
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