1
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de Jong J, Siegler MA, Wezenberg SJ. A Photoswitchable Macrocycle Controls Anion-Templated Pseudorotaxane Formation and Axle Relocalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316628. [PMID: 38059917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Important biological processes, such as signaling and transport, are regulated by dynamic binding events. The development of artificial supramolecular systems in which binding between different components is controlled could help emulate such processes. Herein, we describe stiff-stilbene-containing macrocycles that can be switched between (Z)- and (E)-isomers by light, as demonstrated by UV/Vis and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The (Z)-isomers can be effectively threaded by pyridinium halide axles to give pseudorotaxane complexes, as confirmed by 1 H NMR titration studies and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The overall stability of these complexes can be tuned by varying the templating counteranion. However, upon light-induced isomerization to the (E)-isomer, the threading capability is drastically reduced. The axle component, in addition, can form a heterodimeric complex with a secondary isophthalamide host. Therefore, when all components are combined, light irradiation triggers axle exchange between the macrocycle and this secondary host, which has been monitored by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and simulated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn de Jong
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sander J Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Mondal D, Kundu S, Elramadi E, Rajasekaran VV, Schmittel M. Orthogonal Initiation of Molecular Motion Devices by Two Chemical Fuels. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38019966 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the selective dissipative and orthogonal actuation of two distinct molecular devices controlled by alternate fuel use. When the multicomponent ensemble of [2]rotaxane 1 and turnstile [Cu(2)(3)]+ was charged with AgBF4 as chemical fuel (Fuel 1) together with NEt3/PhCH2Br (cofuels), the transiently formed [Ag(1)]+ showed a stochastic shuttling of the silver macrocycle between two degenerate triazole stations on the thread (k298 = 1.2 × 105 s-1), whereas [Cu(2)(3)]+ was unperturbed. Instead, treatment of the mixture with PPh3 as an alternative fuel (Fuel 2) in the presence of oxidant 4 (cofuel) generated the complex [Cu(3)(PPh3)2]+ and transient thermal motion in rotor 2 (k298 = 4.9 × 104 s-1), whereas rotaxane 1 stayed dormant. Thus, two distinct chemical fuels selectively and orthogonally activated two distinct transient motion devices from a multicomponent mixture. In total, four interference-free dissipative cycles were demonstrated by using alternating fuel additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Emad Elramadi
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, School of Science and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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3
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Djemili R, Adrouche S, Durot S, Heitz V. Allosterically Driven Assembly of a Multisite Cage-Based [2]Semirotaxane. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14760-14766. [PMID: 37812736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of a [2]semirotaxane from a half-dumbbell endowed with a pyrazine coordination site and a bis-Zn(II) porphyrin cage as a multisite ring is reported. The threading is allosterically driven by the coordination of silver(I) ions to the multiple binding sites of the cage linkers, as shown by NMR studies. Addition of chloride ions destabilizes [2]semirotaxane, leading to its disassembly into its cage and half-dumbbell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Djemili
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sonia Adrouche
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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4
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Mondal D, Kundu S, Elramadi E, Valiyev I, Schmittel M. Self-Healing of a Copper(I) [2]Rotaxane Shuttle Monitored by Fluorescence. Org Lett 2023; 25:933-937. [PMID: 36735754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate self-healing of the shuttling dynamics of a molecular machine operating by negative feedback. When zinc(II) was added to the copper(I)-loaded [2]rotaxane shuttle [Cu(R)]+, copper(I) was replaced, thereby generating the static zinc(II)-loaded [2]rotaxane [Zn(R)]2+. Loss of the dynamics was accompanied by a fluorescence enhancement at λ = 364 nm. Notably, the released copper(I) ions catalyzed the formation of a bis-triazole ligand, which selectively captured zinc(II). As a result, the copper(I) was restored in the rotaxane, and the dynamic shuttling motion of [Cu(R)]+ was regained. The healing was conveniently followed by diagnostic fluorescence changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Emad Elramadi
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Isa Valiyev
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf Reichwein Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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5
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Kundu S, Mondal D, Rajasekaran VV, Goswami A, Schmittel M. Three-Input Logic AND Gate Drives Sequential Three-Step Catalysis by Parallel Activation of H + and Ag + as a Catalyst Duo. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17007-17011. [PMID: 36264551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Boolean operations with multiple catalysts as output are yet unknown using molecular logic. The issue is solved using a two-component ensemble, composed of a receptor and rotaxane, which acts as a three-input AND gate with a dual catalytic output. Actuation of the ensemble gate by the stoichiometric addition of metal ions (Ag+ and Cd2+) and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid generated in the (1,1,1) truth table state a catalyst duo that synergistically enabled a three-step reaction, furnishing a dihydroisoquinoline as the output of a three-input logic AND gate operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Vishnu Verman Rajasekaran
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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6
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Kundu S, Mondal D, Elramadi E, Valiyev I, Schmittel M. Parallel Allosteric Inhibition of Shuttling Motion and Catalysis in a Silver(I)-loaded [2]Rotaxane. Org Lett 2022; 24:6609-6613. [PMID: 36053156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic silver(I)-loaded [2]rotaxane shuttle (k298 = 135 kHz) was converted allosterically into a conformationally restricted [2]rotaxane due to the creation of a bulky imine in the center of the axle component. Only the dynamic silver(I)-loaded [2]rotaxane was able to catalyze a 6-endo-cyclization reaction, whereas the static one was catalytically quiet. The mechanism of catalyst deactivation was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohom Kundu
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Debabrata Mondal
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Emad Elramadi
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Isa Valiyev
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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7
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Nikoofar K, Yielzoleh FM. High-component reactions (HCRs): An overview of MCRs containing seven or more components as versatile tools in organic synthesis. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:115-147. [PMID: 34515008 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210910111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, multi-component reactions (MCRs) have gained special attention due to their versatility for the synthesis of polycyclic heterocycles. Moreover, their applicability can become more widespread as they can be combined together as a union of MCRs. In this overview, the authors have tried to collect the MCRs containing more than seven components that can lead to effectual heterocycles in organic and/or pharmaceutical chemistry. The review contains papers published up to the end of 2020. The subject is classified based on the number of substrates, such as seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, and more components. The authors expect their report to be helpful for researchers to clarify their route to significant MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Nikoofar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran. Iran
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8
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Ghosh A, Paul I, Schmittel M. Cooperative Effects in Switchable Catalysis: Enhancing Double-Click Reaction Yield of Symmetrical Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20558-20562. [PMID: 34289211 PMCID: PMC8457069 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Reversible switching between the closed cyclic dimeric assembly [Cu2(1)2]2+ (OFF state) and the extended dimeric homoleptic complex [FeCu2(1)2]4+ (ON State) by addition/removal of Fe2+ triggered catalysis of a double‐click reaction and high yield preparation of [2]rotaxanes. Mechanistic and computational studies provide valuable general insight for double‐click strategies by revealing cooperative effects in the second cycloaddition step due to a distance‐tolerant preorganization of the first‐click product by the two copper(I)‐loaded phenanthroline subunits of [FeCu2(1)2]4+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Indrajit Paul
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Strasse 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
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9
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Ghosh A, Paul I, Schmittel M. Kooperative Effekte in schaltbarer Katalyse: Verbesserung der Doppel‐Click‐Reaktionsausbeuten von symmetrischen Rotaxanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering Organische Chemie I University of Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Indrajit Paul
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering Organische Chemie I University of Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering Organische Chemie I University of Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Straße 2 57068 Siegen Deutschland
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10
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Schmittel M, Howlader P. Toward Molecular Cybernetics - the Art of Communicating Chemical Systems. CHEM REC 2020; 21:523-543. [PMID: 33350570 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of molecular cybernetics has the potential to widely broaden our perception of chemistry. Chemistry will develop beyond its current focus that is mainly concerned with single transformations, pure compounds, and/or defined mixtures. On this way, chemistry will become autonomous, networked and smart through communicating molecules each of which serves a control engineering purpose, like the set of wheels in the machinery of life. The present personal account describes our latest developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
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11
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Douarre M, Martí-Centelles V, Rossy C, Tron A, Pianet I, McClenaghan ND. Macrocyclic Hamilton receptor-shuttling dynamics in [2]rotaxanes. Supramol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2020.1834560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Douarre
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS (UMR 5255), University of Bordeaux , Talence, France
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS (UMR 5255), University of Bordeaux , Talence, France
| | - Cybille Rossy
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS (UMR 5255), University of Bordeaux , Talence, France
| | - Arnaud Tron
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS (UMR 5255), University of Bordeaux , Talence, France
| | - Isabelle Pianet
- IRAMAT (UMR 5060), Maison De l’Archéologie, Université Bordeaux Montaigne , Pessac, France
| | - Nathan D. McClenaghan
- Institut Des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS (UMR 5255), University of Bordeaux , Talence, France
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