1
|
Schlüter M, Hertz T, Mancilla García M, Banitz T, Grimm V, Johansson LG, Lindkvist E, Martínez-Peña R, Radosavljevic S, Wennberg K, Ylikoski P. Navigating causal reasoning in sustainability science. AMBIO 2024; 53:1618-1631. [PMID: 39020099 PMCID: PMC11436621 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
When reasoning about causes of sustainability problems and possible solutions, sustainability scientists rely on disciplinary-based understanding of cause-effect relations. These disciplinary assumptions enable and constrain how causal knowledge is generated, yet they are rarely made explicit. In a multidisciplinary field like sustainability science, lack of understanding differences in causal reasoning impedes our ability to address complex sustainability problems. To support navigating the diversity of causal reasoning, we articulate when and how during a research process researchers engage in causal reasoning and discuss four common ideas about causation that direct it. This articulation provides guidance for researchers to make their own assumptions and choices transparent and to interpret other researchers' approaches. Understanding how causal claims are made and justified enables sustainability researchers to evaluate the diversity of causal claims, to build collaborations across disciplines, and to assess whether proposed solutions are suitable for a given problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Schlüter
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tilman Hertz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Mancilla García
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Banitz
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Grimm
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars-Göran Johansson
- Department of Philosophy, University of Uppsala, Box 627, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilie Lindkvist
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Martínez-Peña
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sonja Radosavljevic
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Wennberg
- The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, 113 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petri Ylikoski
- The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 18, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lazurko A, Haider LJ, Hertz T, West S, McCarthy DDP. Operationalizing ambiguity in sustainability science: embracing the elephant in the room. SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 2023; 19:595-614. [PMID: 38404522 PMCID: PMC10891248 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-023-01446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Ambiguity is often recognized as an intrinsic aspect of addressing complex sustainability challenges. Nevertheless, in the practice of transdisciplinary sustainability research, ambiguity is often an 'elephant in the room' to be either side-stepped or reduced rather than explicitly mobilized in pursuit of solutions. These responses threaten the salience and legitimacy of sustainability science by masking the pluralism of real-world sustainability challenges and how research renders certain frames visible and invisible. Critical systems thinking (CST) emerged from the efforts of operational researchers to address theoretical and practical aspects of ambiguity. By adapting key concepts, frameworks, and lessons from CST literature and case studies, this paper aims to establish (1) an expansive conceptualization of ambiguity and (2) recommendations for operationalizing ambiguity as a valuable means of addressing sustainability challenges. We conceptualize ambiguity as an emergent feature of the simultaneous and interacting boundary processes associated with being, knowing, and intervening in complex systems, and propose Reflexive Boundary Critique (RBC) as a novel framework to help navigate these boundary processes. Our characterization of ambiguity acknowledges the boundary of a researcher's subjective orientation and its influence on how ambiguity is exposed and mediated in research (being), characterizes knowledge as produced through the process of making boundary judgments, generating a partial, contextual, and provisional frame (knowing), and situates a researcher as part of the complexity they seek to understand, rendering any boundary process as a form of intervention that reinforces or marginalizes certain frames and, in turn, influences action (intervening). Our recommendations for sustainability scientists to operationalize ambiguity include (1) nurturing the reflexive capacities of transdisciplinary researchers to navigate persistent ambiguity (e.g., using our proposed framework of RBC), and (2) grappling with the potential for and consequences of theoretical incommensurability and discordant pluralism. Our findings can help sustainability scientists give shape to and embrace ambiguity as a fundamental part of rigorous sustainability science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Lazurko
- School of Environment, Resources, and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Canada
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP UK
| | - L. Jamila Haider
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tilman Hertz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon West
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Daniel D. P. McCarthy
- School of Environment, Resources, and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O’Brien K, Carmona R, Gram-Hanssen I, Hochachka G, Sygna L, Rosenberg M. Fractal approaches to scaling transformations to sustainability. AMBIO 2023; 52:1448-1461. [PMID: 37204667 PMCID: PMC10406776 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Responses to sustainability challenges are not delivering results at the scale and speed called for by science, international agreements, and concerned citizens. Yet there is a tendency to underestimate the large-scale impacts of small-scale, local, and contextualized actions, and particularly the role of individuals in scaling transformations. Here, we explore a fractal approach to scaling sustainability transformations based on "universal values." Universal values are proposed as intrinsic characteristics that connect humans and nature in a coherent, acausal way. Drawing on the Three Spheres of Transformation framework, we consider how enacting universal values can generate fractal-like patterns of sustainability that repeat recursively across scales. Fractal approaches shift the focus from scaling through "things" (e.g., technologies, behaviors, projects) to scaling through a quality of agency based on values that apply to all. We discuss practical steps involved in fractal approaches to scaling transformations to sustainability, provide examples, and conclude with questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen O’Brien
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1096, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosario Carmona
- Transformative Change Network at University of Oslo, Pedro Torres 460 apt. 405, 7790634 Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gail Hochachka
- Forests and Communities in Transition (FACT) Lab, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Loos J, Benra F, Berbés-Blázquez M, Bremer LL, Chan KMA, Egoh B, Felipe-Lucia M, Geneletti D, Keeler B, Locatelli B, Loft L, Schröter B, Schröter M, Winkler KJ. An environmental justice perspective on ecosystem services. AMBIO 2023; 52:477-488. [PMID: 36520411 PMCID: PMC9849542 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mainstreaming of ecosystem service approaches has been proposed as one path toward sustainable development. Meanwhile, critics of ecosystem services question if the approach can account for the multiple values of ecosystems to diverse groups of people, or for aspects of inter- and intra-generational justice. In particular, an ecosystem service approach often overlooks power dimensions and capabilities that are core to environmental justice. This article addresses the need for greater guidance on incorporating justice into ecosystem services research and practice. We point to the importance of deep engagement with stakeholders and rights holders to disentangle contextual factors that moderate justice outcomes on ecosystem service attribution and appropriation in socio-political interventions. Such a holistic perspective enables the integration of values and knowledge plurality for enhancing justice in ecosystem services research. This broadened perspective paves a way for transformative ecosystem service assessments, management, and research, which can help inform and design governance structures that nourish human agency to sustainably identify, manage, and enjoy ecosystem services for human wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Loos
- Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
- Faculty of Sustainability, Social-Ecological Systems Institute, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Benra
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Berbés-Blázquez
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Leah L. Bremer
- University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Benis Egoh
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, 3219 Croul Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Maria Felipe-Lucia
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Davide Geneletti
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Bonnie Keeler
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, Twin Cities, Institute On the Environment, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Bruno Locatelli
- Forests and Societies, Cirad, University of Montpellier, TA C-105 / D, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Lasse Loft
- Working Group Governance of Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schröter
- Working Group Governance of Ecosystem Services, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), Lund University, Box 170, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Schröter
- Faculty of Sustainability, Social-Ecological Systems Institute, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klara J. Winkler
- Department for Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eyster HN, Satterfield T, Chan KMA. Empirical examples demonstrate how relational thinking might enrich science and practice. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harold N. Eyster
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fish R, Chan KMA, Maller C, Hails RS, Aimé E, Gaston KJ. People and nature: The emerging signature of a relational journal. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fish
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Kent UK
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Cecily Maller
- Centre for Urban Research RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | | | - Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Exeter UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhattacharjee A, Sadadev BM, Karmacharya DK, Baral R, Pérez‐García JM, Giménez Casalduero A, Sánchez‐Zapata JA, Anadón JD. Local ecological knowledge and education drive farmers' contrasting perceptions of scavengers and their function in Nepal. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biology, Queens College City University of New York Queens NY USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY USA
| | | | | | - Rishi Baral
- National Trust for Nature Conservation Annapurna Conservation Area Project Pokhara Nepal
| | | | | | | | - José D. Anadón
- Department of Biology, Queens College City University of New York Queens NY USA
- Biology Doctoral Program, Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kelley PH, Dietl GP. Core Competencies for Training Conservation Paleobiology Students in a Wicked World. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.851014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the promise conservation paleobiology holds for using geohistorical data and insights to solve conservation problems, training in the field typically does not equip students to be competent environmental problem solvers. The intention of this perspective piece is to start a conversation about how we might train conservation paleobiology students better, focusing on the competencies needed to promote deep engagement with “wicked” conservation problems that are difficult to solve. Ongoing conversations regarding design of academic programs in sustainability, a field allied with conservation science, can inform our discussion. The sustainability literature has defined an interrelated set of “core competencies” that go beyond general academic competencies to enable real-world sustainability problem solving: systems thinking, temporal thinking, normative thinking, strategic thinking, and interpersonal competence. Conservation paleobiology is usually taught within geology programs, where students are exposed to systems thinking and temporal thinking. However, the remaining competencies typically are absent or insufficiently developed. To infuse these competencies into conservation paleobiology curricula, we recommend: (1) enhancing connections with sustainability programs and encouraging a more cross-disciplinary approach to training; (2) developing a “menu” of concepts and methodologies for each competence from which to choose; and (3) recognizing that different skills are appropriate at different levels of education and experience. The proposed competency-based framework serves as a shared reference that can be used to develop pedagogies to better prepare conservation paleobiology students to navigate the wicked conservation challenges of our time.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jones NA, Bellamy J, Bellotti W, Ross H, van Bommel S, Liu Y. A Shock to the System: What the COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals About Australia's Food Systems and Their Resilience. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.790694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia has managed well through the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to many other developed nations. Through its first and second waves it was relatively successful in terms of control of outbreaks. Nevertheless, like everywhere, the shock to national systems has been profound, and adjustment remains complex and volatile. Food is a critical human need, and the food industry is recognised as a vital economic sector. We present an examination of some of the adaptive responses of Australia's food systems during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, from January 2020 to October 2020, with a focus on three case studies (seafood exports, consumer behaviour and food sector employment). These case studies provide observations of specific stresses experienced, as well as insights into the adaptation strategies carried out by various actors within the nation's food systems. The shock was experienced differently in different parts of given food systems, and the opportunities for adaptation varied. Some supply chains lost business, others had to adapt to rapidly increased demands, and surges. Our analysis reveals features of Australia's food systems, and their relationships to other systems, that have facilitated resilience, and features that have impeded it. We found that international supply chains are highly vulnerable to global shocks, that insecure employment conditions throughout the food system reduce the resilience of the system overall, and that consumers are not fully confident in supply chains. We observed the importance of agency and adaptive behaviour throughout the food systems as actors worked to build their own resilience, with consequences for other parts of the system. Our findings suggest that food system resilience can be enhanced by ensuring that the goals and priorities of those most vulnerable in society are recognised and addressed within decision making processes throughout the system.
Collapse
|
10
|
Semantic Fusion with Deep Learning and Formal Ontologies for Evaluation of Policies and Initiatives in the Smart City Domain. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Decision makers and policy analysts at different administrative levels often lack a holistic view of the problem as there are semantic variations in policy documents due to domain-specific content. For example, smart city initiatives are derived from national and international initiatives which may influence the incentives for local participants, but local initiatives reflect the local contextual elements of the city. Balanced assessment of smart city initiatives should include a systemic evaluation of the initiatives at multiple levels including the city, the country in which the city resides as well as at international level. In this paper, a knowledge elicitation methodology is presented for multi-granularity evaluation of policies and initiatives. The methodology is demonstrated on the evaluation of smart city initiatives generated at different administrative levels. Semantic networks are constructed using formal ontologies and deep learning methods for automatic semantic evaluation of initiatives to abstract knowledge found in text. Three smart city initiatives published by different administrative levels including international, national, and city level are evaluated in terms of relevance, coherence, and alignment of multi-level smart city initiatives. Experiments and analysis ultimately provide a holistic view of the problem which is necessary for decision makers and policy analysts of smart cities.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hertz T, Mancilla Garcia M. The Cod and the Cut: Intra-Active Intuitions. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:724751. [PMID: 34722730 PMCID: PMC8548652 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.724751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in causality is growing in sustainability science and it has been argued that a multiplicity of approaches is needed to account for the complexities of social-ecological dynamics. However, many of these approaches operate within perspectives that establish a separation between what has causal agency and all the rest, which is relegated to the role of background conditions. We argue that the distinction between causal elements and background conditions is by no means a necessary one, and that the causal agency of background conditions is worthy of investigation. We argue that such conditions correspond to what Karen Barad has called a "cut": a specific determination of the world (or part of it) respective to another part, for which it becomes intelligible. In this sense, most approaches to causality so far operate from "within" particular cuts. To illustrate this, we focus on the paradigmatic case of the Baltic cod collapse in the eighties. This case has been extensively studied, and overfishing has been identified as a key cause explaining the collapse. We dig deeper into the conditions which characterized fishing practices in the run-up to the collapse and uncover the separation between the social and the ecological that they enforce by encouraging policies to increase productivity under the rationale of national "development". We then re-examine the case from a process-relational perspective, rejecting the separation of nature from society. A process-relational perspective allows us to consider relations as constitutive of processes through which what exists becomes determinate. For this purpose we use the concepts of intra-action (co-constitution of processes) and of performativity (determination of language and matter within processes). We complete our conceptual framework by drawing inspiration from pragmatist philosophers and suggest that the concept of intuition can constitute an alternative to untangle causal dynamics and explain social-ecological phenomena beyond the cause/condition dichotomy. This article seeks to fulfil two objectives: firstly, to question the thick boundaries between conditions and causal elements that explain the processes in which social-ecological systems evolve; secondly, to provide a different approach to transforming a social-ecological system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Hertz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Mancilla Garcia
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Socio-Environmental Dynamics Research Group (SONYA), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Teuber S. A cultural ecosystem service perspective on the interactions between humans and soils in gardens. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Teuber
- Collaborative Research CenterEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Farming Resilience: From Maintaining States towards Shaping Transformative Change Processes. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is a concept that focuses on change: it includes the ability of a system to maintain its current state despite disturbances, its ability to adapt, and to transform. While resilience covers both stability and change, conceptual developments and empirical studies have put more emphasis on identifying what enables a farm to cope with the impact of a shock, such as a shift in markets or an extreme weather event, while remaining essentially unchanged. Much less emphasis has been put on what enables a farm to shape change, especially transformative change. I argue that this bias is partly due to the ecological roots of the concept, and partly to the use of conventional methods and their underlying substantialist worldview. A process-relational approach might be better suited to capture change. This approach shifts the conceptualization of a ‘farm’ as a stable material structure, to ‘farming’ as an open process of becoming, composed of heterogenous relations that are continuously made and remade. By exploring the differences between these two approaches to farm/farming resilience, I show how a process-relational approach displaces the presumption of structural determination and thus allows to highlight the ever-present openings for change.
Collapse
|