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Effect of Hemp Hurd Biochar and Humic Acid on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061411. [PMID: 36987192 PMCID: PMC10053798 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the combination of biochar produced through a pyrolytic process of hemp hurd with commercial humic acid as a potential biomass-based flame-retardant system for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is thoroughly investigated. To this aim, ethylene vinyl acetate composites containing hemp-derived biochar at two different concentrations (i.e., 20 and 40 wt.%) and 10 wt.% of humic acid were prepared. The presence of increasing biochar loadings in ethylene vinyl acetate accounted for an increasing thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of the copolymer; conversely, the acidic character of humic acid anticipated the degradation of the copolymer matrix, even in the presence of the biochar. Further, as assessed by forced-combustion tests, the incorporation of humic acid only in ethylene vinyl acetate slightly decreased both peaks of heat release rate (pkHRR) and total heat release (THR, by 16% and 5%, respectively), with no effect on the burning time. At variance, for the composites containing biochar, a strong decrease in pkHRR and THR values was observed, approaching −69 and −29%, respectively, in the presence of the highest filler loading, notwithstanding, for this latter, a significant increase in the burning time (by about 50 s). Finally, the presence of humic acid significantly lowered the Young’s modulus, unlike biochar, for which the stiffness remarkably increased from 57 MPa (unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate) to 155 Mpa (for the composite containing 40 wt.% of the filler).
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Duan H, Li J, Gu J, Lu L, Qi D. One-pot preparation of cotton fibers with simultaneous enhanced durable flame-retardant and antibacterial properties by grafting copolymerized with vinyl monomers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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Wang J, Wang X, Zhou Z, Liu X, Xu M, Zhao F, Zhao F, Li S, Liu Z, Li L, Zhao S. Flame-retardant effect of tannic acid-based intumescent fire-retardant applied on flammable natural rubber. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29928-29938. [PMID: 36321106 PMCID: PMC9580520 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04682b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannic acid (TA) is a natural phenolic compound abundant in plants. Its characteristics of low combustion and good absorption make it useful in the flame retardant field. On this basis, a new expansive flame retardant system (ACT) composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/TA functional clay (CT) was used to study the synergistic flame retardancy and smoke suppression of natural rubber (NR). Because of their unique flame retardancy and better mechanical properties compared with the traditional expansive flame retardant system (IFR), new flame retardants have attracted much attention in various fields. The results of the cone calorimeter showed that the ACT system can significantly influence the decomposition behavior of NR and form a highly graphitized and phosphorous carbon layer to protect the composite material, thus a synergistic effect is produced on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of the composite material. In addition, within the effective additive quality range of the ACT system, TC can give the NR composite excellent mechanical properties. The ACT systems give synergistic effects on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of NR.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wang
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Xueya Wang
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Ziwen Zhou
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Shandong Rike Chemical Co., LtdChangle262499China
| | - Meiming Xu
- Shandong Rike Chemical Co., LtdChangle262499China
| | - Fa Zhao
- Qingdao Haier Refrigerator Co., LtdChina
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Song Li
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266042China
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Ivanuša M, Kumer B, Petrovčič E, Štular D, Zorc M, Jerman I, Gorjanc M, Tomšič B, Simončič B. Eco-Friendly Approach to Produce Durable Multifunctional Cotton Fibres Using TiO 2, ZnO and Ag NPs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3140. [PMID: 36144932 PMCID: PMC9503751 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of durable multifunctional properties is crucial for the production of high-performance technical textiles. In this work, a novel, environmentally friendly and facile method was developed for the chemical modification of cotton fabric by in situ biosynthesis of Ag NPs in the presence of sumac leaf extract as a reducing agent on TiO2, ZnO and TiO2 + ZnO previously applied to cotton fibres. The results showed that the presence of TiO2, ZnO and TiO2 + ZnO significantly increased the concentrations of the synthesised Ag NPs on the cotton fibres compared to the one-component Ag coating. This resulted in excellent antimicrobial properties of the TiO2/Ag, ZnO/Ag and TiO2 + ZnO/Ag composites even after 25 washes. While the TiO2 and ZnO particles in the composite were incompatible, the synergistic effect among Ag, TiO2 and ZnO in the composites resulted in excellent UV blocking properties of the coatings before and after 25 washes. Since the biosynthesis of Ag NPs was accompanied by a yellow-brown colouration of the samples, the photocatalytic self-cleaning of the composite coating could not be determined from the photodegradation rate of the coffee stains. This research provides a new environmentally friendly approach to producing durable antimicrobial and UV blocking coatings on cotton fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ivanuša
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blažka Kumer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elizabeta Petrovčič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danaja Štular
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Zorc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Gorjanc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Tomšič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Simončič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Su S, Wu H, Tang M, Sun M, Tang L. Fire-Retardant Synergy of Tris(1-Methoxy-2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-Piperidinyl)Phosphite and Melamine Hydrobromide/Aluminum Diethylphosphinate in Polypropylene. J MACROMOL SCI B 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2021.1995942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqian Su
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Wu
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Min Tang
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Mingmei Sun
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Linsheng Tang
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
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9
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de Oliveira CRS, Batistella MA, Guelli Ulson de Souza SMDA, Ulson de Souza AA. Functionalization of cellulosic fibers with a kaolinite-TiO 2 nano-hybrid composite via a solvothermal process for flame retardant applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118108. [PMID: 34044926 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eco-responsible flame retardant treatments with some resistance to washing are of considerable interest in the sale and applications of technical garments and home textiles. Thus, in the present study, a nano-hybrid composite based on kaolinite-TiO2 was prepared and incorporated into the fibers of cotton fabric through a more sustainable route compared to existing commercial processes. SEM analyses revealed a mineral covering of the treated cotton fibers, which do not propagate flames when exposed to fire and have a self-extinguishing behavior after the heat source removal. The method proved to be efficient in obtaining a cotton product with high fireproof performance. It was observed that after functionalization, the fabric showed a thermal degradation 41% less at 800 °C, an increase in the residue formation, and a reduction of about 85% in peak heat release measured by PCFC. Some resistance to washing was noticed, and the mechanical resistance of fibers was preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rafael Silva de Oliveira
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, Mass Transfer Laboratory, PO Box 476, 88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Antonio Batistella
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, Mass Transfer Laboratory, PO Box 476, 88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; IMT Mines Alès, PCH-Polymer Composites Hybrids, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France.
| | | | - Antônio Augusto Ulson de Souza
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, Mass Transfer Laboratory, PO Box 476, 88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Yan X, Fang J, Zhu C, Li J, Qi D. Design and characterization of ramie fiber-reinforced composites with flame retardant surface layer including iron oxide and expandable graphite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ramie plain-woven fabric-reinforced epoxy composites with iron oxide (IO) powders and expandable graphite (EG) particles were fabricated by the hand lay-up and vacuum bagging pressing. The flame retardant layers with IO powders and EG particles have been designed on the surface of the composite structure, to improve the composites flame retardancy. The flame retardancy property of the composites was discussed from the limited oxide index (LOI), vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test, while the flexural property and interlaminar shear strength of the composites were also investigated through the three-point flexural tests, respectively. It was found that the flame retardancy property of the composites, which contains both IO powders and EG particles, can be greatly improved. However, IO powders and EG particles have a negative effect on flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength of the composites. Also, prepreg with IO powders or EG particles which laminated on the surface layer of the composite with different orders would result in different performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yan
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
| | - Jie Fang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Chenkai Zhu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Dongmin Qi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
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Ielo I, Giacobello F, Sfameni S, Rando G, Galletta M, Trovato V, Rosace G, Plutino MR. Nanostructured Surface Finishing and Coatings: Functional Properties and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2733. [PMID: 34067241 PMCID: PMC8196899 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents current literature on different nanocomposite coatings and surface finishing for textiles, and in particular this study has focused on smart materials, drug-delivery systems, industrial, antifouling and nano/ultrafiltration membrane coatings. Each of these nanostructured coatings shows interesting properties for different fields of application. In this review, particular attention is paid to the synthesis and the consequent physico-chemical characteristics of each coating and, therefore, to the different parameters that influence the substrate deposition process. Several techniques used in the characterization of these surface finishing coatings were also described. In this review the sol-gel method for preparing stimuli-responsive coatings as smart sensor materials is described; polymers and nanoparticles sensitive to pH, temperature, phase, light and biomolecules are also treated; nanomaterials based on phosphorus, borates, hydroxy carbonates and silicones are used and described as flame-retardant coatings; organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel coatings for industrial applications are illustrated; carbon nanotubes, metallic oxides and polymers are employed for nano/ultrafiltration membranes and antifouling coatings. Research institutes and industries have collaborated in the advancement of nanotechnology by optimizing conversion processes of conventional materials into coatings with new functionalities for intelligent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Ielo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Sfameni
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Rando
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurilio Galletta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Valentina Trovato
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
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Nickel hydroxide and zinc hydroxystannate dual modified graphite carbon nitride for the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yin S, Ren X, Lian P, Zhu Y, Mei Y. Synergistic Effects of Black Phosphorus/Boron Nitride Nanosheets on Enhancing the Flame-Retardant Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071487. [PMID: 32635235 PMCID: PMC7408627 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied black phosphorene (BP) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as flame retardants to waterborne polyurethane to fabricate a novel black phosphorus/boron nitride/waterborne polyurethane composite material. The results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index of the flame-retarded waterborne polyurethane composite increased from 21.7% for pure waterborne polyurethane to 33.8%. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the waterborne polyurethane composite were significantly reduced by 50.94% and 23.92%, respectively, at a flame-retardant content of only 0.4 wt%. The superior refractory performances of waterborne polyurethane composite are attributed to the synergistic effect of BP and BN in the gas phase and condensed phase. This study shows that black phosphorus-based nanocomposites have great potential to improve the fire resistance of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Yin
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinlin Ren
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-138-8855-1958 (Y.M.)
| | - Peichao Lian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yi Mei
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.Y.); (P.L.); (Y.Z.)
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-138-8855-1958 (Y.M.)
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Zilke O, Plohl D, Opwis K, Mayer-Gall T, Gutmann JS. A Flame-Retardant Phytic-Acid-Based LbL-Coating for Cotton Using Polyvinylamine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1202. [PMID: 32466250 PMCID: PMC7284457 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA), as a natural source of phosphorus, was immobilized on cotton (CO) in a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach with polyvinylamine (PVAm) as the oppositely charged electrolyte to create a partly bio-based flame-retardant finish. PVAm was employed as a synthetic nitrogen source with the highest density of amine groups of all polymers. Vertical flame tests revealed a flame-retardant behavior with no afterflame and afterglow time for a coating of 15 bilayers (BL) containing 2% phosphorus and 1.4% nitrogen. The coating achieved a molar P:N ratio of 3:5. Microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) analyses affirmed the flame test findings by a decrease in peak heat release rate (pkHRR) by more than 60% relative to unfinished CO. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and MCC measurements exhibited a shifted CO peak to lower temperatures indicating proceeding reactions to form an isolating char on the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled online with a TGA system, allowed the identification of a decreased amount of acrolein, methanol, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde during sample pyrolysis and a higher amount of released water. Thereby the toxicity of released volatiles was reduced. Our results prove that PA enables a different reaction by catalyzing cellulosic dehydration, which results in the formation of a protective char on the surface of the burned fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zilke
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Dennis Plohl
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Klaus Opwis
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
- Physical Chemistry & CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Stefan Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
- Physical Chemistry & CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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15
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Peng Y, Niu M, Qin R, Xue B, Shao M. Study on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PET by the synergy between Fe2O3 and new phosphorus-containing silicone flame retardant. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320914365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the environmental hazard from the flame retardant, a halogen-free phosphorus-containing silicone flame-retardant poly N, N dimethylene phosphate aminopropyl siloxane (PDPSI) was prepared following the Mannich reaction. Then, PDPSI and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were used for the preparation of synergistic flame-retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame-retardant test results revealed that at 2% PDPSI/Fe2O3 content and 1:2 mass ratio of PDPSI to Fe2O3, the limit oxygen index value of the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composite material was 27.9%, reaching the flame-retardant level and passing the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. In addition, the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composites had a char residue content of 17.5% at 700°C, an increase of 30.6% compared to that of the pristine PET. In the cone calorimeter test, the addition of PDPSI/Fe2O3 significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) rate, and total smoke production (TSP) value of the resulting PET composites. PHRR and THR decreased by 66.05% and 14.3%, respectively. The TSP value decreased from 14.4 m2 to 8.1 m2, a decrease of 43.8%. The scanning electron microscopy images and Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the char residue showed a significant synergy between Fe2O3 and PDPSI, changing the structure of the carbon layer in continuous and dense form, thus the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PET composites improved. In addition, the tensile strength of the PET composite was 42.11 MPa, which was only 1.84% less than that of the pristine PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mei Niu
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihong Qin
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baoxia Xue
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingqiang Shao
- College of Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Yuci, China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
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16
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Sol-Gel and Layer-by-Layer Coatings for Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics: Recent Advances. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface-engineered coatings for the fire protection of cotton are being increasing used thanks to the ease of application of the coatings and their effectiveness in preventing flame propagation and improving resistance to irradiative heat flux exposure. Two main approaches have been extensively investigated, namely sol-gel derived coatings and layer-by-layer assemblies. These approaches are both capable of providing treated fabrics with outstanding flame-retardant features. Notwithstanding, according to the composition of the sol-gel recipes and the type of deposited layers, it is possible to design multifunctional (for example hydrophobic and electrically conductive) treatments. This review aims at discussing recent advances with respect to both strategies, highlighting current limitations, open challenges, and possible advances.
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17
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Synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate and α-zirconium phosphate in flame-retardant poly(vinyl alcohol) aerogels. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Alongi J, Ferruti P, Manfredi A, Carosio F, Feng Z, Hakkarainen M, Ranucci E. Superior flame retardancy of cotton by synergetic effect of cellulose-derived nano-graphene oxide carbon dots and disulphide-containing polyamidoamines. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Exploring the Contribution of Two Phosphorus-Based Groups to Polymer Flammability via Pyrolysis-Combustion Flow Calorimetry. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182961. [PMID: 31547298 PMCID: PMC6766270 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
From a set of around 100 phosphorus-containing polymers tested in pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry, the contributions to flammability of two phosphorus-containing pendant groups (called 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and PO3) were calculated using an advanced method previously proposed and validated. The flammability properties include total heat release (THR) and heat release capacity (HRC) measured in standard conditions, i.e., anaerobic pyrolysis and complete combustion. The calculated contributions are in good agreement with the main modes of action of both phosphorus groups, i.e., flame inhibition for DOPO and char promotion for PO3. Moreover, the results provide first conclusions about the cooperative interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as the influence of the architecture of tested co-polymers.
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20
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Mayer-Gall T, Plohl D, Derksen L, Lauer D, Neldner P, Ali W, Fuchs S, Gutmann JS, Opwis K. A Green Water-Soluble Cyclophosphazene as a Flame Retardant Finish for Textiles. Molecules 2019; 24:E3100. [PMID: 31455031 PMCID: PMC6749382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly- and cyclophosphazenes are excellent flame retardants but currently, are not used as textile finishing agents because water-soluble and permanent washing systems are missing. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, the successful usage of a water-soluble cyclotriphosphazene derivative for textile finishing for cotton, different cotton/polyester, and cotton/polyamide blend fabrics. A durable finish was achieved using a photoinduced grafting reaction. The flame retardant properties of the various fabrics were improved with a higher limiting oxygen index, a reduced heat release rate, and an exhibition of intumescent. Furthermore, the finished textiles passed several standardized flammability tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany.
- University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Dennis Plohl
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Leonie Derksen
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Dana Lauer
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
- University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Neldner
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
- University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wael Ali
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
- University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Marker Allee 76-78, D-59063 Hamm, Germany
| | - Jochen S Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany.
- University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Opwis
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
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21
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Zhang Y, He S, Wu J, Ma J, Shao S, He L, Li X, Fang Z, Cao H, Xi Z. Application of waste silicon rubber composite treated by N
2
plasma in the flame‐retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Shili He
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Shengdong Shao
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Lingjie He
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringNingbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- Henan EPRI Hitech Group Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450052 China
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22
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Wang G, Li W, Bai S, Wang Q. Synergistic Effects of Flame Retardants on the Flammability and Foamability of PS Foams Prepared by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9306-9315. [PMID: 31460020 PMCID: PMC6648846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-free flame-retardant polystyrene (PS) foams prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) foaming have been achieved. The flame-retardants include expandable graphite (EG) and melamine phosphate (MP), and their influence on the foamability, decomposition behavior, fire performance, and mechanical properties of PS foams were investigated. It has been shown that flame retardants can generate inert gases and catalyze the char formation from PS, and the formed thick char layer with a notable barrier property can greatly decrease the heat release of PS foams. The addition of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP), which acts as a flame-retardant plasticizer, can obviously improve the foamability and fire performance of the foams. TPP or HPCTP can generate active phosphorous species and phenoxyl radicals to enhance the gas phase flame-retardant effect; therefore, the flame-retarded PS foams (with 25 wt % MP/EG) achieve HF1 and V-0 ratings, with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values of 30.1 or 29.6%, respectively. The numerical assessment of synergistic effects of TPP and HPCTP on further enhancing flame retardancy of PS foams has been provided by the microcalorimeter (MCC) test. Further X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation on char residues of PS foams demonstrates the formation of the P-O-C and other stable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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23
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Ma MF, Pang XY, Chang R. Enhancing Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Foam with Polyphosphate Modified Expandable Graphite and Ammonium Polyphosphate. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The method of preparing polyolefin foam with good flame retardancy, thermal stability, and physical and mechanical properties was investigated. Foaming condition of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was investigated with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) as plasticizer, NaHCO3 as foaming agent. The influence of modified expandable graphite (EGP) and ammonium polyphosphate (II) on foam density, compression strength, combustion characteristics and thermal stability was explored. Results verified that EGP presented better dilatability and flame retardancy than the normal expandable graphite. Addition of EGp improved the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP/30EGp foam from 18.8% to 24.6%. Furthermore, the combination of EGp and ammonium polyphosphate (II) (APP) at the mass ratio of 2:1 improved the LOI of 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP/20EGp/10APP sample to 27.9%, and the vertical burning UL-94 level reached V-0, indicating that this material was flame retardant. Although these additives made 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP/20EGp/10APP composite exhibit a high density of 142.5 kg m−3, which was increased by 12.3 wt% relative to the 15NaHCO3/100 LLDPETPP foam, it could improve the compressive strength to 0.4747 MPa, which was about 2.7 times that of the matrix. The thermal stability of the material was also enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-F. Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province , Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
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24
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Mourgas G, Giebel E, Schneck T, Unold J, Buchmeiser MR. Syntheses of intrinsically flame‐retardant polyamide 6 fibers and fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mourgas
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Elisabeth Giebel
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schneck
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Joerg Unold
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D‐70569 Stuttgart Germany
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25
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Castellano A, Colleoni C, Iacono G, Mezzi A, Plutino MR, Malucelli G, Rosace G. Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorous/nitrogen based sol-gel coating as a novel halogen- and formaldehyde-free flame retardant finishing for cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Liu Y, Gao Y, Wang Q, Lin W. The synergistic effect of layered double hydroxides with other flame retardant additives for polymer nanocomposites: a critical review. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14827-14840. [PMID: 30280746 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a new type of inorganic flame retardant additive for polymer nanocomposites. Although their unique structural properties and tunable chemical compositions make them highly promising, it has been noticed that on their own, LDHs can hardly fulfill all the requirements for commercial applications. In recent years, the application of LDHs together with other synergistic additives has been proposed as a new route for obtaining highly efficient flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. It is believed that the synergistic additives can overcome the shortcomings of LDHs. As great progress has been made in this field so far, we believe that a timely review is warranted. Thus, in this contribution, the synergistic effect of LDHs with other flame retardant additives including (1) phosphorus-containing compounds, (2) graphene and carbon compounds, (3) intumescent flame retardants, (4) magnesium hydroxide, (5) borate-containing compounds, and (6) some other flame retardant compounds will be critically reviewed. For each type of additive, the synergistic mechanism with LDHs, and their performance on both flame retardancy and thermal stability will be discussed. We believe that this work will inspire and guide researchers from a wide range of backgrounds and help to pave the way for major breakthroughs in both fundamental studies and industrial applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
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27
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Liu C, Xing T, Wei B, Chen G. Synergistic Effects and Mechanism of Modified Silica Sol Flame Retardant Systems on Silk Fabric. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1842. [PMID: 30262743 PMCID: PMC6212991 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nano-silica sol was prepared by sol-gel method, and the boric acid, urea, cyanoguanidine, melamine cyanurate (MCA), 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), and 6H-dibenz (C,E) (1,2) oxaphosphorin-6-oxide (DOPO) were added to the silica sol to modify the flame retardant through physical doping and chemical bonding. According to the formula proposed by Lewin, the calculation of flammability parameters were obtained by the limiting oxygen index meter, the micro calorimeter, the vertical burner, and the thermogravimetric analyzer proved that there was a synergistic or additive effect between the B/N/P flame retardant and the silica sol. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and pyrolysis products of treated silk fabric and residues after combustion. The results show that the flame retardancy of silica-boron sol is mainly caused by endothermic reaction and melt covering reaction. Silicon-nitrogen sol acts as a flame retardant through endothermic reaction, release of gases, and melting coverage. Silicon-phosphorus sol achieves flame retardancy by forming an acid to promote formation of a carbon layer and melting coverage. Silica sol and other flame retardants show excellent flame retardanty after compounding, and have certain complementarity, which can balance the dosage, performance, and cost of flame retardants, and is more suitable for industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Tieling Xing
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Bingju Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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28
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Šehić A, Vasiljević J, Demšar A, Leskovšek M, Bukošek V, Medved J, Čolović M, Jerman I, Simončič B. Polyamide 6 composite fibers with incorporated mixtures of melamine cyanurate, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Šehić
- AquafilSLO d.o.o.; Letališka 15, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jelena Vasiljević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Andrej Demšar
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Leskovšek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Vili Bukošek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jožef Medved
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marija Čolović
- National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Barbara Simončič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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29
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Ahmed L, Zhang B, Hatanaka LC, Mannan MS. Application of polymer nanocomposites in the flame retardancy study. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Synthesis and application of synergistic azo-boron-BPA / polydopamine as efficient flame retardant for poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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32
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Pang XY, Chang R, Weng MQ. Halogen-free flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam: The influence of titanium dioxide modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal stability. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Ran Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Meng-Qi Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
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33
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Garth K, Klinkowski C, Fuhr O, Döring M. Synthesis of a new phosphorylated ethylamine, thereon based phosphonamidates and their application as flame retardants. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Garth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christoph Klinkowski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Darmstadt Germany
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34
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Wang G, Bai S. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame-retardant polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
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Chen W, Ma X, Liu Y, Liu P, Liu Y, Wang Q. A quantitative evaluation method of the barrier property of the residue for flame retardant polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xin Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuansen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utlization; Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration; Xiamen 361000 China
| | - Pengju Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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Depeng L, Chixiang L, Xiulei J, Tao L, Ling Z. Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame-retardant property of polypropylene composites foams. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17720157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame retardant property of polypropylene composites and their foams were carefully investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the intumescent flame retardant played a plasticizing effect on the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites and accelerated the crystallization rate. The rheological properties and supercritical CO2-assisted molding foaming behaviors of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites showed that the nano-CaCO3 could enhance their foamability. Scanning electron microscopy pictures and mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites foams indicated that the agglomeration of intumescent flame retardant would reduce the cell uniformity and even cause the cell collapse. Furthermore, the stress concentration, caused by the agglomeration, could reduce the mechanical properties of the PP composites foams. The synergistic effect of the nano-CaCO3 could improve the cell uniformity and reduce the stress concentration so that the mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant /nano-CaCO3 composites foams were improved. Moreover, the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites foams had the higher limit oxygen index values than the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant foams. TGA results also showed that the nano-CaCO3 could improve the thermal stability of the polypropylene composites foams by forming compact carbon layer. The experimental results indicated that the foamability of the polypropylene composites and the flame-retardant property of their foams could be improved by the synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Depeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Chixiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Xiulei
- Zhejiang Hengtai New Materials Co., Ltd, Jiaxing, P. R. China
| | - Liu Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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38
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Pang XY, Tian Y, Shi XZ. Synergism between hydrotalcite and silicate-modified expandable graphite on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer combustion behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Zhu Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
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39
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Surface-Engineered Fire Protective Coatings for Fabrics through Sol-Gel and Layer-by-Layer Methods: An Overview. COATINGS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Babushok VI, Deglmann P, Krämer R, Linteris GT. Influence of Antimony-Halogen Additives on Flame Propagation. COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : CST 2016; 189:290-311. [PMID: 28133390 PMCID: PMC5259737 DOI: 10.1080/00102202.2016.1208187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A kinetic model for flame inhibition by antimony-halogen compounds in hydrocarbon flames is developed. Thermodynamic data for the relevant species are assembled from the literature, and calculations are performed for a large set of additional species of Sb-Br-C-H-O system. The main Sb- and Br-containing species in the combustion products and reaction zone are determined using flame equilibrium calculations with a set of possible Sb-Br-C-H-O species, and these are used to develop the species and reactions in a detailed kinetic model for antimony flame inhibition. The complete thermodynamic data set and kinetic mechanism are presented. Laminar burning velocity simulations are used to validate the mechanism against available data in the literature, as well as to explore the relative performance of the antimony-halogen compounds. Further analysis of the premixed flame simulations has unraveled the catalytic radical recombination cycle of antimony. It includes (primarily) the species Sb, SbO, SbO2, and HOSbO, and the reactions: Sb+O+M=SbO+M; Sb+O2+M=SbO2+M; SbO+H=Sb+OH; SbO+O=Sb+O2; SbO+OH+M=HOSbO+M; SbO2+H2O=HOSbO+OH; HOSbO+H=SbO+H2O; SbO+O+M=SbO2+M. The inhibition cycles of antimony are shown to be more effective than those of bromine, and intermediate between the highly effective agents CF3Br and trimethylphosphate. Preliminary examination of a Sb/Br gas-phase system did not show synergism in the gas-phase catalytic cycles (i.e., they acted essentially independently).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri I Babushok
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter Deglmann
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Krämer
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Gregory T Linteris
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Šehić A, Tomšič B, Jerman I, Vasiljević J, Medved J, Simončič B. Synergistic inhibitory action of P- and Si-containing precursors in sol–gel coatings on the thermal degradation of polyamide 6. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Müller P, Schartel B. Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
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43
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Basu D, Das A, Wang DY, George JJ, Stöckelhuber KW, Boldt R, Leuteritz A, Heinrich G. Fire-safe and environmentally friendly nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxides and ethylene propylene diene elastomer. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of layered double hydroxide has been explored as a potential flame retardant filler and the effect of the mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the composites was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdipta Basu
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere
| | | | | | | | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft
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Zhang Y, Peng RQ, Zhou GD, Fang ZP, Li XN. Flammability characterization and effects of magnesium oxide in halogen-free flame-retardant EVA blends. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Ma Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Wang C, Chu F. Effect of zinc oxide on properties of phenolic foams/halogen-free flame retardant system. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Ma
- Nanjing Forestry University; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing 210037 China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Yuzhi Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
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46
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Su X, Li D, Tao J, Dai Q. Synergistic effect of allophane with intumescent flame retardants on thermal behavior and fire retardancy of polypropylene. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Zhang Y, Li X, Cao Z, Fang Z, Hull TR, Stec AA. Synthesis of Zinc Phosphonated Poly(ethylene imine) and Its Fire-Retardant Effect in Low-Density Polyethylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504200y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhenhu Cao
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Lab
of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - T. Richard Hull
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
| | - Anna A. Stec
- Centre
for Fire and Hazards Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K
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Li J, Pan F, Xu H, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Mao Z. The flame-retardancy and anti-dripping properties of novel poly(ethylene terephalate)/cyclotriphosphazene/silicone composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Sun J, Gu X, Coquelle M, Bourbigot S, Duquesne S, Casetta M, Zhang S. Effects of melamine polyphosphate and halloysite nanotubes on the flammability and thermal behavior of polyamide 6. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education); Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education); Beijing 100029 China
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education); Beijing 100029 China
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