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Cano-Vicent A, Hashimoto R, Takayama K, Serrano-Aroca Á. Biocompatible Films of Calcium Alginate Inactivate Enveloped Viruses Such as SARS-CoV-2. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071483. [PMID: 35406356 PMCID: PMC9002394 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic is urgently demanding the development of alternative materials capable of inactivating the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Calcium alginate is a crosslinked hydrophilic biopolymer with an immense range of biomedical applications due to its excellent chemical, physical, and biological properties. In this study, the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of calcium alginate in the form of films were studied. The results showed that these films, prepared by solvent casting and subsequent crosslinking with calcium cations, are biocompatible in human keratinocytes and are capable of inactivating enveloped viruses such as bacteriophage phi 6 with a 1.43-log reduction (94.92% viral inactivation) and SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with a 1.64-log reduction (96.94% viral inactivation) in virus titers. The antiviral activity of these calcium alginate films can be attributed to its compacted negative charges that may bind to viral envelopes inactivating membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cano-Vicent
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (Á.S.-A.)
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (Á.S.-A.)
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Mohajeri M, Eskandari M, Ghazali ZS, Ghazali HS. Cell encapsulation in alginate-based microgels using droplet microfluidics; a review on gelation methods and applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35073537 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac4e2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within the microspheres using a semi-permeable polymer allows the two-way transfer of molecules such as oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. The main advantages of cell encapsulation technology include controlling the problems involved in transplanting rejection in tissue engineering applications and reducing the long-term need for immunosuppressive drugs following organ transplantation to eliminate the side effects. Cell-laden microgels can also be used in 3D cell cultures, wound healing, and cancerous clusters for drug testing. Since cell encapsulation is used for different purposes, several techniques have been developed to encapsulate cells. Droplet-based microfluidics is one of the most valuable techniques in cell encapsulating. This study aimed to review the geometries and the mechanisms proposed in microfluidic systems to precisely control cell-laden microgels production with different biopolymers. We also focused on alginate gelation techniques due to their essential role in cell encapsulation applications. Finally, some applications of these microgels and researches will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahnaz Eskandari
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Zahra Sadat Ghazali
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 350, Hafez Ave, Valiasr Square, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hanieh Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Aleahmad-Tehran-Iran, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, García-González CA, Concheiro A. Cyclodextrins as versatile building blocks for regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2017; 268:269-281. [PMID: 29107127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are one of the most versatile substances produced by nature, and it is in the aqueous biological environment where the multifaceted potential of CDs can be completely unveiled. CDs form inclusion complexes with a variety of guest molecules, including polymers, producing very diverse biocompatible supramolecular structures. Additionally, CDs themselves can trigger cell differentiation to distinct lineages depending on the substituent groups and also promote salt nucleation. These features together with the affinity-driven regulated release of therapeutic molecules, growth factors and gene vectors explain the rising interest for CDs as building blocks in regenerative medicine. Supramolecular poly(pseudo)rotaxane structures and zipper-like assemblies exhibit outstanding viscoelastic properties, performing as syringeable implants. The sharp shear-responsiveness of the supramolecular assemblies is opening new avenues for the design of bioinks for 3D printing and also of electrospun fibers. CDs can also be transformed into polymerizable monomers to prepare alternative nanostructured materials. The aim of this review is to analyze the role that CDs may play in regenerative medicine through the analysis of the last decade research. Most applications of CD-based scaffolds are focussed on non-healing bone fractures, cartilage reparation and skin recovery, but also on even more challenging demands such as neural grafts. For the sake of clarity, main sections of this review are organized according to the architecture of the CD-based scaffolds, mainly syringeable supramolecular hydrogels, 3D printed scaffolds, electrospun fibers, and composites, since the same scaffold type may find application in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos A García-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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4
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Lima AC, Alvarez‐Lorenzo C, Mano JF. Design Advances in Particulate Systems for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1687-723. [PMID: 27332041 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The search for more efficient therapeutic strategies and diagnosis tools is a continuous challenge. Advances in understanding the biological mechanisms behind diseases and tissues regeneration have widened the field of applications of particulate systems. Particles are no more just protective systems for the encapsulated drugs, but they play an active role in the success of the therapy. Moreover, particles have been explored for innovative purposes as templates for cells growth and as diagnostic tools. Until few years ago the most relevant parameters in particles formulation were the chemistry and the size. Currently, it is known that other physical characteristics can remarkably affect the performance of particulate systems. Particles with non-conventional shapes exhibit advantages due to the increasing circulation time in blood stream, less clearance by the immune system and more efficient cell internalization and trafficking. Creation of compartments has been found useful to control drug release, to tune the transport of substances across biological barriers, to supply the target with more than one bioactive agent or even to act as theranostic systems. It is expected that such complex shaped and compartmentalized systems improve the therapeutic outcomes and also the patient's compliance, acting as advanced devices that serve for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of the disease, combining agents of very different features, at the same time. In this review, we overview and analyse the most recent advances in particle shape and compartmentalization and applications of newly designed particulate systems in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Lima
- 3B's Research Group University of Minho AvePark 4806–909, Taipas Guimarães, Portugal ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Carmen Alvarez‐Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group University of Minho AvePark 4806–909, Taipas Guimarães, Portugal ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Venkatesan J, Bhatnagar I, Manivasagan P, Kang KH, Kim SK. Alginate composites for bone tissue engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:269-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sandvig I, Karstensen K, Rokstad AM, Aachmann FL, Formo K, Sandvig A, Skjåk-Braek G, Strand BL. RGD-peptide modified alginate by a chemoenzymatic strategy for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:896-906. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kristin Karstensen
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Anne Mari Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjetil Formo
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery; Umeå University Hospital; Umeå Sweden
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Braek
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
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Wilson JL, McDevitt TC. Stem cell microencapsulation for phenotypic control, bioprocessing, and transplantation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:667-82. [PMID: 23239279 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation has been utilized for decades as a means to shield cells from the external environment while simultaneously permitting transport of oxygen, nutrients, and secretory molecules. In designing cell therapies, donor primary cells are often difficult to obtain and expand to appropriate numbers, rendering stem cells an attractive alternative due to their capacities for self-renewal, differentiation, and trophic factor secretion. Microencapsulation of stem cells offers several benefits, namely the creation of a defined microenvironment which can be designed to modulate stem cell phenotype, protection from hydrodynamic forces and prevention of agglomeration during expansion in suspension bioreactors, and a means to transplant cells behind a semi-permeable barrier, allowing for molecular secretion while avoiding immune reaction. This review will provide an overview of relevant microencapsulation processes and characterization in the context of maintaining stem cell potency, directing differentiation, investigating scalable production methods, and transplanting stem cells for clinically relevant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Wilson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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Park JH, Pérez RA, Jin GZ, Choi SJ, Kim HW, Wall IB. Microcarriers designed for cell culture and tissue engineering of bone. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:172-90. [PMID: 23126371 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microspherical particulates have been an attractive form of biomaterials that find usefulness in cell delivery and tissue engineering. A variety of compositions, including bioactive ceramics, degradable polymers, and their composites, have been developed into a microsphere form and have demonstrated the potential to fill defective bone and to populate tissue cells on curved matrices. To enhance the capacity of cell delivery, the conventional solid form of spheres is engineered to have either a porous structure to hold cells or a thin shell to in-situ encapsulate cells within the structure. Microcarriers can also be a potential reservoir system of bioactive molecules that have therapeutic effects in regulating cell behaviors. Due to their specific form, advanced technologies to culture cell-loaded microcarriers are required, such as simple agitation or shaking, spinner flask, and rotating chamber system. Here, we review systematically, from material design to culture technology, the microspherical carriers used for the delivery of cells and tissue engineering, particularly of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hui Park
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Nanobiomedical Science & WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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9
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Microfluidic-Based Synthesis of Hydrogel Particles for Cell Microencapsulation and Cell-Based Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4021084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Cell-Based Therapies for Spinal Fusion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 760:148-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4090-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Goren A, Dahan N, Goren E, Baruch L, Machluf M. Encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells: a unique hypoimmunogenic platform for long-term cellular therapy. FASEB J 2009; 24:22-31. [PMID: 19726759 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-131888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation is a promising approach for long-term delivery of therapeutic agents. Nonetheless, this system has failed to reach clinical settings, as the entrapped cells provoke a host immune reaction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), however, potentially may overcome this impediment and serve as a promising platform for cell-based microencapsulation. They are known to be hypoimmunogenic and can be genetically modified to express a variety of therapeutic factors. We have designed alginate-PLL microcapsules that can encapsulate human MSCs (hMSCs) for extended periods, as demonstrated by fluorescence and H(3)-thymidine assays. The encapsulated hMSCs maintained their mesenchymal surface markers and differentiated to all the typical mesoderm lineages. In vitro and in vivo immunogenicity studies revealed that encapsulated hMSCs were significantly hypoimmunogenic, leading to a 3-fold decrease in cytokine expression compared to entrapped cell lines. The efficacy of such systems was demonstrated by genetically modifying the cells to express the hemopexin-like protein (PEX), an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Live imaging and tumor measurements showed that encapsulated hMSC-PEX injected adjacent to glioblastoma tumors in nude mice led to a significant reduction in tumor volume (87%) and weight (83%). We clearly demonstrate that hMSCs are the cell of choice for microencapsulation cell based-therapy, thus bringing this technology closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Goren
- The Laboratory of Cancer Drug Delivery and Mammalian Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Paul A, Ge Y, Prakash S, Shum-Tim D. Microencapsulated stem cells for tissue repairing: implications in cell-based myocardial therapy. Regen Med 2009; 4:733-45. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have the unique properties of self-renewal, pluripotency and a high proliferative capability, which contributes to a large biomass potential. Hence, these cells act as a useful source for acquiring renewable adult cell lines. This, in turn, acts as a potent therapeutic tool to treat various diseases related to the heart, liver and kidney, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. However, a major problem that must be overcome before it can be effectively implemented into the clinical setting is a suitable delivery system that can retain an optimal quantity of the cells at the targeted site for a maximal clinical benefit; a system that will give a mechanical as well as an immune protection to the foreign cells, while at the same time enhancing the yields of differentiated cells, maintaining cell microenvironments and sustaining the differentiated cell functions. To address this issue we opted for a novel delivery system, termed the ‘artificial cells’, which are semipermeable microcapsules with strong and thin multilayer membrane components with specific mass transport properties. Here, we briefly introduce the concept of artificial cells for encapsulation of stem cells and investigate the application of microencapsulation technology as an ideal tool for all stem transplantations and relate their role to the emerging field of cellular cardiomyoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Paul
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yin Ge
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery & Surgical Research, The Montreal General Hospital, MUHC, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Suite C9–169, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology & Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery & Surgical Research, The Montreal General Hospital, MUHC, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Suite C9–169, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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Kimelman N, Pelled G, Helm GA, Huard J, Schwarz EM, Gazit D. Review: gene- and stem cell-based therapeutics for bone regeneration and repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1135-50. [PMID: 17516852 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2007.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical conditions require regeneration or implantation of bone. This is one focus shared by neurosurgery and orthopedics. Current therapeutic options (bone grafting and protein-based therapy) do not provide satisfying solutions to the problem of massive bone defects. In the past few years, gene- and stem cell-based therapy has been extensively studied to achieve a viable alternative to current solutions offered by modern medicine for bone-loss repair. The use of adult stem cells for bone regeneration has gained much focus. This unique population of multipotential cells has been isolated from various sources, including bone marrow, adipose, and muscle tissues. Genetic engineering of adult stem cells with potent osteogenic genes has led to fracture repair and rapid bone formation in vivo. It is hypothesized that these genetically modified cells exert both an autocrine and a paracrine effects on host stem cells, leading to an enhanced osteogenic effect. The use of direct gene delivery has also shown much promise for in vivo bone repair. Several viral and nonviral methods have been used to achieve substantial bone tissue formation in various sites in animal models. To advance these platforms to the clinical setting, it will be mandatory to overcome specific hurdles, such as control over transgene expression, viral vector toxicity, and prolonged culture periods of therapeutic stem cells. This review covers a prospect of cell and gene therapy for bone repair as well as some very recent advancements in stem cell isolation, genetic engineering, and exogenous control of transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Kimelman
- Skeletal Biotech Lab, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical Campus, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Zachos T, Diggs A, Weisbrode S, Bartlett J, Bertone A. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated gene delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in an articular fracture model. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1543-50. [PMID: 17519894 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In articular fractures, both bone and cartilage are injured. We tested whether stem cells transduced with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) can promote bone and cartilage repair. Distal femoral articular osteotomies in nude rats were treated with stem cells, either wild-type or transduced with an adenoviral (Ad) BMP2. Cells were delivered in alginate (ALG) carrier or by direct injection in saline solution. Gene expression of these cells at the osteotomy site was confirmed by in vivo imaging. At day 14, only the group that received AdBMP2 stem cells by direct injection showed completely healed osteotomies, while other groups remained unhealed (P < 0.0003). In ALG groups, bone healing was impeded by the development of a chondroid mass, most pronounced in the AdBMP2 ALG group (P < 0.002). We were successful in achieving repair of both bone and cartilage in vivousing direct stem cell injection. Our data suggests that BMP2 augmentation might be critically important in achieving this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Zachos
- Comparative Orthopedic Molecular Medicine and Applied Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Alsberg E, von Recum HA, Mahoney MJ. Environmental cues to guide stem cell fate decision for tissue engineering applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:847-66. [PMID: 16918253 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.9.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human body contains a variety of stem cells capable of both repeated self-renewal and production of specialised, differentiated progeny. Critical to the implementation of these cells in tissue engineering strategies is a thorough understanding of which external signals in the stem cell microenvironment provide cues to control their fate decision in terms of proliferation or differentiation into a desired, specific phenotype. These signals must then be incorporated into tissue regeneration approaches for regulated exposure to stem cells. The precise spatial and temporal presentation of factors directing stem cell behaviour is extremely important during embryogenesis, development and natural healing events, and it is possible that this level of control will be vital to the success of many regenerative therapies. This review covers existing tissue engineering approaches to guide the differentiation of three disparate stem cell populations: mesenchymal, neural and endothelial. These progenitor cells will be of central importance in many future connective, neural and vascular tissue regeneration technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eben Alsberg
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Wickenden Building, Room 204, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207, USA.
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Nuttelman CR, Tripodi MC, Anseth KS. In vitro osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells photoencapsulated in PEG hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 68:773-82. [PMID: 14986332 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Much research has focused on the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in monolayer culture; however, little is known about their differentiation potential in three-dimensional culture conditions. In this research, hMSCs were encapsulated in a photocrosslinkable, injectable scaffolding system based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. To demonstrate the ability of hMSCs to differentiate in PEG hydrogels, cell/polymer constructs were cultured in osteogenic differentiation media to elicit an osteoblastic response. First, viability of encapsulated hMSCs up to 4 weeks in culture was investigated using a membrane integrity assay. Second, gene expression of encapsulated cells was determined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a function of media composition. After 1 week in osteogenic differentiation media, encapsulated hMSCs expressed osteonectin, osteopontin, and alkaline phosphatase, which are all characteristic of osteoblasts. Finally, von Kossa staining was used to evaluate mineralization of the PEG gels. Results support the hypothesis that hMSCs photoencapsulated in PEG hydrogels and cultured in the presence of osteogenic differentiation media are able to differentiate to osteoblasts inside the gel and mineralize the matrix. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using a PEG-based, photocrosslinkable system to culture and deliver human mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Nuttelman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0424, USA
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