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Flame-Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites with the Incorporation of Steel Slag/Dimelamine Pyrophosphate System: A New Strategy for Utilizing Metallurgical Solid Waste. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248892. [PMID: 36558034 PMCID: PMC9783893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (RPUF) was widely used in external wall insulation materials due to its good thermal insulation performance. In this study, a series of RPUF and RPUF-R composites were prepared using steel slag (SS) and dimelamine pyrophosphate (DMPY) as flame retardants. The RPUF composites were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry (CCT), and thermogravimetric infrared coupling (TG-FTIR). The results showed that the LOI of the RPUF-R composites with DMPY/SS loading all reached the combustible material level (22.0 vol%~27.0 vol%) and passed UL-94 V0. RPUF-3 with DMPY/SS system loading exhibited the lowest pHRR and THR values of 134.9 kW/m2 and 16.16 MJ/m2, which were 54.5% and 42.7% lower than those of unmodified RPUF, respectively. Additionally, PO· and PO2· free radicals produced by pyrolysis of DMPY could capture high energy free radicals, such as H·, O·, and OH·, produced by degradation of RPUF matrix, effectively blocking the free radical chain reaction of composite materials. The metal oxides in SS reacted with the polymetaphosphoric acid produced by the pyrolysis of DMPY in combustion. It covered the surface of the carbon layer, significantly insulating heat and mass transport in the combustion area, endowing RPUF composites with excellent fire performance. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the fabrication of high-performance RPUF composites, but also elucidates a method of utilizing metallurgical solid waste.
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Yin GZ, Marta López A, Yang XM, Ye W, Xu B, Hobson J, Wang DY. Shape-stable and Smart Polyrotaxane-based Phase Change Materials with Enhanced Flexibility and Fire-safety. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yang Y, Díaz Palencia JL, Wang N, Jiang Y, Wang DY. Nanocarbon-Based Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites. Molecules 2021; 26:4670. [PMID: 34361823 PMCID: PMC8348979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanocarbon materials have attracted the interest of researchers due to their excellent properties. Nanocarbon-based flame retardant polymer composites have enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties compared with traditional flame retardant composites. In this article, the unique structural features of nanocarbon-based materials and their use in flame retardant polymeric materials are initially introduced. Afterwards, the flame retardant mechanism of nanocarbon materials is described. The main discussions include material components such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerene (in preparing resins), elastomers, plastics, foams, fabrics, and film-matrix materials. Furthermore, the flame retardant properties of carbon nanomaterials and their modified products are summarized. Carbon nanomaterials not only play the role of a flame retardant in composites, but also play an important role in many aspects such as mechanical reinforcement. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for future development of carbon nanomaterials in flame-retardant polymeric materials are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - José Luis Díaz Palencia
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Na Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
- Shenyang Research Institute of Industrial Technology for Advanced Coating Materials, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.J.)
- Shenyang Research Institute of Industrial Technology for Advanced Coating Materials, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - De-Yi Wang
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
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Lu S, Feng Y, Zhang P, Hong W, Chen Y, Fan H, Yu D, Chen X. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111730. [PMID: 34070588 PMCID: PMC8198486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yechang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Peikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
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Construction of Charring-Functional Polyheptanazine towards Improvements in Flame Retardants of Polyurethane. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020340. [PMID: 33440778 PMCID: PMC7826771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame retardants were synthesized via a thermal condensation method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated effective doping of P into triazine. Then, flame-retardant particles were introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a melt-blending approach. The introduction of 3 wt% PCN and Co@PCN could remarkably suppress peak heat release rate (pHRR) (48.5% and 40.0%), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) (25.5% and 21.8%), and increasing residues (10.18 wt%→17.04 wt% and 14.08 wt%). Improvements in charring stability and flame retardancy were ascribed to the formation of P-N bonds and P=N bonds in triazine rings, which promoted the retention of P in the condensed phase, which produced additional high-quality residues.
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Meena M, Jacob J. Pentaerythritol derived phosphorous based bicyclic compounds as promising flame retardants for thermoplastic polyurethane films. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahipal Meena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Josemon Jacob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Tian W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Lu J, Song L, Wang B, Hu Y. Rapid electrothermal response and excellent flame retardancy of ethylene‐vinyl acetate electrothermal film. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui People's Republic of China
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Excellent Fireproof Characteristics and High Thermal Stability of Rice Husk-Filled Polyurethane with Halogen-Free Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101587. [PMID: 31569369 PMCID: PMC6835888 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stabilities, flame retardancies, and physico-mechanical properties of rice husk-reinforced polyurethane (PU–RH) foams with and without flame retardants (FRs) were evaluated. Their flammability performances were studied by UL94, LOI, and cone calorimetry tests. The obtained results combined with FTIR, TGA, SEM, and XPS characterizations were used to evaluate the fire behaviors of the PU–RH samples. The PU–RH samples with a quite low loading (7 wt%) of aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP) and 32 wt% loading of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) had high thermal stabilities, excellent flame retardancies, UL94 V-0 ratings, and LOIs of 22%–23%. PU–RH did not pass the UL94 HB standard test and completely burned to the holder clamp with a low LOI (19%). The cone calorimetry results indicated that the fireproof characteristics of the PU foam composites were considerably improved by the addition of the FRs. The proposed flame retardancy mechanism and cone calorimetry results are consistent. The comprehensive FTIR spectroscopy, TG, SEM, and XPS analyses revealed that the addition of ATH generated white solid particles, which dispersed and covered the residue surface. The pyrolysis products of OP would self-condense or react with other volatiles generated by the decomposition of PU–RH to form stable, continuous, and thick phosphorus/aluminum-rich residual chars inhibiting the transfer of heat and oxygen. The PU–RH samples with and without the FRs exhibited the normal isothermal sorption hysteresis effect at relative humidities higher than 20%. At lower values, during the desorption, this effect was not observed, probably because of the biodegradation of organic components in the RH. The findings of this study not only contribute to the improvement in combustibility of PU–RH composites and reduce the smoke or toxic fume generation, but also solve the problem of RHs, which are abundant waste resources of agriculture materials leading to the waste disposal management problems.
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Zhou Q, Gong K, Zhou K, Zhao S, Shi C. Synergistic effect between phosphorus tailings and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant thermoplastic polyurethane composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
| | - Kaili Gong
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
- Engineering Research Center of Rock‐Soil Drilling & Excavation and ProtectionChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Ministry of Education Wuhan China
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Wuhan China
| | - Congling Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metro Fire and Passenger Transportation SafetyChina Academy of Safety Science and Technology Beijing China
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Chen X, Zhang X, Wang W, Wang Y, Jiao C. Fire‐safe agent integrated with oyster shell and melamine polyphosphate for thermoplastic polyurethane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Wenduo Wang
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
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11
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Chen X, Li J, Gao M. Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardant Mechanism of the Rigid Polyurethane Foam Including Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E78. [PMID: 30960062 PMCID: PMC6402230 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) system containing functionalized graphene oxide (fGO), expandable graphite (EG), and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was prepared and investigated. The results show that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the flame-retardant-polyurethane-fGO (FRPU/fGO) composites reached 28.1% and UL-94 V-0 rating by adding only 0.25 g fGO. The thermal degradation of FRPU samples was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The activation energies (Ea) for the main stage of thermal degradation were obtained using the Kissinger equation. It was found that the fGO can considerably increase the thermal stability and decrease the flammability of RPUF. Additionally, the Ea of FRPU/fGO reached 191 kJ·mol-1, which was 61 kJ·mol-1 higher than that of the pure RPUF (130 kJ·mol-1). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that fGO strengthened the compactness and the strength of the "vermicular" intumescent char layer improved the insulation capability of the char layer to gas and heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Chen
- School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| | - Junfei Li
- School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
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12
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Ma D, Li J. Synthesis of a bio‐based triazine derivative and its effects on flame retardancy of polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ma
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China Jiancaoping District, Taiyuan 030051 Shanxi Province People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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13
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Xu W, Wang X, Wang G, Li A, Xu B. A novel graphene hybrid for reducing fire hazard of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Aijiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Baoling Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
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