1
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Zheng P, Zhao H, Li J, Liu Q, Zhang J, Wu W. A multi-element flame retardant containing boron and double-bond structure for enhancing mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8130. [PMID: 38584161 PMCID: PMC10999438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A multi-element synergistic flame retardant with double-bond structure was synthesized and added to epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP composites with high flame retardant and mechanical properties. The study demonstrated that the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composite, containing 5 wt% of DOPO, exhibits the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32%, indicating a high resistance to combustion. Additionally, it successfully meets the UL-94 V-0 grade, indicating excellent self-extinguishing properties. The DOPO-KhCPA-5 compound exhibited a 48.7% decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 7.2% decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to pure EP. The inclusion of double-bonded architectures in the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composites led to a significant enhancement in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by 38.5% and the tensile modulus by 57.9% compared to pure EP. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a fully interpenetrating network of macromolecular chain structures by DOPO-KhCPA within the EP matrix. This network increased the entanglement between molecular chains, resulting in positive effects on the mechanical properties of the EP. Multi-element of DOPO-KhCPA exhibits a synergistic effect, providing condensed and noncombustible gas-phase flame retardancy. Additionally, the mechanical properties were improved with the introduction of flame retardants due to the good impact of double-bond cross-linking. The effectiveness of DOPO-KhCPA as an additive for developing high-performance EP with significant potential applications has been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Wu
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhu W, Wang Q, Yang M, Li M, Zheng C, Li D, Zhang X, Cheng B, Dai Z. Reactive Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric Coating: Combustion Behavior, Durability, and Enhanced Retardant Mechanism with Ion Transfer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4048. [PMID: 36432335 PMCID: PMC9695240 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have witnessed numerous indoor fires caused by the flammable properties of cotton. Flame-retardant cotton deserves our attention. A novel boric acid and diethylenetriaminepenta (methylene-phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA) ammonium salt-based chelating coordination flame retardant (BDA) was successfully prepared for cotton fabrics, and a related retardant mechanism with ion transfer was investigated. BDA can form a stable chemical and coordination bond on the surface of cotton fibers by a simple three-curing finishing process. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of BDA-90 increased to 36.1%, and the LOI value of cotton fabric became 30.3% after 50 laundering cycles (LCs) and exhibited excellent durable flame retardancy. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used to observe the bonding mode and morphology of BDA on cotton fibers. A synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of condensed and gas phases was concluded from thermogravimetry (TG), cone calorimeter tests, and TG-FTIR. The test results of whiteness and tensile strength showed that the physical properties of BDA-treated cotton fabric were well maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Minjing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chunming Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Dongxiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- College of Chemistry Engineering & Materials Science, Tianjin University Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhao Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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3
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Abdur Rashid M, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of reversible dynamic bonds containing intrinsically flame retardant biomass thermosets. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Zhi M, Yang X, Fan R, Yue S, Zheng L, Liu Q, He Y. A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Mei F, Tian C, Li H, Huang S, Yu Q, Han Y, Wang Z. A novel nitrogen-containing DPO derivative as flame retardant and co-curing agent for epoxy resin. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.2012472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengce Mei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chong Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hubo Li
- Qingdao Park Management Service Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxi Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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6
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Wang J, Chen K, Zhang B, Chen Q, Guo P, Wang X, Liu F, Huo S, Yang S. Facile fabrication of single-component flame-retardant epoxy resin with rapid curing capacity and satisfied thermal resistance. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247901. [PMID: 34947505 PMCID: PMC8706711 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.
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8
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Stanfield MK, Carrascal J, Henderson LC, Eyckens DJ. α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives for Enhanced Flame Retardant Properties in Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123230. [PMID: 34208110 PMCID: PMC8230893 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the introduction of various α-aminophosphonate compounds to an epoxy resin system, thereby improving flame retardance properties. The α-aminophosphonate scaffold allows for covalent incorporation (via the secondary amine) of the compounds into the polymer network. This work explores the synergistic effect of phosphorus and halogens (such as fluorine) to improve flame retardancy. The compounds were all prepared and isolated in analytical purity and in good yield (95%). Epoxy samples were prepared, individually incorporating each compound. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increased char yield, indicating an improved thermal resistance (with respect to the control sample). Limiting oxygen index for the control polymer was 28.0% ± 0.31% and it increased to 34.6% ± 0.33% for the fluorinated derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Stanfield
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.K.S.); (D.J.E.); Tel.: +61-352-275-767 (M.K.S.); Tel.: +61-395-452-242 (D.J.E.)
| | - Jeronimo Carrascal
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Daniel J. Eyckens
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.K.S.); (D.J.E.); Tel.: +61-352-275-767 (M.K.S.); Tel.: +61-395-452-242 (D.J.E.)
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9
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Birong Z, Ruirui Z, Xianghong Z, Jianyu Y, Jinmei C, Yiting X, Conghui Y, Lizong D. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrided with
DOPO
and phenylboronic acid for flame‐retarded epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Birong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zhou Ruirui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zheng Xianghong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ye Jianyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Chen Jinmei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Xu Yiting
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yuan Conghui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Dai Lizong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials Xiamen University Xiamen China
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10
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Sykam K, Harika P, Donempudi S. Flame‐retardant, phosphorous‐based polyurethane triazoles via
solvent‐free
and
catalyst‐free azide–alkyne
cycloaddition and their cure kinetics. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
| | - Pothireddy Harika
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
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11
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Chen Y, Duan H, Ji S, Ma H. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid as co-curing agent for fire safety of epoxy resin with enhanced mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123769. [PMID: 33254780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to develop a high-efficiency reactive flame retardant, applied to anhydride-cured epoxy resin (EP) system, simultaneously possessing good compatibility with matrix and mechanical reinforcement. In this respect, we successfully synthesized a novel phosphorus/nitrogen/boron-containing carboxylic acid (TMDB) through the facile esterification and addition reaction among 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC), maleic anhydride (MAH), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and boric acid (BA). TMDB was utilized as a co-curing agent for EP/methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA) system and finally cured EP behaved great transparency, suggesting excellent compatibility of TMDB with EP. Compared with pure EP, modified EP exhibited comparable thermal stability and heat resistance but higher flame retardance. With only 15.1 wt% TMDB loading, the LOI value of anhydride-cured EP increased to 29.6% from 20.1% of pure EP, and UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) remarkably decreased by 58.5%, 41.7% and 47.2% compared with that of pure EP, respectively. Besides, different measurements revealed TMDB simultaneously functioned in the condensed and gaseous phase during combustion. Furthermore, after incorporation of TMDB, mechanical properties of cured EP were improved and the maximum increments of flexural and tensile strength can reach 11.8% and 61.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huajun Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Sa Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huiru Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Chen YK, Lu QX, Zhong G, Zhang HG, Chen MF, Liu CP. DOPO
‐based curing flame retardant of epoxy composite material for char formation and intumescent flame retardance. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Kun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Qing Xin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Gang Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Hua Gui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Ming Feng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Can Pei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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13
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Improved flame resistance properties of unsaturated polyester resin with TiO2-M O solid superacid. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Zhang K, Wu H, Wu R, Yang G, Wang T, Xie J, Qu H. Effect of Ni
2+
chelated to the surface of
PBFA
on the charring flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Zhang
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Hongjuan Wu
- Department of Basic Courses Agriculture University of Hebei Huanghua China
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Guang Yang
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Tian Wang
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Jixing Xie
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Hongqiang Qu
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
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15
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Liu L, Xu Y, He Y, Xu M, Wang W, Li B. A facile strategy for enhancing the fire safety of unsaturated polyester resins through introducing an efficient mono‐component intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Liu
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of EducationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yue Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yintong He
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Wen Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of EducationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource UtilizationNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
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16
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Howell BA, Han X. Effective Biobased Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Starch-Derived bis-2,5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furan. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030592. [PMID: 32013211 PMCID: PMC7037623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of biobased phosphorus flame retardants has been prepared by converting starch-derived bis-2,5-(hydroxymethyl)furan to the corresponding diacrylate followed by Michael addition of phosphite to generate derivatives with phosphorus moieties attached via P–C bonds. All compounds behave as effective flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy resin. The most effective is the DOPO derivative, 2,5-di[(3-dopyl-propanoyl)methyl]furan. When incorporated into a DGEBA blend at a level to provide 2% phosphorus, a material displaying a LOI of 30, an UL 94 rating of V0 and a 40% reduction in combustion peak heat release rate compared to that for resin containing no additive is obtained. The analogous compounds generated from bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A exhibit similar flame-retarding properties.
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17
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Tang H, Zhou H. A novel nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron ionic pair compound toward fire safety and mechanical enhancement effect for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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18
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Synergistic Charring Flame-Retardant Behavior of Polyimide and Melamine Polyphosphate in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 66. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111851. [PMID: 31717672 PMCID: PMC6918443 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic charring, flame-retardant behavior of the macromolecular charring agents polyimide (PI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) were studied in glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA66). This kind of synergistic charring effect is explained by the fact that PI performed better char-forming ability while working with phosphorus content. The research results showed that, compared with the incorporation of individual MPP, MPP/PI with an appropriate ratio exhibited better flame retardancy and better charring ability. A blend of 11.9%MPP/5.1%PI/PA66 possessed an increased LOI (limiting oxygen index) value of 33.9% and passed the UL94 V-0 rating, obtained a lower peak heat release rate value (pk-HRR), a lower total heat release (THR) value, a lower total smoke release (TSR) value, and a higher residue yield. The results verified the synergistic flame-retardant effect between MPP and PI in the PA66 composite. Melamine polyphosphate and PI jointly interacted with PA66 matrix and locked more carbonaceous compositions in residue and formed a more compact char layer, resulting in a reduced burning intensity and a reduction in the release of fuels. Therefore, the enhanced flame-retardant effect of the MPP/PI system is attributed to the higher charring ability and stronger barrier effect of the char layer in PA66 in the condensed phase.
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19
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Xu Z, Jia H, Yan L, Chu Z, Zhou H. Synergistic effect of bismuth oxide and mono‐component intumescent flame retardant on the flammability and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Xu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Hongyu Jia
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Long Yan
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Zhiyong Chu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil EngineeringCentral South University Changsha 410075 China
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20
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Leng Y, Xu M, Sun Y, Han R, Li B. Simultaneous enhancement of thermal conductivity and flame retardancy for epoxy resin thermosets through self‐assemble of ammonium polyphosphate surface with graphitic carbon nitride. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Leng
- College of Material Science and TechnologyNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miao‐Jun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Yue Sun
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Run‐Xu Han
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Material Science and TechnologyNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin China
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21
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Barczewski M, Matykiewicz D, Sałasińska K, Kozicki D, Piasecki A, Skórczewska K, Lewandowski K. Poly(vinyl chloride) powder as a low-cost flame retardant modifier for epoxy composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2019.1602915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Danuta Matykiewicz
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Damian Kozicki
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- UTP University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- UTP University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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22
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Zhou J, Xu M, Zhang X, Leng Y, He Y, Li B. Preparation of highly efficient flame retardant unsaturated polyester resin by exerting the fire resistant effect in gaseous and condensed phase simultaneously. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshang Zhou
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Leng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Yintong He
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of ScienceNortheast Forestry University Harbin 150040 People's Republic of China
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23
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Ai L, Chen S, Zeng J, Yang L, Liu P. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Containing Boron and Magnesium Hydroxide. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3314-3321. [PMID: 31459546 PMCID: PMC6648587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to develop an organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardant and to reduce the dosage and cost of flame retardants, organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardants, hexakis(4-boronic acid-phenoxy)-cyclophosphazene (CP-6B), and magnesium hydroxide (MH) were chosen. The flame retardant properties of CP-6B/MH in epoxy resin (EP) were discussed. EP/CP-6B/MH had better flame retardancy and heat resistance compared with EP/CP-6B and EP/MH. A limiting oxygen index of EP/3.0%CP-6B/0.5%MH of 31.9% was achieved, and vertical burning V-0 rating was achieved. Compared with EP, the cone calorimeter dates of EP/CP-6B/MH decreased. CP-6B/MH inhibited combustion and did little to damage mechanical properties. Besides, the flame retardant mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CP-6B/MH exerted good synergistic effects.
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Ma T, Li L, Liu T, Guo C. Synthesis of a caged bicyclic phosphates derived anhydride and its performance as a flame‐retardant curing agent for epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Liping Li
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Chuigen Guo
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials, College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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Feng H, Qiu Y, Qian L, Chen Y, Xu B, Xin F. Flame Inhibition and Charring Effect of Aromatic Polyimide and Aluminum Diethylphosphinate in Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E74. [PMID: 30960058 PMCID: PMC6402001 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An aromatic macromolecular polyimide (API) was synthesized and characterized, and used as a synergistic charring flame retardant in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GF/PA6). API and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) exhibited better flame inhibition behavior and synergistic charring flame retardant behavior compared with ADP alone. The 5%API/7%ADP/GF/PA6 sample achieved the lower peak value of the heat release rate (pk-HRR) at 497 kW/m² and produced higher residue yields of 36.1 wt.%, verifying that API and ADP have an outstanding synergistic effect on the barrier effect. The API/ADP system facilitated the formation of a carbonaceous, phosphorus and aluminum-containing compact char layer with increased barrier effect. FTIR spectra of the residue and real-time TGA-FTIR analysis on the evolved gases from PA6 composites revealed that API interacted with ADP/PA6 and locked in more P⁻O⁻C and P⁻O⁻Ar content, which is the main mechanism for improving flame inhibition and charring ability. In addition, the API/ADP system improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of GF/PA6 composites compared to ADP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Feng
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
- Fire Protection Engineering Department, China People's Police University, Hebei 065000, China.
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fei Xin
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China.
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Preparation and Characterization of DOPO-ITA Modified Ethyl Cellulose and Its Application in Phenolic Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101049. [PMID: 30960974 PMCID: PMC6403791 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the performance of phenolic foam, an additive compound of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and Itaconic acid (ITA) were attached on the backbone of ethyl cellulose (EC) and obtained DOPO-ITA modified EC (DIMEC), which was used to modify phenolic resin and composite phenolic foams (CPFs). The structures of DOPO-ITA were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The molecular structure and microstructure were characterized by FT-IR spectra and SEM, respectively. Compared with EC, the crystallinity of DIMEC was dramatically decreased, and the diffraction peak positions were basically unchanged. Additionally, thermal stability was decreased and Ti decreased by 24 °C. The residual carbon (600 °C) was increased by 25.7%. With the dosage of DIMEC/P increased, the Ea values of DIMEC composite phenolic resins were increased gradually. The reaction orders were all non-integers. Compared with PF, the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and the residual carbon (800 °C) of CPFs were increased. The cell size of CPFs was less and the cell distribution was relatively regular. By comprehensive analysis, the suitable dosage of DIMEC/P was no more than 15%.
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Patil DM, Phalak GA, Mhakse ST. Boron-containing UV-curable oligomer-based linseed oil as flame-retardant coatings: synthesis and characterization. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-018-0652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Xu Z, Deng N, Yan L, Chu Z. Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with monocomponent intumescent flame retardant for reducing the flammability and smoke emission characteristics of epoxy resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Xu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410075 China
| | - Nan Deng
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410075 China
| | - Long Yan
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410075 China
| | - Zhiyong Chu
- Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, School of Civil Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410075 China
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