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Wu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Yu C, Huang Z, Tang Y, Li Z, Yin S, Wang G. Enhanced fluorescence properties of polyfluorene-based polymer dots through an ascorbic acid-photoaging treatment for living cell imaging. Talanta 2024; 279:126628. [PMID: 39084040 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The polymer dots (Pdots) prepared by the conjugated polymer (PFO, poly (9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)) have high fluorescence intensity and are often used in biological fluorescence imaging. However, due to the chain defects, the PFO Pdots suffer from stability issues such as photoinactivation and photobleaching. To solve this problem, we drew inspiration from the preparation process of organic planar light-emitting devices and added an optimization processing after Pdots was prepared. We used illumination as the driving force to activate defects on its chain, and ascorbic acid as a reducing substance to restore the chain defects of the polymer to a more stable state. Through this method, we increased the fluorescence intensity by nearly 1.9 times, and significantly improving their long and short-term stability. In addition, it ensures other properties remain unchanged. This optimization scheme is also fully compatible with the entire biological imaging process, ensuring that other important properties such as cytotoxicity do not undergo unnecessary changes. Furthermore, we conducted material characterization and theoretical simulation, revealing that the optimization scheme mainly serves to repair C-9 alkyl defects on the polyfluorene unit. This study has improved and enhanced the fluorescence performance of PFO Pdots, and also provides a way to optimize the treatment of other similar conjugated polymer material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Ze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Chenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China
| | - Zongjun Li
- School of Material Science and Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, PR China
| | - Shengyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, PR China.
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, PR China.
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2
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Tzortzi I, Joundi I, Kavousanakis M, Spyriouni T, Bampouli A, Michaud G, Van Gerven T, Stefanidis GD. Tailoring Waterborne Coating Rheology with Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethanes (HEURs): Molecular Architecture Insights Supported by CG-MD Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2024; 63:10009-10026. [PMID: 38911482 PMCID: PMC11190988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel investigation of the effects of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments of hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEURs) on the rheological properties of their aqueous solutions, latex-based emulsions, and waterborne paints is demonstrated. Different HEUR thickeners were produced by varying the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weight and terminal hydrophobic size. Results reveal that the strength of hydrophobic associations and, consequently, the rheological properties of HEUR formulations can be effectively controlled by modifying the structure of the hydrophobic segment, specifically, the combination of diisocyanate and monoalcohol. This allows for the on-demand attainment of diverse rheological behaviors ranging from predominantly Newtonian profiles exhibiting lower viscosities to markedly pseudoplastic behaviors with significantly higher viscosities. The length of the hydrophilic group appears to affect viscosity only marginally up to a molecular weight of 23,000 g/mol, with more notable effects at 33,000 g/mol. Additionally, it was indicated that the rheological responses observed in water solutions provide a reliable forecast of their behavior in latex-based emulsions and waterborne paints. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations were also applied to gain insight into HEUR micelle dynamics in aqueous solutions. Guided by the DBSCAN algorithm, the simulations successfully captured the concentration-dependent behavior and the impact of hydrophilic chain length, aligning with the experimental viscosity trends. Various metrics were employed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the micellization process, including the hydrophobic cluster volume, the total micellar volume, the aggregation number, and the number of chains interconnecting with other micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tzortzi
- School
of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou Campus, Athens 157 80, Greece
| | | | - Michail Kavousanakis
- School
of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou Campus, Athens 157 80, Greece
| | | | - Ariana Bampouli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | | | - Tom Van Gerven
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Georgios D. Stefanidis
- School
of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou Campus, Athens 157 80, Greece
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Stern T. Single-Step Synthesis and Characterization of Non-Linear Tough and Strong Segmented Polyurethane Elastomer Consisting of Very Short Hard and Soft Segments and Hierarchical Side-Reacted Networks and Single-Step Synthesis of Hierarchical Hyper-Branched Polyurethane. Molecules 2024; 29:1420. [PMID: 38611700 PMCID: PMC11013183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane elastomers are among the most versatile classes of industrial polymers-typically achieved through a two-step synthesis of segmented block copolymers, comprising very long and soft segments that provide elasticity and significantly long and hard segments that provide strength. The present research focused on the design of a single-step synthesis of a new segmented polyurethane consisting of very short soft and hard segments, crosslinked by preferentially side-reacted hierarchical tertiary oligo-uret network structures, thus exhibiting significant strength, elasticity, and toughness. Despite the theoretically linear structure, both FTIR and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy analyses indicated the quasi-equal presence of urethane groups and tertiary oligo-uret structures in the resulting polymer, indicating a preferential consecutive side reaction mechanism. Thermal analysis indicated the significant crystallization of soft segments consisting of only four ethylene oxide units, which was, hereby, demonstrated to occur via an extended chain mechanism. Tensile mechanical properties included significant strength, elasticity, and toughness. Increasing the soft segment length led to a decreased tertiary oligo-uret secondary crosslinking efficacy. The preferential hierarchical side reaction mechanism was, hereby, further confirmed through the synthesis of a completely new type of hyper-branched polymer via diisocyanate and a mono-hydroxy-terminated reagent. The structure-property relations and reaction mechanisms demonstrated in the present research can facilitate the design of new polyurethanes of enhanced performance and processing efficacy for a variety of novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Stern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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4
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Stern T. Chemical Structure and Side Reactions in Polyurea Synthesized via the Water-Diisocyanate Synthesis Pathway. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3524. [PMID: 37688150 PMCID: PMC10489811 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial polyureas are typically synthesized using diisocyanates via two possible alternative pathways: the extremely quick and highly exothermal diamine-diisocyanate pathway and the relatively slow and mild water-diisocyanate pathway. Although polyurea synthesis via the water-diisocyanate pathway is known and has been industrially applied for many decades, there is surprisingly very little analytical information in the literature in relation to the type and extent of the occurring side reactions and the resulting chemical structures following this synthesis pathway. The synthesis of polyureas exhibiting very high concentrations of carbonyl-containing groups resulted in strong and accurate diagnostic analytical signals of combined FTIR and solid-state 13C NMR analysis. Despite the strictly linear theoretical chemical structure designed, the syntheses resulted in highly nonlinear and crosslinked polymers. It was analytically found that the water-diisocyanate pathway preferentially produced highly dominant and almost equal contents of both biuret structures and tertiary oligo-uret structures, with a very small occurrence of urea groups. This is in strong contrast with the chemical structures previously obtained via the diamine-diisocyanate polyurea synthesis pathway, which almost exclusively resulted in biuret structures. The much slower reaction and crosslinking rate of the water-diisocyanate synthesis pathway enabled the further access of isocyanate groups to the already-formed secondary nitrogens, thus facilitating the formation of complex hierarchical tertiary oligo-uret structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Stern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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5
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Speidel AT, Chivers PRA, Wood CS, Roberts DA, Correia IP, Caravaca AS, Chan YKV, Hansel CS, Heimgärtner J, Müller E, Ziesmer J, Sotiriou GA, Olofsson PS, Stevens MM. Tailored Biocompatible Polyurethane-Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels as a Versatile Nonfouling Biomaterial. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201378. [PMID: 35981326 PMCID: PMC7615486 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane-based hydrogels are relatively inexpensive and mechanically robust biomaterials with ideal properties for various applications, including drug delivery, prosthetics, implant coatings, soft robotics, and tissue engineering. In this report, a simple method is presented for synthesizing and casting biocompatible polyurethane-poly(ethylene glycol) (PU-PEG) hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties, nonfouling characteristics, and sustained tolerability as an implantable material or coating. The hydrogels are synthesized via a simple one-pot method using commercially available precursors and low toxicity solvents and reagents, yielding a consistent and biocompatible gel platform primed for long-term biomaterial applications. The mechanical and physical properties of the gels are easily controlled by varying the curing concentration, producing networks with complex shear moduli of 0.82-190 kPa, similar to a range of human soft tissues. When evaluated against a mechanically matched poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) formulation, the PU-PEG hydrogels demonstrated favorable nonfouling characteristics, including comparable adsorption of plasma proteins (albumin and fibrinogen) and significantly reduced cellular adhesion. Moreover, preliminary murine implant studies reveal a mild foreign body response after 41 days. Due to the tunable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and sustained in vivo tolerability of these hydrogels, it is proposed that this method offers a simplified platform for fabricating soft PU-based biomaterials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessondra T Speidel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Phillip R A Chivers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Christopher S Wood
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Derrick A Roberts
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Inês P Correia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - April S Caravaca
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Stockholm Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Yu Kiu Victor Chan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Catherine S Hansel
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Johannes Heimgärtner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Eliane Müller
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Jill Ziesmer
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Georgios A Sotiriou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Stockholm Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Bampouli A, Tzortzi I, de Schutter A, Xenou K, Michaud G, Stefanidis GD, Van Gerven T. Insight Into Solventless Production of Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylated Urethanes (HEURs): The Role of Moisture Concentration, Reaction Temperature, and Mixing Efficiency. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36567-36578. [PMID: 36278096 PMCID: PMC9583080 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report for the first time on the influence of the quality of reactants and reaction conditions on the production of hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEURs) and selected prepolymers without the use of solvents. We show that the polyol water concentration is detrimental to the progress of the main urethane forming reaction, confirming the necessity of carefully drying the reactants below 1000 ppm to suppress the consumption of diisocyanate toward urea during HEUR synthesis. Increasing the mixing speed (≈30 to 750 rpm), reaction temperature (80-110 °C), and catalyst concentration (0.035-2.1 wt % bismuth carboxylate) can significantly increase the rate of molecular weight buildup, but their effect decreases with time as the bulk viscosity increases and mixing limitations eventually take over, leading to the Weissenberg effect and chain growth termination. Consequently, for the selected formulation, the maximum product molecular weight attained lies in the range of ≈20 000-22 000 g/mol, irrespective of the specific process conditions applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Bampouli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Tzortzi
- Department
of Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou 15772, Athens, Greece
| | - Anthony de Schutter
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Konstantina Xenou
- Department
of Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou 15772, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios D. Stefanidis
- Department
of Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou 15772, Athens, Greece
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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7
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Liu L, Yang Z, Liu C, Wang M, Chen X. Preparation of PEI-modified nanoparticles by dopamine self-polymerization for efficient DNA delivery. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:824-834. [PMID: 36070708 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Achieving efficient and safe gene delivery is great of significance to promote the development of gene therapy. In this work, a polydopamine (PDA) layer was coated on the surface of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by dopamine (DA) self-polymerization, and then magnetic Fe3 O4 NPs were prepared by the Michael addition between amino groups in polyethyleneimine (PEI) and PDA. The prepared Fe3 O4 NPs (named Fe3 O4 @PDA@PEI) were characterized by FTIR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). As an efficient and safe gene carrier, the potential of Fe3 O4 @PDA@PEI was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis, MTT assay, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry. The results shows that the Fe3 O4 @PDA@PEI NPs is stable hydrophilic nanoparticles with a particle size of 50-150 nm. It can efficiently condense DNA at low N/P ratios and protect it from nuclease degradation. In addition, the Fe3 O4 @PDA@PEI NPs has higher safety than PEI. Further, the Fe3 O4 @PDA@PEI/DNA polyplexes could be effectively absorbed by cells and successfully transfected, and exhibit higher cellular uptake and gene transfection efficiency than PEI/DNA polyplexes. The findings indicate that the Fe3 O4 @PDA@PEI NPs has the potential to be developed into a novel gene vector. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- School of Life and Biology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- School of Life and Biology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chaobing Liu
- School of Life and Biology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- School of Life and Biology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life and Biology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
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8
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Xu C, Liu Z, Li X, Li W. Moisture- and mould-proof characteristics of surface modified wood for musical instrument soundboards. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210790. [PMID: 35242341 PMCID: PMC8753143 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wood is the main material used for musical instrument soundboard fabrication, for practical and cultural reasons. As a natural material, however, wood is easily degraded due to moisture or fungal corrosion. Most traditional wood protection methods were devised for structural materials, and may thus not be suitable for application in musical instrument soundboard materials. In the current study, a novel nanomaterial-based modification method was applied to wood. The surface of wood was coated with polyurethane and MgAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheets after a convenient impregnation process. The modified wood exhibited improved hydrophobicity and mould-resistance, while maintaining its acoustic properties. This modified wood may facilitate the construction of soundboards with longer lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Xu
- Department of Music, College of Art, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of the National Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyun Li
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanli Li
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Stern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Faculty of EngineeringAriel University Ariel Israel
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10
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Du Z, Liu J, Zhang H, Wu X, Zhang B, Chen Y, Liu B, Ding L, Xiao H, Zhang T. N-Acetyl-l-cysteine/l-Cysteine-Functionalized Chitosan-β-Lactoglobulin Self-Assembly Nanoparticles: A Promising Way for Oral Delivery of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Bioactive Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12511-12519. [PMID: 31626537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled and cross-linked hybrid hydrogels for entrapment and delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds were developed based on N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC)- or l-cysteine (CYS)-functionalized chitosan-β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles (NPs). In both the systems, amphiphilic protein β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) was self-assembled by using glutaraldehyde for affinity binding with egg white-derived peptides (EWDP) and curcumin and then coated with NAC- or CYS-functionalized chitosan (CS) by electrostatic interaction. The resulting NPs were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, and surface charge by dynamic light scattering. Results corroborated pH-sensitive properties of NAC-CS-β-lg NPs and CYS-CS-β-lg NPs with the particle size as small as 118 and 48 nm, respectively. The two kinds of NPs also showed excellent entrapment of EWDP and curcumin with the entrapment efficiency (EE) of EWDP and curcumin ranging from 51 to 89% and 42 to 57% in NAC-CS-β-lg NPs, as well as 50-81% and 41-57% in CYS-CS-β-lg NPs under different pH values. Fourier transform infrared and molecular docking studies provided support for the interaction mechanism of NAC/CYS-CS with β-lg as well as the NPs with EWDP and curcumin. Strikingly, the in vitro release kinetics of EWDP and curcumin exhibited the controlled and sustained release properties up to 58 and 70 h from the NPs, respectively. Note that the permeability of QIGLF (pentapeptide, isolated from EWDP) and curcumin passing through Caco-2 cell monolayers were all improved after the entrapment in the NPs. This work offers promising methods for effective entrapment and oral delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Long Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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