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Xu F, Shang J, Abdurexit A, Jamal R, Abdiryim T, Li Z, You J, Wei J, Su E, Huang L. Effect of Chemical Treatment of Cotton Stalk Fibers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PLA/PP Blended Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1641. [PMID: 38931991 PMCID: PMC11207778 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Different chemical treatment methods were employed to modify the surface of cotton stalk fibers, which were then utilized as fillers in composite materials. These treated fibers were incorporated into polylactic acid/polypropylene melt blends using the melt blending technique. Results indicated that increasing the surface roughness of cotton stalk fibers could enhance the overall mechanical properties of the composite materials, albeit potentially leading to poor fiber-matrix compatibility. Conversely, a smooth fiber surface was found to improve compatibility with polylactic acid, while Si-O-C silane coating increased fiber regularity and interfacial interaction with the matrix, thereby enhancing heat resistance. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composite materials made from alkali/silane-treated fibers exhibited the most significant improvement. Furthermore, better dispersion of fibers in the matrix and more regular fiber orientation were conducive to increasing the overall crystallinity of the composite materials. However, such fiber distribution was not favorable for enhancing impact resistance, although this drawback could be mitigated by increasing the surface roughness of the reinforcing fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Abdukeyum Abdurexit
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Ruxangul Jamal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Tursun Abdiryim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Jiangan You
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (F.X.); (J.S.); (J.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Erman Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Longjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (A.A.); (Z.L.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
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Mendoza-Duarte ME, Vega-Rios A. Comprehensive Analysis of Rheological, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties in Poly(lactic acid)/Oxidized Graphite Composites: Exploring the Effect of Heat Treatment on Elastic Modulus. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:431. [PMID: 38337320 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study is focused on investigating the rheological and mechanical properties of highly oxidized graphite (GrO) incorporated into a poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix composite. Furthermore, the samples were annealed at 110 °C for 30 min to study whether GrO concentration has an effect on the elastic modulus (E') after treatment. The incorporation of GrO into PLA was carried out by employing an internal mixing chamber at 190 °C. Six formulations were prepared with GrO concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 3 wt%. The thermal stability, thermomechanical behavior, and crystallinity of the composites were evaluated utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and differential scanning calorimetry DSC, respectively. The thermal stability (according to Tmax) of the PLA/GrO composites did not change substantially compared with PLA. According to DSC, the crystallinity increased until the GrO concentration reached 1 wt% and afterward decreased. Regarding the heat treatment of the PLA/GrO composites, the E' increased (by two orders of magnitude) at 80 °C with the maximum value achieved at 1 wt% GrO compared with the non-heat-treated composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vega-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
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Tayouri MI, Estaji S, Mousavi SR, Salkhi Khasraghi S, Jahanmardi R, Nouranian S, Arjmand M, Khonakdar HA. Degradation of polymer nanocomposites filled with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles: A review of current status. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effects of Nanofillers Based on Cetyltrimethylammonium-Modified Clays in a Polypropylene Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194110. [PMID: 36236057 PMCID: PMC9573217 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposites of hydrophobic organo-clay/polypropylene (organo-clay/PP) were efficiently developed through a solution-blending technique. For this, we utilized various smectite clays as host agents; namely, Na-montmorillonite (Mt, ~1000 nm), Na-fluorine mica (Mica, ~1500 nm), and Na-hectorite (Ht, ~60 nm) with varied sizes, layer charges, and aspect ratios. Such clays were functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) bromide via an intercalation technique to obtain hydrophobic organic clays. The as-made clay particles were further mixed with a PP/xylene solution; the latter was removed to obtain the final product of the CTA-clay/PP nanocomposite. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that there were no characteristic (001) diffraction peaks for CTA-Mica in the PP nanocomposites containing CTA-Mica, assuring the fact that the Mica layers could be completely exfoliated and thereby homogenously composited within the PP. On the other hand, the CTA-Mt and CTA-Ht incorporated composites had broader (001) peaks, which might have been due to the partial exfoliation of CTA-Mt and CTA-Ht in the composites. Among the three CTA-clay/PP nanocomposites, the CTA-Mica nanohybrid showed an enhanced thermal stability by ~42 °C compared to the intact host polymer matrix. We also noted that when the CTA-Mica content was ~9 mass % in the nanocomposites, the Young’s modulus was drastically maximized to 69%. Our preliminary results therefore validated that out of the three tested clay-PP nanocomposites, the CTA-Mica nanofiller served as the best one to improve both the thermal and mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposites.
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Omar A, Chen RS, Shahdan D, Ahmad S. Thermal, water absorption, and mechanical characterizations of polylactide based nanocomposites: Comparison between sodium and modified montmorillonite as reinforcement materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Afiqah Omar
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
- Vehicle Safety and Biomechanics Research Centre Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research Kajang Malaysia
| | - Ruey Shan Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
| | - Dalila Shahdan
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
| | - Sahrim Ahmad
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
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Tayouri MI, Mousavi SR, Estaji S, Nemati Mahand S, Jahanmardi R, Arjmand M, Arnhold K, Khonakdar HA. Polystyrene/polyolefin elastomer/halloysite nanotubes blend nanocomposites: Morphology‐thermal degradation kinetics relationship. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Iman Tayouri
- Department of Polymer Engineering Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Rasoul Mousavi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia Canada
| | - Sara Estaji
- Department of Polymer Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Saba Nemati Mahand
- Department of Polymer Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Jahanmardi
- Department of Polymer Engineering Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia Canada
| | - Kerstin Arnhold
- Department of Polymer Processing Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Polymer Processing Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
- Department of Polymer Processing Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Dresden Germany
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Hu L, Fu Z, Gu X, Wang H, Li Y. Strengthened interface as flame retarding belt: Compatibilized PLLA/PP blends by reactive boehmite nanorods. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lohrasbi P, Yeganeh JK. Synergistic toughening of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (
PLA
/
EVA
) by dynamic vulcanization and presence of hydrophobic nanoparticles. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Lohrasbi
- Polymer Engineering Department Qom University of Technology Qom Iran
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Hu J, Du P, Liu S, Liu Q, Deng W. Comparative study on the effect of two drying methods on the guest encapsulation behavior of osmanthus flavor‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Peiting Du
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weijun Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai P. R. China
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Sable S, Ahuja S, Bhunia H. Effect of pro-oxidant concentration on characteristics of packaging films of cobalt stearate filled polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, polypropylene (PP) filled with different proportions of CoSt were prepared in a twin-screw extruder by compounding technique. Eight films of these compounds were prepared using compression moulding. The modified PP films were characterized for chemical, physical, thermal, and morphological properties (before and after biodegradation). The biodegradation of the CoSt filled PP films was studied under controlled composting conditions, and the degradation intermediates were evaluated for their ecotoxicological impact. The CoSt present in the PP film was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As the addition of CoSt was progressively increased, the tensile strength and thermal stability decreased as shown by UTM and thermogravimetric analysis. The compounding of CoSt in PP reduced its crystallinity as revealed by the differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis, and this led to enhanced degradation of PP. After biodegradation, SEM results of modified PP films showed rougher morphology than before biodegradation. The maximum biodegradation (19.78%) was shown by the film having 2 phr CoSt. The ecotoxicity tests of the degraded material, namely, microbial test, plant growth test, and earthworm acute-toxicity test demonstrated that the biodegradation intermediates were nontoxic. Hence, CoSt filled PP has high industrial potential to make biodegradable flexible packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sable
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Patiala 147004 , Punjab , India
| | - Sanjeev Ahuja
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Patiala 147004 , Punjab , India
| | - Haripada Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Patiala 147004 , Punjab , India
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Liu D, Hu A. The Influence of Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardants on the Thermal Stability of Phase Change Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E520. [PMID: 31978972 PMCID: PMC7040678 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To improve thermal insulation, microencapsulated phase change materials (micro-PCMs), expandable graphite (EG), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were introduced into polyurethane foam (PUF) to enhance the thermal stability and improve the thermal insulation behavior. The morphology of the PUF and micro-PCM was studied using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM), while the thermophysical properties of the PUF were investigated using a hot disk thermal constants analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the PUF was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the gas products volatilized from the PUF were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TGA-FTIR). The results revealed that the thermal conductivities of the PUF were reduced because micro-PCM is effective in absorbing energy, showing that the PUF functions not only as a thermal insulation material but also as a heat sink for energy absorption. Moreover, the EG and APP were found to be effective in improving the thermal stabilities of the PUF, and the optimized formulation among EG, APP, and micro-PCMs in the PUF showed a significant synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjie Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
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