1
|
Chachei K. Greenhouse gas emissions in the Indian agriculture sector and mitigation by best management practices and smart farming technologies-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44489-44510. [PMID: 38951399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for agricultural products, driven by the Green Revolution, has led to a significant increase in food production. However, the demand is surpassing production, making food security a major concern, especially under climatic variation. The Indian agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to extreme rainfall, drought, pests, and diseases in the present climate change scenario. Nonetheless, the key agriculture sub-sectors such as livestock, rice cultivation, and biomass burning also significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a driver of global climate change. Agriculture activities alone account for 10-12% of global GHG emissions. India is an agrarian economy and a hub for global food production, which is met by intensive agricultural inputs leading to the deterioration of natural resources. It further contributes to 14% of the country's total GHG emissions. Identifying the drivers and best mitigation strategies in the sector is thus crucial for rigorous GHG mitigation. Therefore, this review aims to identify and expound the key drivers of GHG emissions in Indian agriculture and present the best strategies available in the existing literature. This will help the scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to evaluate the current agricultural practices and uphold the best approach available. We also discussed the socio-economic, and environmental implications to understand the impacts that may arise from intensive agriculture. Finally, we examined the current national climate policies, areas for further research, and policy amendments to help bridge the knowledge gap among researchers, policymakers, and the public in the national interest toward GHG reduction goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katina Chachei
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramesh M, Rajeshkumar LN, Srinivasan N, Kumar DV, Balaji D. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current day target for material scientists and researchers is developing a wholesome material to satisfy the parameters such as durability, manufacturability, low cost, and lightweight. Extensive research studies are ongoing on the possible application of polymer matrix composites in engineering and technology, since these materials have an edge over conventional materials in terms of performance. Hybridization of reinforcements is considered to be a better option to enhance the efficiency and performance of composite materials. Accordingly, research studies focus on the surface treatment of natural fibers and the addition of nanofillers (natural or synthetic) by industry and academia to take the properties and application of composites to the next level. This review purely focuses on the influence of fillers on the properties of composites along with the probable application of filler-based polymer composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641402 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Lakshmi Narasimhan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology , Coimbatore 641407 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Nagarajan Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jansons Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641659 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Damodaran Vasanth Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. NGP Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641048 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Devarajan Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology , Coimbatore 641407 , Tamil Nadu , India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh G, Gupta MK, Chaurasiya S, Sharma VS, Pimenov DY. Rice straw burning: a review on its global prevalence and the sustainable alternatives for its effective mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14163-3. [PMID: 33934301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the most important staple crops of the world, rice has played a vital role in slaking the calorie requirements of the masses in all the inhabitable continents of our planet. Regardless of this fact, there are many environmental concerns related to the rice production systems across the globe. One of the major worries is the emission of lethal greenhouse gases as a result of the different steps and procedures concerned with rice production and their contribution towards global warming. This study presents the status quo of the rice straw burning practice across the globe. It focuses on the greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the open field burning of rice residues and its direct effect on the environment, eventually contributing towards climate change. The study evidently shortlists the most profound regions contributing towards the open burning dilemma and the socio-political reasons associated with it. The study additionally discusses the different alternatives to straw burning with a clear-cut motive of throwing light on the opportunities that lie in the efficacious and sustainable utilization of homogeneous agricultural wastes. Different in-field straw management techniques related to the farmers and off-field methods related to the industry have been discussed. Predicated upon a survey of the life cycle assessment (LCA) studies across the globe, it is concluded that soil incorporation and electricity generation are the most environment friendly alternatives with an enormous scope of improvement in the coming future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurraj Singh
- Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Munish Kumar Gupta
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Lenin Prosp. 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia.
| | - Santan Chaurasiya
- Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal S Sharma
- School of Mechanical, Industrial & Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Danil Yu Pimenov
- Department of Automated Mechanical Engineering, South Ural State University, Lenin Prosp. 76, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tavker N, Gaur UK, Sharma M. Agro-waste extracted cellulose supported silver phosphate nanostructures as a green photocatalyst for improved photodegradation of RhB dye and industrial fertilizer effluents. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2870-2884. [PMID: 36132383 PMCID: PMC9417693 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00181c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and reusability of photocatalysts are the dominant factors for their pragmatic use. The visible light induced semiconductor silver phosphate is a superior photocatalyst effective under visible light but its stability is still an undiscussed issue. To overcome this stability issue in this present manuscript, eco-friendly agro-waste extracted cellulose supported silver phosphate nanostructures have been designed for the first time through a simple chemical process. At first, silver phosphate nanostructures were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Then, different weights of cellulose were added to the silver nitrate solution to form cellulose supported silver phosphate nanostructures. The photodegradation efficiency for each weight ratio was examined in which the photocatalyst Ag-8 nanostructures showed a high rate (0.024 min-1) for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) using a low intensity tungsten bulb. Real sample analysis has also been carried out using this photocatalyst for the degradation of industrial fertilizer effluents. The degradation rate of all the nanostructures was found to be high in comparison to pristine silver phosphate as well as the extracted bare cellulose. The photocatalytic activity is enhanced because of the participation of cellulose as a support which makes an interface for silver phosphate and assists it in delaying the charge recombination period under visible light. To understand the photochemical reaction of electrons and holes, scavenger studies were also performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tavker
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat Sector 30 Gandhinagar 382030 India
| | - Umesh K Gaur
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Jalandhar Punjab 144011 India
| | - Manu Sharma
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat Sector 30 Gandhinagar 382030 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bagherinia MA, Sheydaei M, Giahi M. Graphene oxide as a compatibilizer for polyvinyl chloride/rice straw composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/rice straw (RS)/graphene oxide (GO) sustainable nanocomposite was prepared using the direct compounding method. Structural, morphological and mechanical properties of fabricated sustainable nanocomposites were compared with unfilled and RS-filled PVC compounds. Mechanical characteristics of PVC decreased with loading RS fibers. The main reason for the mechanical failure of PVC/RS composite is the incompatibility between PVC and RS fibers. GO nanosheets are used here to improve the compatibility between RS fibers and PVC macromolecules. Compared to the neat PVC, maximum strength of the RS/GO-loaded PVC composite increased up to 31%, with incorporating only 1 wt% of GO nanosheets. This enhancement in the mechanical characteristics of PVC/RS/GO nanocomposite can only be due to the role of GO nanosheets as a compatibilizer, as 1 wt% GO loading can only increase the mechanical strength of PVC compounds up to 9%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results are used here to study the nature of these behaviors. It is suggested that the non-covalent and physical interactions between cellulose/hemicellulose portions of RS fibers and GO functional groups result in the enhancement of mechanical characteristics. Consequently, GO can be considered as a new compatibilizer for fabricating high performance PVC-based sustainable nanocomposites.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu H, Wang J, Gong C, Cheng F, Wang G, Wen S, Zheng G. Morphology and mechanical properties of PVC/straw-fiber coated with liquid nitrile-butadiene rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science; Hubei Engineering University; Xiaogan Hubei 432000 China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chunli Gong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science; Hubei Engineering University; Xiaogan Hubei 432000 China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science; Hubei Engineering University; Xiaogan Hubei 432000 China
| | - Guangjin Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science; Hubei Engineering University; Xiaogan Hubei 432000 China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science; Hubei Engineering University; Xiaogan Hubei 432000 China
| | - Genwen Zheng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science; Hubei Engineering University; Xiaogan Hubei 432000 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oun AA, Rhim JW. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from grain straws and their use for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite films. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:187-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Davachi SM, Bakhtiari S, Pouresmaeel-Selakjani P, Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J, Kaffashi B, Davoodi S, Yousefi A. Investigating the Effect of Treated Rice Straw in PLLA/Starch Composite: Mechanical, Thermal, Rheological, and Morphological Study. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Bakhtiari
- Caspian Faculty of Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Rezvanshar Guilan Iran
| | | | | | - Babak Kaffashi
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Davoodi
- School of Chemical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Ardavan Yousefi
- Caspian Faculty of Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Rezvanshar Guilan Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Ramamoorthy SK, Skrifvars M, Persson A. A Review of Natural Fibers Used in Biocomposites: Plant, Animal and Regenerated Cellulose Fibers. POLYM REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.971124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Hassan ML, Fadel SM, El-Wakil NA, Oksman K. Chitosan/rice straw nanofibers nanocomposites: Preparation, mechanical, and dynamic thermomechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
12
|
Han C, Chae GB, Lee CR, Choi DK, Shim J. Analysis of Corrosion Characteristics for TiN- and Ti/TiN-coated Stainless Steel Bipolar Plate in PEMFC. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2012.50.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
13
|
Ráthy I, Kuki Á, Borda J, Deák G, Zsuga M, Marossy K, Kéki S. Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl chloride)-continuous carbon fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
Yao F, Wu Q, Liu H, Lei Y, Zhou D. Rice straw fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composite: Effect of coupled compatibilizating and toughening treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Samal R, Sahoo PK. Development of a biodegradable rice straw-g-poly(methyl methacrylate)/sodium silicate composite flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
García M, Garmendia I, García J. Influence of natural fiber type in eco-composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
|