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Cheung CKH, Not C. Degradation efficiency of biodegradable plastics in subtropical open-air and marine environments: Implications for plastic pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173397. [PMID: 38797407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics are increasingly used as a solution to tackle plastic pollution problems. However, their degradability in natural environments is currently under debate. To evaluate their degradation efficiencies, we conducted in-situ degradation experiments in an open-air and two marine environments in Hong Kong. Three groups of biodegradable plastic were tested, namely (1) additive-modified low-density polyethylene (LDPE), labelled as oxo-biodegradable or photodegradable plastics, (2) polylactic acid (PLA), and (3) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch blends. Most biodegradable plastics fail to completely degrade but remain visually present after six months of exposure. Only PLA is able to demonstrate 100 % disintegration in one to three months in marine settings, suggesting that subtropical marine environments may favor PLA degradation. Biodegradable plastics that are bio-based (PLA and PVA/Starch blends) show notably larger mass losses by 23-100 % than the fossil-based ones (modified-LDPE). Our results reveal higher degradation efficiencies of PLA and PVA/Cassava starch blend in marine than open-air settings (with mass losses larger by 50 %, and by 39-41 %, respectively), potentially via biodegradation and hydrolysis. Meanwhile, modified-LDPE and PVA/Corn starch blends in general show higher degradation efficiencies in open-air than marine settings (with mass losses larger by 2 %, and by 17-33 %, respectively), potentially via abiotic oxidation. Since all tested biodegradable plastics exhibit potential fragmentation signs, further investigation is needed to characterize the behaviours of the microplastics generated. The current labelling on biodegradable bags fails to provide comprehensive information regarding their actual environmental degradation behaviours, especially considering their fragmentation risk and limited degradation exhibited in this study. This highlights the imperative for improved messaging to ensure consumers are better informed about these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coco Ka Hei Cheung
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Christelle Not
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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2
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Surana M, Pattanayak DS, Yadav V, Singh VK, Pal D. An insight decipher on photocatalytic degradation of microplastics: Mechanism, limitations, and future outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118268. [PMID: 38244970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Plastic material manufacturing and buildup over the past 50 years has significantly increased pollution levels. Microplastics (MPs) and non-biodegradable residual plastic films have become the two most pressing environmental issues among the numerous types of plastic pollution. These tiny plastic flakes enter water systems from a variety of sources, contaminating the water. Since MPs can be consumed by people and aquatic species and eventually make their way into the food chain, their presence in the environment poses a serious concern. Traditional technologies can remove MPs to some extent, but their functional groups, stable covalent bonds, and hydrophobic nature make them difficult to eliminate completely. The urgent need to develop a sustainable solution to the worldwide contamination caused by MPs has led to the exploration of various techniques. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as photo-catalytic oxidation, photo-degradation, and electrochemical oxidation have been investigated. Among these, photocatalysis stands out as the most promising method for degrading MPs. Photocatalysis is an environmentally friendly process that utilizes light energy to facilitate a chemical reaction, breaking down MPs into carbon dioxide and water-soluble hydrocarbons under aqueous conditions. In photocatalysis, semiconductors act as photocatalysts by absorbing energy from a light source, becoming excited, and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS, including hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide ions ( [Formula: see text] ), play a crucial role in the degradation of MPs. This extensive review provides a detailed exploration of the mechanisms and processes underlying the photocatalytic removal of MPs, emphasizing its potential as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach to address the issue of plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Surana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Dhruti Sundar Pattanayak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Venkteshwar Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - V K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Dharm Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Naser MA, Sayed AM, Abdelmoez W, El-Wakad MT, Abdo MS. Biodegradable suture development-based albumin composites for tissue engineering applications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7912. [PMID: 38575715 PMCID: PMC10995150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of biomedical engineering have underscored the pivotal role of biodegradable materials in addressing the challenges associated with tissue regeneration therapies. The spectrum of biodegradable materials presently encompasses ceramics, polymers, metals, and composites, each offering distinct advantages for the replacement or repair of compromised human tissues. Despite their utility, these biomaterials are not devoid of limitations, with issues such as suboptimal tissue integration, potential cytotoxicity, and mechanical mismatch (stress shielding) emerging as significant concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, our research collective has embarked on the development of protein-based composite materials, showcasing enhanced biodegradability and biocompatibility. This study is dedicated to the elaboration and characterization of an innovative suture fabricated from human serum albumin through an extrusion methodology. Employing a suite of analytical techniques-namely tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)-we endeavored to elucidate the physicochemical attributes of the engineered suture. Additionally, the investigation extends to assessing the influence of integrating biodegradable organic modifiers on the suture's mechanical performance. Preliminary tensile testing has delineated the mechanical profile of the Filament Suture (FS), delineating tensile strengths spanning 1.3 to 9.616 MPa and elongation at break percentages ranging from 11.5 to 146.64%. These findings illuminate the mechanical versatility of the suture, hinting at its applicability across a broad spectrum of medical interventions. Subsequent analyses via SEM and TGA are anticipated to further delineate the suture's morphological features and thermal resilience, thereby enriching our comprehension of its overall performance characteristics. Moreover, the investigation delves into the ramifications of incorporating biodegradable organic constituents on the suture's mechanical integrity. Collectively, the study not only sheds light on the mechanical and thermal dynamics of a novel suture material derived from human serum albumin but also explores the prospective enhancements afforded by the amalgamation of biodegradable organic compounds, thereby broadening the horizon for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Naser
- Faculty of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
- Faculty of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Faculty of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.
- EECS Department, MSOE University, Milwaukee, United States.
| | - Wael Abdelmoez
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Tarek El-Wakad
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University Egypt, Fifth Settlement, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Abdo
- Faculty of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Theobald B, Risani R, Donaldson L, Bridson JH, Kingsbury JM, Pantos O, Weaver L, Lear G, Pochon X, Zaiko A, Smith DA, Anderson R, Davy B, Davy S, Doake F, Masterton H, Audrezet F, Maday SDM, Wallbank JA, Barbier M, Greene AF, Parker K, Harris J, Northcott GL, Abbel R. An investigation into the stability and degradation of plastics in aquatic environments using a large-scale field-deployment study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170301. [PMID: 38272094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The fragmentation of plastic debris is a key pathway to the formation of microplastic pollution. These disintegration processes depend on the materials' physical and chemical characteristics, but insight into these interrelationships is still limited, especially under natural conditions. Five plastics of known polymer/additive compositions and processing histories were deployed in aquatic environments and recovered after six and twelve months. The polymer types used were linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), oxo-degradable LLDPE (oxoLLDPE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polyamide-6 (PA6), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Four geographically distinct locations across Aotearoa/New Zealand were chosen: three marine sites and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Accelerated UV-weathering under controlled laboratory conditions was also carried out to evaluate artificial ageing as a model for plastic degradation in the natural environment. The samples' physical characteristics and surface microstructures were studied for each deployment location and exposure time. The strongest effects were found for oxoLLDPE upon artificial ageing, with increased crystallinity, intense surface cracking, and substantial deterioration of its mechanical properties. However, no changes to the same extent were found after recovery of the deployed material. In the deployment environments, the chemical nature of the plastics was the most relevant factor determining their behaviours. Few significant differences between the four aquatic locations were identified, except for PA6, where indications for biological surface degradation were found only in seawater, not the WWTP. In some cases, artificial ageing reasonably mimicked the changes which some plastic properties underwent in aquatic environments, but generally, it was no reliable model for natural degradation processes. The findings from this study have implications for the understanding of the initial phases of plastic degradation in aquatic environments, eventually leading to microplastics formation. They can also guide the interpretation of accelerated laboratory ageing for the fate of aquatic plastic pollution, and for the testing of aged plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James H Bridson
- Scion, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand; University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xavier Pochon
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Ben Davy
- Scion, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
| | | | - Fraser Doake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Hayden Masterton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - François Audrezet
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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5
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He Y, Deng X, Jiang L, Hao L, Shi Y, Lyu M, Zhang L, Wang S. Current advances, challenges and strategies for enhancing the biodegradation of plastic waste. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167850. [PMID: 37844647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its highly recalcitrant nature, the growing accumulation of plastic waste is becoming an urgent global problem. Biodegradation is one of the best possible approaches for the treatment of plastic waste in an environmentally friendly manner, but our current knowledge on the underlying mechanisms, as well as strategies for the development and enhancement of plastic biodegradation are still limited. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of current research on plastic waste biodegradation, focusing on enhancement strategies with ongoing research significance, including the mining of highly efficient plastic-degrading microorganisms/enzymes, utilization of synergistic additives, novel pretreatment approaches, modification via molecular engineering, and construction of bacterial/enzyme consortia systems. Studying these strategies can (i) enrich the high-performance microbial/enzymes toolbox for plastic degradation, (ii) provide methods for recycling and upgrading plastics, as well as (iii) enable further molecular modification and functional optimization of plastic-degrading enzymes to realize economically viable biodegradation of plastics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to discuss in detail strategies to enhance biodegradation of plastics. Finally, some recommendations for future research on plastic biodegradation are listed, hoping to provide the best direction for tackling the plastic waste dilemma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine, Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xilong Deng
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Lijuan Hao
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yong Shi
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Mingsheng Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine, Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine, Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Shujun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine, Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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6
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Wang X, Li J, Lin X, Zhang Y. The s-oph enzyme for efficient degradation of polyvinyl alcohol: soluble expression and catalytic properties. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8523-8535. [PMID: 37644367 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the most widely used water-soluble polymers with remarkable mechanical properties. However, water-soluble polymers are among the major organic pollutants of streams, river, and marine ecosystems. Once dispersed in aqueous systems, they can directly interfere with the life cycle of aquatic organisms via direct toxic effects. There is thus an urgent need for microorganisms or enzymes that can efficiently degrade them. Oxidized PVA hydrolase plays an important role in the pathway of PVA biodegradation. It is the key enzyme in the second step of the pathway for complete degradation of PVA. METHODS AND RESULTS The s-oph gene was cloned from the laboratory-isolated strain Sphingopyxis sp. M19. This gene was expressed in the Escherichia coli system pET32a/s-oph expression vector, with the products forming an inclusion body. By binding with a molecular chaperone, pET32a/s-oph/BL21 (DE3)/pGro7 was successfully constructed, which enabled the s-oph gene to be solubly expressed in E. coli. The protein encoded by the s-oph gene was purified at a yield of 16.8 mg L-1, and its catalytic activity reached 852.71 U mg-1. In the s-oph enzyme reaction system, the efficiency of PVA degradation was increased to 233.5% compared with that of controls. CONCLUSIONS The s-oph enzyme exhibited the characteristics of being able to degrade PVA with high efficiency, specificity, and stability. This enzyme has good potential for practical application in ameliorating plastic pollution and protecting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoshan Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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7
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Kim MS, Chang H, Zheng L, Yan Q, Pfleger BF, Klier J, Nelson K, Majumder ELW, Huber GW. A Review of Biodegradable Plastics: Chemistry, Applications, Properties, and Future Research Needs. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9915-9939. [PMID: 37470246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concerns over waste plastics' effect on the environment are leading to the creation of biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics may serve as a promising approach to manage the issue of environmental accumulation of plastic waste in the ocean and soil. Biodegradable plastics are the type of polymers that can be degraded by microorganisms into small molecules (e.g., H2O, CO2, and CH4). However, there are misconceptions surrounding biodegradable plastics. For example, the term "biodegradable" on product labeling can be misconstrued by the public to imply that the product will degrade under any environmental conditions. Such misleading information leads to consumer encouragement of excessive consumption of certain goods and increased littering of products labeled as "biodegradable". This review not only provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art biodegradable plastics but also clarifies the definitions and various terms associated with biodegradable plastics, including oxo-degradable plastics, enzyme-mediated plastics, and biodegradation agents. Analytical techniques and standard test methods to evaluate the biodegradability of polymeric materials in alignment with international standards are summarized. The review summarizes the properties and industrial applications of previously developed biodegradable plastics and then discusses how biomass-derived monomers can create new types of biodegradable polymers by utilizing their unique chemical properties from oxygen-containing functional groups. The terminology and methodologies covered in the paper provide a perspective on directions for the design of new biodegradable polymers that possess not only advanced performance for practical applications but also environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hochan Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brian F Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kevin Nelson
- Amcor, Neenah Innovation Center, Neenah, Wisconsin 54956, United States
| | - Erica L-W Majumder
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Jayakumar A, Radoor S, Siengchin S, Shin GH, Kim JT. Recent progress of bioplastics in their properties, standards, certifications and regulations: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163156. [PMID: 37003328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact associated with fossil fuel-based polymers has paved the way to explore biopolymer-based plastics, their properties, and their applications. Bioplastics are polymeric materials that are greatly interesting due to their eco-friendlier and non-toxic nature. In recent years, exploring the different sources of bioplastics and their applications has become one of the active research areas. Biopolymer-based plastics have applications in food packaging, pharmaceuticals, electronics, agricultural, automotive and cosmetic sectors. Bioplastics are considered safe, but there are several economic and legal challenges to implementing them. Hence, this review aims to i) outline the terminology associated with bioplastics, its global market, major sources, types and properties of bioplastics, ii) discuss the major bioplastic waste management and recovery options, iii) provide the major standards and certifications regarding bioplastics, iv) explore the various country-wise regulations and restrictions associated with bioplastics, and v) enumerate the various challenges and limitations associated with bioplastics and future directions. Therefore, providing adequate knowledge about various bioplastics, their properties and regulatory aspects can be of great importance in the industrialization, commercialization and globalization of bioplastics to replace petroleum-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Wongsawang Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Cheng A, Azhar NNH, Abdullah R, Lee SY, Ang DTC. Degradation of oxo-biodegradable rubber and its impact on ecosystem services. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Leppäkoski L, Lopez G, Uusitalo V, Nieminen H, Järviö N, Kosonen A, Koiranen T, Laari A, Breyer C, Ahola J. Climate and biodiversity impacts of low-density polyethylene production from CO 2 and electricity in comparison to bio-based polyethylene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163628. [PMID: 37084904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are essential materials for modern societies, but their production contributes to significant environmental issues. Power-to-X processes could produce plastics from captured CO2 and hydrogen with renewable electricity, but these technologies may also face challenges from environmental perspective. This paper focuses on environmental sustainability assessment of CO2-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) compared to bio-based LDPE. Life cycle assessment has been applied to study climate impacts and land use related biodiversity impacts of different plastic production scenarios. According to the climate impact results, the carbon footprint of the produced plastic can be negative if the energy used is from wind, solar, or bioenergy and the carbon captured within the plastic is considered. In terms of biodiversity, land-use related biodiversity impacts seem to be lower from CO2-based polyethylene compared to sugarcane-based polyethylene. Forest biomass use for heat production in CO2-based polyethylene poses a risk to significantly increase biodiversity impacts. Taken together, these results suggest that CO2-based LDPE produced with renewable electricity could reduce biodiversity impacts over 96 % while carbon footprint seems to be 6.5 % higher when compared to sugarcane-based polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Lopez
- LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | | | - Harri Nieminen
- LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | | | - Antti Kosonen
- LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | | | - Arto Laari
- LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | | | - Jero Ahola
- LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
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Microbial Enzyme Biotechnology to Reach Plastic Waste Circularity: Current Status, Problems and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043877. [PMID: 36835289 PMCID: PMC9967032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of synthetic plastic waste in the environment has become a global concern. Microbial enzymes (purified or as whole-cell biocatalysts) represent emerging biotechnological tools for waste circularity; they can depolymerize materials into reusable building blocks, but their contribution must be considered within the context of present waste management practices. This review reports on the prospective of biotechnological tools for plastic bio-recycling within the framework of plastic waste management in Europe. Available biotechnology tools can support polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling. However, PET represents only ≈7% of unrecycled plastic waste. Polyurethanes, the principal unrecycled waste fraction, together with other thermosets and more recalcitrant thermoplastics (e.g., polyolefins) are the next plausible target for enzyme-based depolymerization, even if this process is currently effective only on ideal polyester-based polymers. To extend the contribution of biotechnology to plastic circularity, optimization of collection and sorting systems should be considered to feed chemoenzymatic technologies for the treatment of more recalcitrant and mixed polymers. In addition, new bio-based technologies with a lower environmental impact in comparison with the present approaches should be developed to depolymerize (available or new) plastic materials, that should be designed for the required durability and for being susceptible to the action of enzymes.
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12
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Paul-Pont I, Ghiglione JF, Gastaldi E, Ter Halle A, Huvet A, Bruzaud S, Lagarde F, Galgani F, Duflos G, George M, Fabre P. Discussion about suitable applications for biodegradable plastics regarding their sources, uses and end of life. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:242-248. [PMID: 36577275 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This opinion paper offers a scientific view on the current debate of the place of biodegradable plastics as part of the solution to deal with the growing plastic pollution in the world's soil, aquatic, and marine compartments. Based on the current scientific literature, we focus on the current limits to prove plastic biodegradability and to assess the toxicity of commercially used biobased and biodegradable plastics in natural environments. We also discuss the relevance of biodegradable plastics for selected applications with respect to their use and end of life. In particular, we underlined that there is no universal biodegradability of plastics in any ecosystem, that considering the environment as a waste treatment system is not acceptable, and that the use of compostable plastics requires adaptation of existing organic waste collection and treatment channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Paul-Pont
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-François Ghiglione
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), UMR 7621, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Banyuls sur mer, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gastaldi
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, IATE, Montpellier, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandra Ter Halle
- IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, Lorient, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM, UMR CNRS 6283), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, F-72085 Le Mans, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - François Galgani
- IFREMER/ RMPF, Tahiti, Polynésie Française; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Duflos
- ANSES - Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, F-62200, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu George
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Pascale Fabre
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France; GDR 2050 Polymères et Océans, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, France
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13
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Wicaksono JA, Purwadaria T, Yulandi A, Tan WA. Bacterial dynamics during the burial of starch-based bioplastic and oxo-low-density-polyethylene in compost soil. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:309. [PMID: 36536283 PMCID: PMC9764577 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plastic waste accumulation is one of the main ecological concerns in the past decades. A new generation of plastics that are easier to degrade in the environment compared to conventional plastics, such as starch-based bioplastics and oxo-biodegradable plastics, is perceived as a solution to this issue. However, the fate of these materials in the environment are unclear, and less is known about how their presence affect the microorganisms that may play a role in their biodegradation. In this study, we monitored the dynamics of bacterial community in soil upon introduction of commercial carrier bags claimed as biodegradable: cassava starch-based bioplastic and oxo-low-density polyethylene (oxo-LDPE). Each type of plastic bag was buried separately in compost soil and incubated for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Following incubation, soil pH and temperature as well as the weight of remaining plastics were measured. Bacterial diversity in soil attached to the surface of remaining plastics was analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16SrRNA gene. RESULTS After 120 days, the starch-based bioplastic weight has decreased by 74%, while the oxo-LDPE remained intact with only 3% weight reduction. The bacterial composition in soil fluctuated over time with or without the introduction of either type of plastic. While major bacterial phyla remained similar for all treatment in this study, different types of plastics led to different soil bacterial community structure. None of these bacteria were abundant continuously, but rather they emerged at specific time points. The introduction of plastics into soil increased not only the population of bacteria known for their ability to directly utilize plastic component for their growth, but also the abundance of those that may interact with direct degraders. Bacterial groups that are involved in nitrogen cycling also arose throughout burial. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of starch-based bioplastic and oxo-LDPE led to contrasting shift in soil bacterial population overtime, which may determine their fate in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Abednego Wicaksono
- grid.443450.20000 0001 2288 786XMaster of Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Jalan Raya Cisauk – Lapan no. 10, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Tresnawati Purwadaria
- grid.443450.20000 0001 2288 786XBiotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Jalan Raya Cisauk – Lapan no. 10, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Adi Yulandi
- grid.443450.20000 0001 2288 786XBiotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Jalan Raya Cisauk – Lapan no. 10, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Watumesa Agustina Tan
- grid.443450.20000 0001 2288 786XBiotechnology Program, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Jalan Raya Cisauk – Lapan no. 10, Tangerang, Indonesia
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14
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Padermshoke A, Kajiwara T, An Y, Takigawa M, Van Nguyen T, Masunaga H, Kobayashi Y, Ito H, Sasaki S, Takahara A. Characterization of photo-oxidative degradation process of polyolefins containing oxo-biodegradable additives. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Osório Brandão JA, Morisso FDP, Francisquetti EL, Campomanes Santana RM. Influence of the nature of pro-oxidants on the photooxidation of polyethylene blown films. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10217. [PMID: 36033264 PMCID: PMC9404358 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to reduce the accumulation of polymeric waste in the environment, such as plastic bags, the use of pro-oxidants has been adopted in polyolefins, including polyethylene (PE), which is one of the most used polymers in film production. The incorporation of this additive to PE film aims to accelerate its oxidation in the process of abiotic degradation, generating oxygenated groups that can facilitate the biotic degradation. Commercial pro-oxidants are commonly organic salts of transition metals. However, their use can lead to a secondary problem, the inappropriate accumulation of transition metals at the site where the polymeric waste was deposited and, for this reason, it has been sought pro-oxidants metals free and that can also be biodegraded. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the photodegradation of PE blown films obtained by extrusion using a commercial pro-oxidant, d2w™, an alternative organic pro-oxidant, benzoin, and also a standard film, without pro-oxidant. After undergoing 96 and 144 h of UV light exposure, the blown films were evaluated by dilute solution viscometry, FTIR and SEM analysis. The results showed that the pro-oxidants lead to the formation of more macromolecular fragments containing carbonyl groups than in the standard PE film. The film extruded with benzoin showed greater fragmentation, which may be associated with a greater reduction in the average viscosimetric molar mass, therefore, this additive being a promising organic substance in the induction of photooxidation, as demonstrated by the other results obtained by FTIR and SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Augusto Osório Brandão
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Engineering School, Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LAPOL), Bento Gonçalves Ave, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dal Pont Morisso
- Feevale Universtiy, Laboratory for Advanced Materials Studies, ERS-239, 2755, 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Francisquetti
- Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Materials Department, São Vicente Ave, 785, 95174-274, Farroupilha, Brazil
| | - Ruth Marlene Campomanes Santana
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Engineering School, Laboratory of Polymeric Materials (LAPOL), Bento Gonçalves Ave, 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Su L, Xiong X, Zhang Y, Wu C, Xu X, Sun C, Shi H. Global transportation of plastics and microplastics: A critical review of pathways and influences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154884. [PMID: 35358528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of modern society has largely increased the usage of plastic. Concerns arise when vast amount of plastic waste has been generated and disposed. The accumulated evidences suggest that plastic waste in all the natural matrixes has become a global contaminant, principles such as geological and biogeochemical cycles for plastic pollution have been proposed. Before a full estimation of plastic mass flow, however, the pathways, directions and influences involved in plastic transportation are warranted to be addressed. We made this critical review based on the quantitative and narrative approaches in plastic and microplastic sources, sinks and transportation at global and historical scales. We also addressed the roles of anthropogenic influences in the global transportation of microplastic. The hydrological, meteorological, oceanic and even biological progresses naturally influence the plastic cycle and flow directions within the Earth's Four Spheres. Anthropogenic activities participated in all sections of plastic transportation, from sources to sinks. The contribution from anthropogenic activities remains unknown but several point sources including primary emissions and landfills have been confirmed. The primary outcomes point out that plastic pollution is highly complex issues in terms of natural and human-driven dynamics. We suggested that more efforts were needed in seeking the key sections in plastic transportation between environmental compartments at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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17
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Gazzotti S, Adolfsson KH, Hakkarainen M, Farina H, Silvani A, Ortenzi MA. DOX mediated synthesis of PLA-co-PS graft copolymers with matrix-driven self-assembly in PLA-based blends. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Bio-Based Materials Riding the Wave of Sustainability: Common Misconceptions, Opportunities, Challenges and the Way Forward. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Solid waste disposal, particularly of plastic and rubber, significantly impacts the environment and human health; thus, encouraging consumers to u sustainable alternatives is essential to ensure a resilient future. In recent decades, bio-based material research has primarily focused on bioplastics and, accordingly, current knowledge of alternative sustainable materials (such as biorubber) is fragmented, with consumer misconceptions posing a key challenge. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of bio-based materials, in addition to common misconceptions about them. The findings of a public survey that aimed to assess consumers’ attitudes towards, as well as their awareness and perceptions of, conventional and sustainable alternative materials, particularly oxo-biodegradable rubbers, are also reported in this paper. Despite their unfamiliarity with the terms ‘bio-based’ and ‘oxo-biodegradable’, most respondents had a positive view of bio-based products and expressed an interest in reducing their use of conventional products in favour of sustainable alternatives. The results also revealed that consumers are willing to spend more on sustainable alternatives because they are aware of the environmental issues associated with solid waste. This study provides new insights into knowledge gaps and challenges that must be addressed to promote the prudent use of sustainable materials in a fast-changing world.
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20
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Liu J, Yang Y, An L, Liu Q, Ding J. The Value of China's Legislation on Plastic Pollution Prevention in 2020. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:601-608. [PMID: 34480583 PMCID: PMC8418295 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has taken 12 years since 2008, but China is finally strengthening plastic pollution prevention and control through legislation. In an effort to regulate and control plastic products, China's government amended and released a series of laws and regulations in 2020, possibly heralding the end of China's plastic pollution. China's plastic pollution legislation, while late, is a viable and right response to the severe environmental and ecology problem. Legislative progress in plastic pollution prevention has extended beyond China government's administrative capability but has also been an important step in the protection of the environment in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214021, China.
| | - Yunfei Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiannan Ding
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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21
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Liu J, Yang Y, An L, Liu Q, Ding J. The Value of China's Legislation on Plastic Pollution Prevention in 2020. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:601-608. [PMID: 34480583 DOI: 10.1007/2fs00128-021-03366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has taken 12 years since 2008, but China is finally strengthening plastic pollution prevention and control through legislation. In an effort to regulate and control plastic products, China's government amended and released a series of laws and regulations in 2020, possibly heralding the end of China's plastic pollution. China's plastic pollution legislation, while late, is a viable and right response to the severe environmental and ecology problem. Legislative progress in plastic pollution prevention has extended beyond China government's administrative capability but has also been an important step in the protection of the environment in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214021, China.
| | - Yunfei Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiannan Ding
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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22
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Lim BKH, Thian ES. Biodegradation of polymers in managing plastic waste - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151880. [PMID: 34826495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The modern economy that is fast-moving and convenience centric has led to excessive consumption of plastic. This has unwittingly led to egregious accumulation of plastic waste polluting the environment. Unfortunately, present means of plastic waste management have all been proven as less than adequate; namely recycling, landfill and incineration. Recent focus on plastic waste management has seen the confluence of the developments in biodegradable polymers and microbial engineering strategy for more expedient decomposition of plastic waste at composting facilities. This review paper is an assimilation of current developments in the areas of biodegradable polymer as well as microbial strategy towards management of polymer waste. Advents in biodegradable polymers have been promising, especially with aliphatic polyesters and starch in blends or co-polymers of these. Microbial strategies have been pursued for the identification of microbial strains and understanding of their enzymatic degradation process on polymers. New insights in these two areas have been focused in improving the rate of degradation of plastic waste at composting facilities. Recent alignment of testing and certification standards is outlined to give intimate insights into the mechanisms and factors influencing biodegradation. Despite recent milestones, economic viability of composting plastic waste in mainstream waste facilities is still a distance away. As it remains that a polymer that is biodegradable is functionally inferior to conventional polymers. Rather, it requires a shift in consumer behaviour to accept less durable biodegradable plastic products, this will then lower the threshold for biodegradable polymers to become a commercial reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlinda Kwee Hong Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Eng San Thian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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23
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Melchor-Martínez EM, Macías-Garbett R, Alvarado-Ramírez L, Araújo RG, Sosa-Hernández JE, Ramírez-Gamboa D, Parra-Arroyo L, Alvarez AG, Monteverde RPB, Cazares KAS, Reyes-Mayer A, Yáñez Lino M, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Towards a Circular Economy of Plastics: An Evaluation of the Systematic Transition to a New Generation of Bioplastics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1203. [PMID: 35335534 PMCID: PMC8955033 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics have become an essential part of the modern world thanks to their appealing physical and chemical properties as well as their low production cost. The most common type of polymers used for plastic account for 90% of the total production and are made from petroleum-based nonrenewable resources. Concerns over the sustainability of the current production model and the environmental implications of traditional plastics have fueled the demand for greener formulations and alternatives. In the last decade, new plastics manufactured from renewable sources and biological processes have emerged from research and have been established as a commercially viable solution with less adverse effects. Nevertheless, economic and legislative challenges for biobased plastics hinder their widespread implementation. This review summarizes the history of plastics over the last century, including the most relevant bioplastics and production methods, the environmental impact and mitigation of the adverse effects of conventional and emerging plastics, and the regulatory landscape that renewable and recyclable bioplastics face to reach a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Rodrigo Macías-Garbett
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Lynette Alvarado-Ramírez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Rafael G. Araújo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Diana Ramírez-Gamboa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Abraham Garza Alvarez
- Cadena Comercial OXXO S.A de C.V., Monterrey 64480, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (A.G.A.); (R.P.B.M.); (K.A.S.C.)
| | | | | | - Adriana Reyes-Mayer
- Centro de Caracterización e Investigación en Materiales S.A. de C.V., Jiutepec 62578, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Mauricio Yáñez Lino
- Polymer Solutions & Innovation S.A. de C.V., Jiutepec 62578, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; (E.M.M.-M.); (R.M.-G.); (L.A.-R.); (R.G.A.); (J.E.S.-H.); (D.R.-G.); (L.P.-A.)
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24
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Natural abundant prodegradant for Oxo- degradation of polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tamoor M, Samak NA, Jia Y, Mushtaq MU, Sher H, Bibi M, Xing J. Potential Use of Microbial Enzymes for the Conversion of Plastic Waste Into Value-Added Products: A Viable Solution. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777727. [PMID: 34917057 PMCID: PMC8670383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of commercial polymers composed of a mixture of polylactic acid and polyethene terephthalate (PLA-PET) in bottles and other packaging materials has caused a massive environmental crisis. The valorization of these contaminants via cost-effective technologies is urgently needed to achieve a circular economy. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLA-PET contaminants plays a vital role in environmentally friendly strategies for plastic waste recycling and degradation. In this review, the potential roles of microbial enzymes for solving this critical problem are highlighted. Various enzymes involved in PLA-PET recycling and bioconversion, such as PETase and MHETase produced by Ideonella sakaiensis; esterases produced by Bacillus and Nocardia; lipases produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica, Triticum aestivum, and Burkholderia spp.; and leaf-branch compost cutinases are critically discussed. Strategies for the utilization of PLA-PET's carbon content as C1 building blocks were investigated for the production of new plastic monomers and different value-added products, such as cyclic acetals, 1,3-propanediol, and vanillin. The bioconversion of PET-PLA degradation monomers to polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers by Pseudomonas and Halomonas strains was addressed in detail. Different solutions to the production of biodegradable plastics from food waste, agricultural residues, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-accumulating bacteria were discussed. Fuel oil production via PLA-PET thermal pyrolysis and possible hybrid integration techniques for the incorporation of thermostable plastic degradation enzymes for the conversion into fuel oil is explained in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tamoor
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nadia A. Samak
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yunpu Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Mushtaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sher
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maryam Bibi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wah Engineering College, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Jianmin Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, China
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Dordahan F, Schaper F. Lactide polymerization using a sterically encumbered, flexible zinc complex. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4-(tert-Butyl)-2-trityl-6-(di-(2-picolyl)amine)phenol, LH, was prepared from paraformaldehyde, 4-(tert-butyl)-2-tritylphenol and di-(2-picolyl)amine. Reaction with Zn(N(SiMe3)2)2 gave LZnN(SiMe3)2. The complex was shown by X-ray diffraction study, variable
temperature NMR and DFT calculations to coordinate only one pyridine ligand, which allows for fast and facile complex isomerisation. LZnN(SiMe3)2 was active in rac-lactide polymerization, but in contrast to previous complexes of this type did not show any evidence for isotactic monomer enchainment via a catalytic-site mediated chain-end control mechanism. Addition of alcohol led to increased activity, but the complex was unstable in the presence of free alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dordahan
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Schaper
- Université de Montréal, 5622, Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
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Cucina M, de Nisi P, Tambone F, Adani F. The role of waste management in reducing bioplastics' leakage into the environment: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125459. [PMID: 34320741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics are becoming more and more widespread as substitutes for petroleum-derived plastics due to their biodegradability. Bioplastics degradation under different environments has been described and reported to depend mainly on bioplastics' compositions and the environmental conditions. Incomplete degradation during waste management processes and leakage of bioplastics into the environment are becoming major concerns that need to be further investigated. In this context, the present paper aimed to review recent literature dealing with biodegradation of bioplastics under industrial (e.g. anaerobic digestion and composting) and natural (e.g. soil and water) environments, and to link it to the potential bioplastics' leakage into the environment. Reviewed data were used to estimate the potential role of waste management processes in decreasing the potential leakage of bioplastics. Depending on bioplastics' type and processing conditions, waste management can effectively reduce bioplastics' potential leakage, decreasing the concentration of these materials that can reach the natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cucina
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrizia de Nisi
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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