Synthesis and properties of a well-defined glycopolymer via living radical polymerization

Tailor-made Glycopolymers via Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Design, Properties and Applications

Investigating the underlying mechanism of biological interactions using glycopolymer is becoming increasingly important owing to their unique recognition properties. The multivalent interactions between lectin and glycopolymer are significantly influenced by...

Toward Glycomaterials with Selectivity as Well as Affinity

Multivalent glycosylated materials (polymers, surfaces, and particles) often show high affinity toward carbohydrate binding proteins (e.g., lectins) due to the nonlinear enhancement from the cluster glycoside effect. This affinity gain has potential in applications from diagnostics, biosensors, and targeted delivery to anti-infectives and in an understanding of basic glycobiology. This perspective highlights the question of selectivity, which is less often addressed due to the reductionist nature of glycomaterials and the promiscuity of many lectins. The use of macromolecular features, including architecture, heterogeneous ligand display, and the installation of non-natural glycans, to address this challenge is discussed, and examples of selectivity gains are given.

1,6-heptadiynes based cyclopolymerization functionalized with mannose by post polymer modification for protein interaction

Carbohydrate functionalized polymers or Glycopolymers have earned a great deal of interest in recent times for their potential biomedical applications. In the present study, a mannose containing glycopolymer was synthesized by cyclopolymerization of malonic acid derivative using second generation Hoveyda Grubbs' catalyst. Post-polymerization modification was done to install a propargyl moiety. Finally, functionalization of the propargylated polymer with 2-azidoethyl mannoside using azide-alkyne "click chemistry" furnished the target glycopolymer which was successfully characterized using NMR, FT-IR, mass spectroscopy and advanced polymer chromatography. The glycopolymer was found to self-assemble into capsule and spherical shape in water and DMSO respectively and these morphologies were observed through SEM and TEM. Upon interaction with Con A, the mannose containing glycopolymer showed an increment in aggregation induced fluorescence with increasing concentration of the lectin. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on MCF 7 cell line showed 90% cell viability up to glycopolymer concentration of 500 μg/mL.

N,N-Bis(hexyl α-d-acetylmannosyl) Acrylamide

Glycosyl monomers for the assembly of multivalent ligands are typically synthesized using carbohydrates with biological functions and polymerizable functional groups such as acrylamide or styrene introduced into the carbohydrate aglycon, and monomers polymerized using a radical initiator. Herein, we report the acryloylation of 6-aminohexyl α-d-mannoside and its conversion into the glycosyl monomer bearing an acrylamide group. The general acryloylation procedure afforded the desired N-hexyl α-d-acetylmannosyl acrylamide monomer as well as an unexpected compound with a close Rf value. The compounds were separated and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, which revealed the unknown compound to be the bivalent N,N-bis(hexyl α-d-acetylmannosyl) acrylamide monomer, which contains two hexyl mannose units and one acrylamide group. To the best of our knowledge, this side reaction has not previously been disclosed, and may be useful for the construction of multivalent sugar ligands.

Synthesis and Biopharmaceutical Applications of Sugar-Based Polymers: New Advances and Future Prospects

The rapid rise in research interest in carbohydrate-based polymers is undoubtedly due to the nontoxic nature of such materials in an in vivo environment and the versatile roles that the polymers can play in cellular functions. Such polymers have served as therapeutic tools for drug delivery, including antigens, proteins, and genes, as well as diagnostic devices. Our focus in the first half of this Review is on synthetic methods based on ring-opening polymerization and enzyme-catalyzed polymerization, along with controlled radical polymerization. In the second half of this Review, sugar-based polymers are discussed on the basis of their remarkable success in competitive receptor binding, as multifunctional nanocarriers of targeting inhibitors for cancer treatment, in genome-editing delivery, in immunotherapy based on endogenous antibody recruitment, and in treatment of respiratory diseases, including influenza A. Particular emphasis is put on the synthesis and biopharmaceutical applications of sugar-based polymers published in the most recent 5 years. A noticeable attribute of carbohydrate-based polymers is that the sugar-receptor interactions can be facilitated by the cooperative effect of multiple sugar units. Their diversified topology and structures will drive the development of new synthetic strategies and bring about important applications, including coronavirus-related drug therapy.

Topological Glycopolymers as Agglutinator and Inhibitor: Cyclic versus Linear

Carbohydrates play an important role in biological processes for their specific interactions with proteins. Cyclic glycopolymers are promising to mimic the topology of natural macrocycle-biomacromolecules due to their unique architecture of lacking chain ends. To systematically study the effect of glycopolymer architecture on the interactions with protein, the cyclic glycopolymers bearing galactose side-chain (cyclic PMAG_n ) with three degrees of polymerization (n = 14, 24, 47) are prepared for the first time. The cyclic PMAG_n exhibits unique properties in agglutinating and inhibiting proteins in subsequent studies by comparison with the linear precursor with the same molecular weights. More impressively, the cyclic PMAG_n highlight the improved performance of cyclic architecture. For example, the cyclic PMAG_n shows superior inhibition abilities to suppress amyloid formation from amyloid β protein fragment 1-42 aggregation and block the specific interaction between bacteria and galactose-modified surface compared to that of respective linear counterpart. This interesting finding suggests that the architecture of cyclic glycopolymers may be capable of optimizing the ability to bind or inhibit proteins in biological processes.

Copolymers containing carbohydrates and other biomolecules: design, synthesis and applications

This review highlights recent progress in random and block copolymers containing sugar and other biocompounds, including their design, synthesis, properties and selected applications.

Controlling the lectin recognition of glycopolymersviadistance arrangement of sugar blocks

Control of molecular recognitionvialiving radical polymerization.

d-Glucose based bisacrylamide crosslinker: synthesis and study of homogeneous biocompatible glycopolymeric hydrogels

The ability of sugar pendants in glycopolymeric hydrogels to mimic that on the cell surface can be used as a reliable method for the site specific delivery of drugs.

Synthesis of a glycopolymeric Pt(II) carrier and its induction of apoptosis in resistant cancer cells

Post-polymerization modification of a poly(pentafluorostyryl) backbone with β-d-galactose and a terpyridine platinum complex yields a well-defined material that represents the first example of a metal-conjugated glycopolymer. It reveals anti-proliferative activity, no detectable necrotic cytotoxicity, and efficiently induces apoptosis in both wild-type as well as resistant Nalm-6 leukemia cell lines.

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008

This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.

Selective protein separation using siliceous materials with a trimethoxysilane-containing glycopolymer

A copolymer with α-D-mannose (Man) and trimethoxysilane (TMS) units was synthesized for immobilization on siliceous matrices such as a sensor cell and membrane. Immobilization of the trimethoxysilane-containing copolymer on the matrices was readily performed by incubation at high heat. The recognition of lectin by poly(Man-r-TMS) was evaluated by measurement with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and adsorption on an affinity membrane, QCM results showed that the mannose-binding protein, concanavalin A, was specifically bound on a poly(Man-r-TMS)-immobilized cell with a higher binding constant than bovine serum albumin. The amount of concanavalin A adsorbed during permeation through a poly(Man-r-TMS)-immobilized membrane was higher than that through an unmodified membrane. Moreover, the concanavalin A adsorbed onto the poly(Man-r-TMS)-immobilized membrane was recoverable by permeation of a mannose derivative at high concentration.

Functionalized, biocompatible coating for superparamagnetic nanoparticles by controlled polymerization of a thioglycosidic monomer

It is demonstrated that water-soluble, glucosylated poly(pentafluorostyrene) derivatives revealed favorable coating material properties for magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. To prepare the coating material in high reproducibility and purity as well as in sufficient amounts, a new route of synthesis is established. The preparation and characterization of the glucosylated, tetrafluorostyryl monomer, by thiol-para-fluorine "click" reaction, and its polymerization, via nitroxide-mediated radical process, is presented in detail. In addition, the coating material and the resulting particle properties are investigated by means of XPS, DLS, TGA, TEM, and cryo-TEM as well as flow cytometry. The glycopolymer acts as an appropriate stabilizing agent for the superparamagnetic nanoparticles by the formation of an approximately 10 nm thick shell, as shown by the XPS analysis. Furthermore, the application of FITC-labeled glycopolymer yielded fluorescent, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, which can be used for monitoring cell-carbohydrate interactions, because these particles show no cytotoxicity toward 3T3 fibroblasts.