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Bhattarai A, Shah S, Yadav R, Dhakal G, Neupane R, Paudel S, Bhandari P, Abu Serhan H, Sah R, Sah S, Barboza JJ. Diagnostic and prognostic role of elafin in skin acute graft versus host disease: a systematic review. Hematology 2024; 29:2293497. [PMID: 38112182 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2293497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is the common complication seen after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and a pleomorphic syndrome that resembles autoimmune and other immunologic disorders, leading to profound immune dysregulation and organ dysfunction. The most common targets of GVHD are skin, gastrointestinal tract and liver. GVHD is classified as acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) if it occurs within the first 100 days after HSCT and chronic graft versus host disease(cGVHD) if it occurs after day 100. The skin is most frequently and earliest affected by aGvHD, followed by the gastrointestinal tract and liver. An ideal biomarker would predict the onset and severity of clinical acute GVHD and help to direct management, and this is an area of active research regarding the use of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of acute GVHD. Recently, elafin has been identified as a potential plasma biomarker for aGVHD. METHOD We searched the databases PubMed, Cochrane library, and medRxiv for all studies investigating the Diagnostic or prognostic role of elafin in GVHD. We set the search strategy incorporating the search terms, 'elafin', 'graft versus host', and 'GVHD', and operated using the Boolean operators 'AND', and 'OR'. Thus, retrieved articles were then exported on an Excel® sheet, and duplicates were removed. The systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. After selecting the study based on inclusion criteria, data on study characteristics and biomarker description was extracted on a pre-determined data extraction table on the Microsoft Excel version. The quality assessment of the included studies was determined using the QUIPS tool. RESULT The search revealed 547 studies and 6 studies that met the eligibility criteria of this review have been included. The major finding of our study is the significant elevation of elafin in skin aGVHD. CONCLUSION Elafin is a significant biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of skin aGVHD and should be assessed within 2 weeks of the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangam Shah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Rukesh Yadav
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Garima Dhakal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Raksha Neupane
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Sunil Paudel
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | - Pragya Bhandari
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Nepal
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
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Wu W, Wang J, Hu Z, Zhao Y, Wang X, Bai N, Chen L, Gao P. High WFDC3 gene expression is associated with poor prognosis and reduced immune cells infiltration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A study using the TCGA database and bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35595. [PMID: 37861515 PMCID: PMC10589585 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey-acidic-protein (WAP) four-disulfide core domain protein 3 (WFDC3) is one of the WAP family proteins. This protein family is associated with the development of solid tumors and affects the tumor immunological microenvironment. However, the prognostic value of WFDC3 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and its effect on the tumor immune microenvironment is yet to be clarified. The Cancer Genome Atlas database and Genotype-Tissue Expression database were used to analyze the differential expression of WFDC3 between the tumor and adjacent tissues. The clinical significance of WFDC3 was analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genome Consortium database using WFDC3 transcripts and clinical information. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to determine potential activated pathways. Immune score evaluation and publicly available pharmacogenomics database [the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer] were utilized to quantify immune cell infiltration and the effect on chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity. WFDC3 levels were higher in PAAD tissues than in normal pancreatic tissues. High levels of WFDC3 expression progressively increased as PAAD tumor stages progressed. Patients with elevated WFDC3 expression showed a poor prognosis. The gene set enrichment analysis analysis revealed that glutamate, arginine, and proline, and histidine metabolism levels were elevated in patients with a high WFDC3 expression phenotype. B, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cell infiltration was diminished in PAAD tissues with elevated WFDC3 expression. According to pharmacogenomics, PAAD tissues with high WFDC3 expression are susceptible to gemcitabine. WFDC3 is highly expressed in PAAD, and patients with a high level of WFDC3 expression have a shorter overall survival time, indicating a poorer prognosis. High expression of WFDC3 may lead to the development of PAAD by affecting the amino acid metabolism and the tumor immunological microenvironment. WFDC3 may serve as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PAAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yiguo Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Bai
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pengji Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Human epididymis protein 4 inhibits proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathways. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2015; 24:427-36. [PMID: 24557433 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a promising novel biomarker for the detection of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The role of HE4 in EOC tumorigenesis is unclear. This study investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of HE4 in ovarian cancer cell proliferation. METHODS We generated HE4-overexpressing SKOV3 cells and silenced HE4 gene expression in SKOV3.ip1 cells. We used the cell counting kit 8 assay to evaluate cell proliferation and Western blotting to analyze the expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-associated proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase 3. RESULTS Overexpression of HE4 in SKOV3, an ovarian carcinoma cell line, inhibited cell proliferation, In contrast, HE4 silencing in SKOV3.ip1 cells promoted cell proliferation; however, conditioned medium containing HE4 and human recombinant HE4 protein had no effect on proliferation in both SKOV3 and SKOV3.ip1 cells. Human epididymis protein 4 inhibited MEK, extracellular signal-regulating kinase 1/2, and AKT phosphorylation but promoted c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1/2/3 and c-JUN phosphorylation; however, p38 phosphorylation was impaired in HE4-overexpressing and silenced cells. Human epididymis protein 4 had no effect on epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation or on the apoptosis-associated proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS Human epididymis protein 4 might play a protective role in the progression of EOC by inhibiting cell proliferation. Antiproliferative activity was mediated by intracellular HE4 and not the secreted protein. Human epididymis protein 4 might inhibit cell proliferation by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signal transduction pathways in vitro.
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Noorlag R, van der Groep P, Leusink FKJ, van Hooff SR, Frank MH, Willems SM, van Es RJJ. Nodal metastasis and survival in oral cancer: Association with protein expression of SLPI, not with LCN2, TACSTD2, or THBS2. Head Neck 2014; 37:1130-6. [PMID: 24764155 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression profiling revealed a strong signature predicting lymph node metastases in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Four of the most predictive genes are secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), thrombospondin-2 (THBS2), and tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2). This study correlates their protein expression with lymph node metastases, overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). METHODS Two hundred twelve patients with OSCC were included for protein expression analysis by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS SLPI expression correlates with lymph node metastases in the whole cohort, not in a subgroup of cT1 to 2N0. SLPI expression correlates with OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.61) and DSS (HR = 0.47) in multivariate analysis. LCN2, THBS2, and TACSTD2 show no correlation with lymph node metastases, OS, or DSS. CONCLUSION Although SLPI expression correlates with lymph node metastases, it has no additional value in determining lymph node metastases in early oral cancer. However, it is an independent predictor for both OS and DSS and therefore a relevant prognostic biomarker in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Noorlag
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van der Groep
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank K J Leusink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R van Hooff
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michaël H Frank
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J J van Es
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hoffmann M, Quabius ES, Tribius S, Hebebrand L, Görögh T, Halec G, Kahn T, Hedderich J, Röcken C, Haag J, Waterboer T, Schmitt M, Giuliano AR, Kast WM. Human papillomavirus infection in head and neck cancer: the role of the secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1962-8. [PMID: 23467841 PMCID: PMC3658815 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) gene and protein expression is significantly lower in metastatic versus non-metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, we did not assess the human papillomavirus (HPV) status of these cases. Since SLPI plays a role in HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, we hypothesized that SLPI may be involved in HPV-infected HNSCC. In HNSCC tissue (n=54), HPV DNA was determined and correlated with SLPI expression. Additionally, to investigate a possible role of smoking on SLPI expression in clinically normal mucosa, 19 patients treated for non-malignant diseases (non-HNSCC) were analyzed for SLPI expression and correlated with smoking habits. In HNSCC patients, SLPI expression showed a significant inverse correlation with HPV status. In patients with moderate/strong SLPI expression (n=19), 10.5% were HPV-positive. By contrast, patients with absent/weak SLPI expression (n=35), 45.7% were HPV-positive. Low SLPI expression was correlated with metastasis (P=0.003) independent of HPV status. HPV-positivity was clearly associated with lymph node status (81.3% N1-3 cases). In smoking non-HNSCC patients (n=7), 42.9% showed absent/weak and 57.1% moderate/strong SLPI staining. In non-smoking non-HNSCC patients (n=10) 83.3% showed absent/weak and 16.7% moderate/strong SLPI expression. For the first time, a correlation between SLPI downregulation and HPV infection was demonstrated, suggesting that high levels of SLPI, possibly induced by environmental factors such as tobacco smoking, correlate with protective effects against HPV infection. SLPI may be a potential biomarker identifying head and neck cancer patients not at risk of developing metastases (SLPI-positive), and those at risk to be infected by HPV (SLPI-negative) and likely to develop metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Amiano NO, Costa MJ, Reiteri RM, Payés C, Guerrieri D, Tateosian NL, Sánchez ML, Maffia PC, Diament M, Karas R, Orqueda A, Rizzo M, Alaniz L, Mazzolini G, Klein S, Sallenave JM, Chuluyan HE. Anti-tumor effect of SLPI on mammary but not colon tumor growth. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:469-75. [PMID: 22767220 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a serine protease inhibitor that was related to cancer development and metastasis dissemination on several types of tumors. However, it is not known the effect of SLPI on mammary and colon tumors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of SLPI on mammary and colon tumor growth. The effect of SLPI was tested on in vitro cell apoptosis and in vivo tumor growth experiments. SLPI over-expressing human and murine mammary and colon tumor cells were generated by gene transfection. The administration of murine mammary tumor cells over-expressing high levels of SLPI did not develop tumors in mice. On the contrary, the administration of murine colon tumor cells over-expressing SLPI, developed faster tumors than control cells. Intratumoral, but not intraperitoneal administration of SLPI, delayed the growth of tumors and increased the survival of mammary but not colon tumor bearing mice. In vitro culture of mammary tumor cell lines treated with SLPI, and SLPI producer clones were more prone to apoptosis than control cells, mainly under serum deprivation culture conditions. Herein we demonstrated that SLPI induces the apoptosis of mammary tumor cells in vitro and decreases the mammary but not colon tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, SLPI may be a new potential therapeutic tool for certain tumors, such as mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás O Amiano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hunt KK, Wingate H, Yokota T, Liu Y, Mills GB, Zhang F, Fang B, Su CH, Zhang M, Yi M, Keyomarsi K. Elafin, an inhibitor of elastase, is a prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R3. [PMID: 23320734 PMCID: PMC3672770 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elafin is an elastase-specific inhibitor with increased transcription in normal mammary epithelial cells compared to mammary carcinoma cells. In this report, we test the hypothesis that inhibition of elastase, through induction of elafin, leads to inhibition of human breast cancer cell viability and, therefore, predicts survival in breast cancer patients. Methods Panels of normal and immortalized breast epithelial cells, along with breast carcinoma cells, were used to examine the impact of adenoviral-mediated elafin expression or shRNA-mediated inhibition of elastase on the growth of cells and xenografts in nude mice. To determine the prognostic significance of decreased elafin in patients with invasive breast cancer, previously published gene array datasets were interrogated. Results Elafin expression had no effect on non-tumorigenic cells but resulted in marked inhibition of cell growth in breast cancer cell lines. Control-treated xenografts generated a tumor burden that necessitated sacrifice within one month of initial treatment, whereas xenograft-bearing mice treated with Ad-Elafin were alive at eight months with marked reduction in tumor growth. Elastase inhibition mimicked these results, showing decreased tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Low expression of elafin gene correlated with significantly reduced time to relapse, and when combined with high expression of elastase gene was associated with decreased survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusion Our data suggest that elafin plays a direct role in the suppression of tumors through inhibition of elastase and thus serves as a prognostic indicator for breast cancer patients.
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Wei H, Hellström KE, Hellström I. Elafin selectively regulates the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to genotoxic drug-induced apoptosis. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:727-33. [PMID: 22430613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elafin has been reported to be abundantly expressed in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC), however, its functions are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the role of elafin in modulating the sensitivity of human EOC cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. METHODS Elafin expression was determined by ELISA in 9 established human EOC cell lines. A lentivirus encoding elafin-specific shRNA was used to down-regulate elafin expression in OVCAR3 and OV433 cells, and a plasmid encoding elafin was used to ectopically express elafin in elafin-negative SKOV3 cells. Sensitivity to cisplatin and other genotoxic agents and to paclitaxel, an inhibitor of microtubule depolymerization, was examined in OVCAR3, OV433 and SKOV3 sublines. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay, apoptosis by annexin V/7-AAD staining and caspase activation by fluorimetric assay. RESULTS Knockdown of the elafin gene decreases cisplatin IC50 by at least 2-folds in OVCAR3 and OVCAR433 cells (p<0.01) but does not affect paclitaxel IC50. The sensitivity to other genotoxic agents such as carboplatin, cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil was also increased by silencing the expression of elafin. Apoptosis and caspase-3 activation were significantly augmented in cisplatin-treated OVCAR3 cells with silenced elafin. Overexpression of elafin in SKOV3 cells made them more resistant to cisplatin and decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis and caspase activation (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Expression of elafin decreases the sensitivity of human EOC cells to several genotoxic agents, which may have an important implication in predicting the response of patients with EOC to chemotherapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wei
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center; University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Cordes C, Häsler R, Werner C, Görögh T, Röcken C, Hebebrand L, Kast WM, Hoffmann M, Schreiber S, Ambrosch P. The level of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is decreased in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2011; 39:185-91. [PMID: 21503571 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) represent the sixth largest group among all human malignancies. However, the exact molecular mechanisms inducing the genesis and the progression of metastasis in these tumors are poorly understood. The identification of molecular alterations involved in metastasis of HNSCC might influence the value of clinical diagnostics, impact therapy strategies and finally improve the prognosis of the patients. The purpose of this study was to identify clinically relevant alterations at the transcriptional and translational levels, when comparing metastatic (N+) and non-metastatic (N0) primary HNSCC. Three transcripts HERPUD1, SLPI and RAD51 were selected for further validation based on their association with carcinogenesis and metastasis. Quantitative real-time-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expression levels. For subsequent confirmation of the results, immunohistochemistry was performed applying a monoclonal anti-SLPI antibody on 121 HNSCC tumor specimens (N0, n=40; N+, n=81). In metastatic primary cancer, SLPI mRNA showed 5.9-fold lower expression in comparison with non-metastatic primary cancer (p=0.0092). Immunohistochemical staining revealed a fold change of -1.79 between the N+ and the N0 group (p=0.0002). The results presented here clearly indicate the repression of SLPI, measurable on both, mRNA and protein levels in metastatic primary HNSCC as compared to non-metastatic HNSCC. Therefore, it can be assumed that SLPI might have a substantial protective effect on the metastasis process of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cordes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Haus 27, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Caruso JA, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. The neutrophil elastase inhibitor elafin triggers rb-mediated growth arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7125-36. [PMID: 20823156 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elafin, an endogenous inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, is expressed in human mammary epithelial cells but is transcriptionally downregulated in breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that elafin may exert a tumor-suppressive activity in the context of breast cancer. In this study, we show that the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway governs the antitumor properties of elafin. In breast cancer cells with functional Rb, the expression of elafin triggered Rb-dependent cell cycle arrest. Elafin also exhibited suppressive activity in breast cancer cell lines lacking Rb, but this was associated with an induction of caspase-3-dependent, p53-independent apoptotic cell death. Normal mammary epithelial cells were not affected by elafin. Collectively, these results argue that elafin mediates tumor-suppressive effects that are cytostatic or cytotoxic depending on the Rb status. Our findings suggest that elafin could be engineered as a therapeutic modality to treat breast cancer without toxicity to normal proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Caruso
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Oncology and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA
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Yu KS, Lee Y, Kim CM, Park EC, Choi J, Lim DS, Chung YH, Koh SS. The protease inhibitor, elafin, induces p53-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1308-20. [PMID: 20020498 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the protease inhibitor elafin is deregulated in several human cancers. However, functions of the protein in cancer are yet to be established. Here, we show that elafin elicits pro-apoptotic effects in melanoma cells but not in normal melanocytes. Elafin triggered the intrinsic apoptotic pathway as evidenced by the increased caspase 9 activity and unaltered caspase 8 activity. Caspase 9-specific siRNA, but not caspase 8-specific siRNA, dramatically abrogated elafin-induced apoptosis. Elevated level of p53 was observed, resulting in increased transcriptional activation and consequent expression of downstream effector molecules (Bax, Puma, Noxa, p21). Moreover, the apoptotic effect of elafin was inhibited by p53-specific siRNA and the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-alpha. Elafin treatment of xenograft mice of melanoma cells led to significantly smaller tumor sizes compared with those of untreated control mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased elafin expression in melanoma tissue specimens. Western blot and reverse transcription analyses indicated transcriptional repression of the elafin gene in melanoma cells. Our results collectively indicate that elafin induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through a p53-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and that repression of elafin expression in melanoma may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sook Yu
- Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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Cheng WL, Wang CS, Huang YH, Liang Y, Lin PY, Hsueh C, Wu YC, Chen WJ, Yu CJ, Lin SR, Lin KH. Overexpression of a secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1787-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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KAWADA A, HARA K, KOMINAMI E, HIRUMA M, AKIYAMA M, ISHIBASHI A, ABE H, ICHIKAWA E, NAKAMURA Y, WATANABE S, YAMAMOTO T, UMEDA T, NISHIOKA K. Expression of cathepsin D and B in invasion and metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18501943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yokota T, Bui T, Liu Y, Yi M, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Differential regulation of elafin in normal and tumor-derived mammary epithelial cells is mediated by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11272-83. [PMID: 18056453 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP beta) is a transcription factor implicated in the control of development, differentiation, and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. However, it remains unclear how C/EBP beta is involved in tumor suppression through its interaction with specific downstream genes in breast cancer. Tumor cells overexpress serine proteases, which play crucial roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. Elafin is an endogenous serine protease inhibitor and is transcriptionally down-regulated in most tumor cell lines. In this study, we show that C/EBP beta is differentially expressed in normal versus tumor cell lines and normal adjacent versus tumor tissues obtained from breast cancer patients. We identified elafin as a downstream effector of C/EBP beta and show that elafin is also differentially regulated between normal and tumor cells. The mechanism by which C/EBP beta regulates elafin expression is through its direct interaction with the elafin promoter. There are three C/EBP beta binding sites involved in the elafin promoter activity, and the overexpression of C/EBP beta transactivates the elafin gene through these sites in tumor cells. RNA interference studies in normal cells further evidenced the requirement of the C/EBP beta for the elafin expression and negative feedback loop between C/EBP beta and elafin. We suggest that elafin is a novel substrate of C/EBP beta, and alterations in C/EBP beta isoforms result in their differential binding to the elafin promoter, leading to the altered expression of the elafin between normal and tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta/pharmacology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Elafin/genetics
- Elafin/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Messenger
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yokota
- Department of Experimental of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA
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15
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Bouchard D, Morisset D, Bourbonnais Y, Tremblay GM. Proteins with whey-acidic-protein motifs and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7:167-74. [PMID: 16455481 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of early diagnosis to reduce the morbidity and mortality from cancer has led to a search for new sensitive and specific tumour markers. Molecular techniques developed over the past few years allow simultaneous screening of thousands of genes, and have been applied to different cancers to identify many genes that are modulated in various cancers. Of these, attention has focused on genes coding for a family of proteins with whey-acidic-protein (WAP) motifs. Most notably, the genes coding for elafin, antileukoproteinase 1 (previously called secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, SLPI), WAP four disulphide core domain protein 1 (previously called prostate stromal protein 20 kDa, PS20), and WAP four disulphide core domain protein 2 (previously called major human epididymis-specific protein E4, HE4), have been identified as candidate molecular markers for several cancers. In this review, we assess data for an association between cancer and human WAP proteins, and discuss their potential role in tumour progression. We also propose a new mechanism by which WAP proteins might have a role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bouchard
- Laval Hospital, Laval University Institute of Pneumology and Cardiology, Quebec, Canada
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Liu HJ, Moroi S, Yasumoto S, Koga T, Masuda T, Chen QJ, Tu YT, Fure M, Aburatani H, Urabe K. Expression of elafin in extramammary Paget's disease. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:578-9. [PMID: 15787838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lai JY, Borson ND, Strausbauch MA, Pittelkow MR. Mitosis increases levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:407-10. [PMID: 15020232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a major health care burden. Multiple factors produced by healing wounds play important roles in efficient and orderly wound healing. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells, and its expression is increased by inflammation. SLPI has antimicrobial activities and improves wound healing. We hypothesized that SLPI expression correlates with keratinocyte growth rate and is increased by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Keratinocytes were isolated from neonatal foreskin. Subconfluent and confluent culture conditions were used. SLPI-specific primers were designed for use in quantitative-competitive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to detect and quantify SLPI mRNA expression levels. SLPI levels were increased 2-fold in subconfluent cultures and 1.6-fold in confluent cultures to which EGF had been added. Confluent cultures also demonstrated 7-fold (growth factor depleted) and 6-fold (EGF) increase in SLPI RNA copy number, compared to subconfluent cultures. The results indicate that EGF increases SLPI expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Yu Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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18
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Meyer-Hoffert U, Wichmann N, Schwichtenberg L, White PC, Wiedow O. Supernatants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce the Pseudomonas-specific antibiotic elafin in human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12:418-25. [PMID: 12930298 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.120409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elafin is a skin-derived serine-protease inhibitor. It is thought to be important to prevent human leukocyte elastase-mediated tissue damage and might play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the human epidermis. Recent studies have provided evidence for an antimicrobial activity of elafin against P. aeruginosa. As gram-negative infections typically occur in barrier-disrupted skin we were interested to determine whether supernatants of the gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were capable of inducing elafin expression. Supernatants of various P. aeruginosa strains stimulated elafin mRNA-expression and protein release, whereas supernatants of E. coli did not induce elafin expression. In non-differentiated cells the relative increase of elafin mRNA was much higher (100-fold) than in differentiated cells (sixfold), although the latter exhibited higher constitutive mRNA-expression (150-fold). However, concentrations of secreted elafin were similar in differentiated and non-differentiated cells after stimulation. We could not confirm a bactericidal effect against P. aeruginosa as described previously but observed that its growth was inhibited as demonstrated for different strains in liquid cultures. Growth of E. coli was not affected by elafin. In conclusion, the data presented in this paper suggest that elafin represents an innate immune response factor induced by secreted products of P. aeruginosa. Besides its elastase inhibitory potency elafin is an antimicrobial agent against P. aeruginosa.
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Juan HF, Lin JYC, Chang WH, Wu CY, Pan TL, Tseng MJ, Khoo KH, Chen ST. Biomic study of human myeloid leukemia cells differentiation to macrophages using DNA array, proteomic, and bioinformatic analytical methods. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:2490-504. [PMID: 12210208 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200208)23:15<2490::aid-elps2490>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A biomic approach by integrating three independent methods, DNA microarray, proteomics and bioinformatics, is used to study the differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 into macrophages when induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Analysis of gene expression changes at the RNA level using cDNA against an array of 6033 human genes showed that 5950 (98.6%) of the genes were expressed in the HL-60 cells. A total of 624 genes (10.5%) were found to be regulated during HL-60 cell differentiation. Most of these genes have not been previously associated with HL-60 cells and include genes encoded for secreted proteins as well as genes involved in cell adhesion, signaling transduction, and metabolism. Protein analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a total of 682 distinct protein spots; 136 spots (19.9%) exhibited quantitative changes between HL-60 control and macrophages. These differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. We developed a bioinformatics program, the Bulk Gene Search System (BGSS, http://www.sinica.edu.tw:8900/perl/genequery.pl) to search for the functions of genes and proteins identified by cDNA microarrays and proteomics. The identified regulated proteins and genes were classified into seven groups according to subcellular locations and functions. This powerful holistic biomic approach using cDNA microarray, proteomics coupled to bioinformatics can provide in-depth information on the impact and importance of the regulated genes and proteins for HL-60 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Talas U, Dunlop J, Khalaf S, Leigh IM, Kelsell DP. Human elastase 1: evidence for expression in the skin and the identification of a frequent frameshift polymorphism. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:165-70. [PMID: 10620133 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic elastase 1 is a serine protease which maps to the chromosomal region 12q13 close to a locus for an autosomal dominant skin disease, diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, and was investigated as a possible candidate gene for this disorder. Expression of two elastase inhibitors, elafin and SLPI, has been related to several hyperproliferative skin conditions. elastase 1 is functionally silent in the human pancreas but elastase 1 expression at the mRNA level was detected in human cultured primary keratinocytes. Antibody staining localized the protein to the basal cell layer of the human epidermis at a number of sites including the palmoplanta. Sequencing of genomic DNA from individuals with/without the keratoderma revealed a sequence variant, which would result in a premature truncation of the protein. This sequence variant, however, did not segregate with the skin disease and, indeed, was found to occur at a relatively high frequency in the population. Individuals homozygous for the variant do not have any obvious skin abnormalities. Based on the analysis of the secondary structure of the translated putative protein, the truncation is unlikely to result in knock-out of the elastase, but may cause destabilization of the enzyme-inhibitor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Talas
- Center for Cutaneous Research, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London, UK
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KAWADA A, HARA K, KOMINAMI E, HIRUMA M, AKIYAMA M, ISHIBASHI A, ABE H, ICHIKAWA E, NAKAMURA Y, WATANABE S, YAMAMOTO T, UMEDA T, NISHIOKA K. Expression of cathepsin D and B in invasion and metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Robinson PA, Markham AF, Schalkwijk J, High AS. Increased elafin expression in cystic, dysplastic and neoplastic oral tissues. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25:135-9. [PMID: 8860145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of human leukocyte elastase inhibitor, elafin, otherwise known as skin-derived antileukoproteinase inhibitor (SKALP), was investigated in normal and abnormal oral tissues using a specific anti-SKALP rabbit antiserum. Weak staining was observed in keratinizing epithelia of normal oral mucosa but not in non-keratinizing mucosa. Increased expression was also observed in the suprabasal layers of dysplastic oral epithelia and in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, but not in basal cell carcinoma. A uniform strong expression was observed in all supra-basal layers of odontogenic keratocyst epithelia, except in regions where inflammatory infiltrate was adjacent to keratocyst epithelia. In contrast, elafin expression in a small number of dentigerous cysts and ameloblastomas was more patchy. The increased levels of elafin in keratocyst epithelia and dysplastic tissue may be a cellular homoeostatic response to generate a protective barrier preventing proteolytic degradation of underlying elastic tissue.
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