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Choi JH, Paik WH. Risk Stratification of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Based on Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Characteristics. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247456. [PMID: 36556070 PMCID: PMC9786745 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms consist of heterogeneous diseases. Depending on the novel features detected by various modern technologies, their classification and related prognosis predictions continue to change and develop. The role of traditional clinicopathological prognostic factors, including classification systems, is also being refined, and several attempts have been made to predict a more accurate prognosis through novel serum biomarkers, genetic factors, and epigenetic factors that have been identified through various state-of-the-art molecular techniques with multiomics sequencing. In this review article, the latest research results including the traditional approach to prognostic factors and recent advanced strategies for risk stratification of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms based on clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics are summarized. Predicting prognosis through multi-factorial assessments seems to be more efficacious, and prognostic factors through noninvasive methods are expected to develop further advances in liquid biopsy in the future.
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Crabtree JS. Epigenetic Regulation in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:901435. [PMID: 35747820 PMCID: PMC9209739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.901435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are a rare, diverse group of neuroendocrine tumors that form in the pancreatic and gastrointestinal tract, and often present with side effects due to hormone hypersecretion. The pathogenesis of these tumors is known to be linked to several genetic disorders, but sporadic tumors occur due to dysregulation of additional genes that regulate proliferation and metastasis, but also the epigenome. Epigenetic regulation in these tumors includes DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and regulation by noncoding RNAs. Several large studies demonstrate the identification of epigenetic signatures that may serve as biomarkers, and others identify innovative, epigenetics-based targets that utilize both pharmacological and theranostic approaches towards the development of new treatment approaches.
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Ehsanullah S, Trikalinos NA. Synchronous AML and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, both successfully treated with somatostatin analogs and decitabine. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:K1-K4. [PMID: 37435465 PMCID: PMC10259290 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Summary Downregulation of tumor suppression genes by DNA hypermethylation has been proposed as a potential cause of neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) formation. In this report, we present a patient simultaneously diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a metastatic nonfunctioning pancreatic NEN. Because of the two competing diagnoses, he was treated with lanreotide, venetoclax and a long course of the hypomethylating agent decitabine. The AML responded to venetoclax and decitabine treatment while the PanNEN stabilized on lanreotide. Over multiple months of treatment, the PanNEN showed gradual tumor response, consistent with decitabine treatment effect, and the patient remained without disease progression for both malignancies. We believe that some PanNENs can benefit from treatment with hypomethylating agents such as decitabine. To support this, we review the relevant literature and suggest a mechanism for the efficacy of decitabine in our case. Learning points Neuroendocrine neoplasms are associated with an increased risk of second primary cancers.Epigenetic changes such as hypermethylation and inhibition of tumor suppressor genes might explain the development and behavior of certain NENs.The use of hypomethylating agents such as decitabine might have a role in the treatment of PanNENs. Future studies are needed to confirm that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ehsanullah
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nikolaos A Trikalinos
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Sharma R, Lythgoe MP, Slaich B, Patel N. Exploring the Epigenome in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasias. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4181. [PMID: 34439335 PMCID: PMC8394968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasias are a diverse group of neoplasms with different characteristics in terms of site, biological behaviour and metastatic potential. In comparison to other cancers, they are genetically quiet, harbouring relatively few somatic mutations. It is increasingly becoming evident that epigenetic changes are as relevant, if not more so, as somatic mutations in promoting oncogenesis. Despite significant tumour heterogeneity, it is obvious that DNA methylation, histone and chromatin modifications and microRNA expression profiles are distinctive for GEP-NEN subtypes and may correlate with clinical outcome. This review summarises existing knowledge on epigenetic changes, identifying potential contributions to pathogenesis and oncogenesis. In particular, we focus on epigenetic changes pertaining to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours, which make up the bulk of NENs. We also highlight both similarities and differences within the subtypes of GEP-NETs and how these relate and compare to other types of cancers. We relate epigenetic understanding to existing treatments and explore how this knowledge may be exploited in the development of novel treatment approaches, such as in theranostics and combining conventional treatment modalities. We consider potential barriers to epigenetic research in GEP-NENs and discuss strategies to optimise research and development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Mark P. Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Bhavandeep Slaich
- Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (B.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Nishil Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (B.S.); (N.P.)
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5
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Bocchini M, Nicolini F, Severi S, Bongiovanni A, Ibrahim T, Simonetti G, Grassi I, Mazza M. Biomarkers for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (PanNENs) Management-An Updated Review. Front Oncol 2020; 10:831. [PMID: 32537434 PMCID: PMC7267066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNENs) are rare sporadic cancers or develop as part of hereditary syndromes. PanNENs can be both functioning and non-functioning based on whether they produce bioactive peptides. Some PanNENs are well differentiated while others-poorly. Symptoms, thus, depend on both oncological and hormonal causes. PanNEN diagnosis and treatment benefit from and in some instances are guided by biomarker monitoring. However, plasmatic monoanalytes are only suggestive of PanNEN pathological status and their positivity is typically followed by deepen diagnostic analyses through imaging techniques. There is a strong need for new biomarkers and follow-up modalities aimed to improve the outcome of PanNEN patients. Liquid biopsy follow-up, i.e., sequential analysis on tumor biomarkers in body fluids offers a great potential, that need to be substantiated by additional studies focusing on the specific markers and the timing of the analyses. This review provides the most updated panorama on PanNEN biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Bocchini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Fabio Nicolini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Stefano Severi
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiometabolic Units, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Alberto Bongiovanni
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Ilaria Grassi
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiometabolic Units, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mazza
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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6
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Mafficini A, Scarpa A. Genetics and Epigenetics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:506-536. [PMID: 30657883 PMCID: PMC6534496 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous regarding site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. There has been a rapid increase in data publication during the last 10 years, mainly driven by high-throughput studies on pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This review summarizes the present knowledge on genetic and epigenetic alterations. We integrated the available information from each compartment to give a pathway-based overview. This provided a summary of the critical alterations sustaining neoplastic cells. It also highlighted similarities and differences across anatomical locations and points that need further investigation. GEP-NENs include well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, NECs are G3 by definition. The distinction between NETs and NECs is also linked to their genetic background, as TP53 and RB1 inactivation in NECs set them apart from NETs. A large number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been reported. Recurrent changes have been traced back to a reduced number of core pathways, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In pancreatic tumors, chromatin remodeling/histone methylation and telomere alteration are also affected. However, also owing to the paucity of disease models, further research is necessary to fully integrate and functionalize data on deregulated pathways to recapitulate the large heterogeneity of behaviors displayed by these tumors. This is expected to impact diagnostics, prognostic stratification, and planning of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pedraza-Arévalo S, Gahete MD, Alors-Pérez E, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Multilayered heterogeneity as an intrinsic hallmark of neuroendocrine tumors. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018; 19:179-192. [PMID: 30293213 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-018-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) comprise a complex and highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms that can arise all over the body, originating from neuroendocrine cells. NETs are characterized by a general lack of symptoms until they are in advanced phase, and early biomarkers are not as available and useful as required. Heterogeneity is an intrinsic, pivotal feature of NETs that derives from diverse causes and ultimately shapes tumor fate. The different layers that conform NET heterogeneity include a wide range of distinct characteristics, from the mere location of the tumor to its clinical and functional features, and from its cellular properties, to the core signaling and (epi)genetic components defining the molecular signature of the tumor. The importance of this heterogeneity resides in that it translates into a high variability among tumors and, hence, patients, which hinders a more precise diagnosis and prognosis and more efficacious treatment of these diseases. In this review, we highlight the significance of this heterogeneity as an intrinsic hallmark of NETs, its repercussion on clinical approaches and tumor management, and some of the possible factors associated to such heterogeneity, including epigenetic and genetic elements, post-transcriptional regulation, or splicing alterations. Notwithstanding, heterogeneity can also represent a valuable and actionable feature, towards improving medical approaches based on personalized medicine. We conclude that NETs can no longer be viewed as a single disease entity and that their diagnosis, prognosis and treatment must reflect and incorporate this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pedraza-Arévalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Edificio IMIBIC, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.
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8
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Finnerty BM, Gray KD, Moore MD, Zarnegar R, Fahey III TJ. Epigenetics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A clinicopathologic perspective. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 9:341-353. [PMID: 28979716 PMCID: PMC5605334 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v9.i9.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors whose site-specific tumor incidence and clinical behavior vary widely. Genetic alterations associated with familial inherited syndromes have been well defined; however, the genetic profile of sporadic tumors is less clear as their tumorigenesis does not appear to be controlled by classic oncogenes such as P53, RB, or KRAS. Even within GEP-NETs, there are no common oncogenic drivers; for example, DAXX/ATRX mutations are strongly implicated in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic but not small bowel NETs. Accordingly, the dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been hypothesized as a potential regulator of GEP-NET tumorigenesis and has become a major focus of recent studies. Despite the heterogeneity of tumor cohorts evaluated in these studies, it is obvious that there are methylation patterns, chromatin remodeling alterations, and microRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) differential expression profiles that are distinctive of GEP-NETs, some of which are correlated with significant differences in clinical outcomes. Several translational studies have provided convincing data identifying potential prognostic biomarkers, and some of these have demonstrated preliminary success as serum biomarkers that can be used clinically. Nevertheless, there are many opportunities to further define the mechanisms by which these epigenetic modifications influence tumorigenesis, and this will provide better insight into their prognostic and therapeutic utility. Furthermore, these findings form the foundation for future studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of epigenetic modifications as prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Katherine D Gray
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Maureen D Moore
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Rasa Zarnegar
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Thomas J Fahey III
- Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
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9
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Girardi DM, Silva ACB, Rêgo JFM, Coudry RA, Riechelmann RP. Unraveling molecular pathways of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gastroenteropancreatic system: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 56:28-35. [PMID: 28456055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are rare and aggressive tumors. Their molecular pathogenesis is still largely unknown, and consequently, the best therapeutic management also remains to be determined. We conducted a systematic review on molecular alterations found in gastroenteropancreatic NECs (GEP-NECs) and discuss potential applications of targeted therapies in setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic review of studies about molecular features in tumor tissues of patients with GEP-NECs. The Medline, Lilacs, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus and Opengrey databases were sought, without time, study design or language restrictions. RESULTS Of the 1.564 studies retrieved, 41 were eligible: 33 were retrospective studies and eight were case reports. The studies spanned the years 1997-2017 and involved mostly colorectal, stomach and pancreas primary tumors. Molecular alterations in the TP53 gene and the p53 protein expression were the most commonly observed, regardless of the primary site. Other consistently found molecular alterations were microsatellite instability (MSI) in approximately 10% of gastric and colorectal NEC, and altered signaling cascades of p16/Rb/cyclin D1, Hedgehog and Notch pathways, and somatic mutations in KRAS, BRAF, RB1 and Bcl2. In studies of mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs) the molecular features of GEP-NEC largely resemble their carcinoma/adenocarcinomas tumor counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Despite the paucity of data about the molecular drivers associated with GEP-NEC, some alterations may be potentially targeted with new cancer-directed therapies. Collaborative clinical trials for patients with advanced GEP-NEC are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Girardi
- Discipline of Radiology and Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Andrea C B Silva
- Discipline of Radiology and Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Florinda M Rêgo
- Unit of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | | | - Rachel P Riechelmann
- Discipline of Radiology and Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Liao A, Tan G, Chen L, Zhou W, Hu H. RASSF1A inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation by miR-711- mediated downregulation of CDK4 expression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5842-51. [PMID: 26735582 PMCID: PMC4868725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although interaction with DNA repair proteins has demonstrated that RASSF1A is a tumour suppressor gene, much attention has been directed in recent years towards its roles in regulating the cell cycle. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear. Uncovering how RASSF1A participates in regulating the cell cycle is critical to exploring effective therapeutic targets for gastric cancer. Here we show that RASSF1A could regulate 14 miRNAs’ expression in the typical human gastric cancer line SGC-7901, of which miR-711 was upregulated the most. Moreover, for SGC-7901 cells, miR-711 was found to downregulate CDK4 expression, and to arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Our results suggest that RASSF1A inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells by upregulating the expression of miR-711, which arrested gastric cancer cells in the G1 phase by downregulating expression of CDK4. This finding might provide us with a novel therapeutic target for gastric cancer by increasing RASSF1A expression via miR-711 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China.,Gastric Cancer Research Center of Hunan Province, Hunan, China
| | - Gao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongsai Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
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11
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Cives M, Simone V, Rizzo FM, Silvestris F. NETs: organ-related epigenetic derangements and potential clinical applications. Oncotarget 2016; 7:57414-57429. [PMID: 27418145 PMCID: PMC5302998 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput next-generation sequencing methods have recently provided a detailed picture of the genetic landscape of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), revealing recurrent mutations of chromatin-remodeling genes and little-to-no pathogenetic role for oncogenes commonly mutated in cancer. Concurrently, multiple epigenetic modifications have been described across the whole spectrum of NETs, and their putative function as tumorigenic drivers has been envisaged. As result, it is still unclear whether or not NETs are epigenetically-driven, rather than genetically-induced malignancies. Although the NET epigenome profiling has led to the identification of molecularly-distinct tumor subsets, validation studies in larger cohorts of patients are needed to translate the use of NET epitypes in clinical practice. In the precision medicine era, recognition of subpopulations of patients more likely to respond to therapeutic agents is critical, and future studies testing epigenetic biomarkers are therefore awaited. Restoration of the aberrant chromatin remodeling machinery is an attractive approach for future treatment of cancer and in several hematological malignancies a few epigenetic agents have been already approved. Although clinical outcomes of epigenetic therapies in NETs have been disappointing so far, further clinical trials are required to investigate the efficacy of these drugs. In this context, given the immune-stimulating effects of epidrugs, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors should be tested. In this review, we provide an overview of the epigenetic changes in both hereditary and sporadic NETs of the gastroenteropancreatic and bronchial tract, focusing on their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cives
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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12
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Amato E, Barbi S, Fassan M, Luchini C, Vicentini C, Brunelli M, Malleo G, Scarpa A, Malpeli G. RASSF1 tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: correlation of expression, chromosomal status and epigenetic changes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 26754001 PMCID: PMC4710004 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ras Association Domain Family Member 1 (RASSF1) is one of the most frequently reported methylation-inactivated tumor suppressor genes in primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). Limited information is still available about the impact of RASSF1 gene silencing on the expression of its different isoforms in neoplastic cells. Methods A series of 96 primary PDAC, with known clinico-pathological parameters, was tested for RASSF1 methylation status by methylation-specific PCR, RASSF1 locus copy number alterations by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Rassf1a protein expression by immunohistochemistry. A further series of 14 xenografted primary PDAC and 8 PDAC-derived cell lines were tested to obtain a detailed methylation mapping of CpG islands A and C of the RASSF1 locus by pyrosequencing and to evaluate the expression of Rassf1 variants by qRT-PCR. Results Methylation of CpG island A of the RASSF1 gene was observed in 35 % of the tumors and allelic loss of RASSF1 locus was seen in 30 disomic and in 20 polysomic cases (52 %). Rassf1a immunohistochemical expression was downregulated in half of primary PDAC, and this downregulation was neither correlated with methylation of RASSF1 promoter nor with RASSF1 copy number alterations. RASSF1 status did not influence patients’ prognosis. The expression of the seven RASSF1 isoforms in xenografts and cell lines showed that RASSF1A, RASSF1B, and RASSF1C isoforms were present in all xenografts and cell lines, whereas RASSF1D, RASSF1E, and RASSF1F isoforms were variably expressed among samples. RASSF1G was never expressed in either xenografts or cell lines. The variable expression of RASSF1 isoforms in PDAC xenografts and cell lines was not dependent on RASSF1 methylation status of CpG islands A and C. Conclusions RASSF1 alterations occurring in PDAC mainly consist in variations of expression of the different isoforms. Different genetic mechanisms seem to contribute to RASSF1 deregulation in this setting, but RASSF1 methylation does not seem to substantially affect RASSF1 isoforms expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2048-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Amato
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Barbi
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Matteo Fassan
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Claudio Luchini
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Pathology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Malleo
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Pathology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Malpeli
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Surgery and Oncology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Mapelli P, Aboagye EO, Stebbing J, Sharma R. Epigenetic changes in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Oncogene 2015; 34:4439-47. [PMID: 25435371 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of epigenetic drivers of tumorigenesis has developed rapidly during the last years. The identification of these changes including DNA methylation and histone modifications in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) is a step forward in trying to define underlying biologic processes in this heterogeneous disease. The reversible nature of these changes represents a potential therapeutic target. We present an overview of the current knowledge of epigenetic alterations related to GEP-NETs, focusing on the influence and impact these changes have on pathogenesis and prognosis. The potential role of demethylating agents in the management of this patient population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mapelli
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - E O Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - R Sharma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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14
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Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Gastroenteropancreatic System: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2015; 5:119-76. [PMID: 26854147 PMCID: PMC4665594 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics5020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, empirical literature has generally been considered lacking in relation to neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), the highly malignant subgroup of neuroendocrine neoplasms. NECs are often found in the lungs or the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system and can be of small or large cell type. Concentrating on GEP-NECs, we can conclude that survival times are poor, with a median of only 4–16 months depending on disease stage and primary site. Further, this aggressive disease appears to be on the rise, with incidence numbers increasing while survival times are stagnant. Treatment strategies concerning surgery are often undecided and second-line chemotherapy is not yet established. After an analysis of over 2600 articles, we can conclude that there is indeed more empirical literature concerning GEP-NECs available than previously assumed. This unique review is based on 333 selected articles and contains detailed information concerning all aspects of GEP-NECs. Namely, the classification, histology, genetic abnormalities, epidemiology, origin, biochemistry, imaging, treatment and survival of GEP-NECs are described. Also, organ-specific summaries with more detail in relation to disease presentation, diagnosis, treatment and survival are presented. Finally, key points are discussed with directions for future research priorities.
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15
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Walter T, van Brakel B, Vercherat C, Hervieu V, Forestier J, Chayvialle JA, Molin Y, Lombard-Bohas C, Joly MO, Scoazec JY. O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase status in neuroendocrine tumours: prognostic relevance and association with response to alkylating agents. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:523-31. [PMID: 25584486 PMCID: PMC4453664 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) loss of expression has been suggested to be predictive of response to temozolomide in neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), but so far, only limited data are available. We evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of MGMT status, assessed by two molecular methods and immunohistochemistry, in a large series of NETs of different origins. Methods: A total of 107 patients, including 53 treated by alkylants (temozolomide, dacarbazine or streptozotocin), were retrospectively studied. In each case, we used methyl-specific PCR (MS-PCR) and pyrosequencing for evaluation of promoter methylation and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of protein status. Results: MGMT promoter methylation was detected in 12 out of 99 (12%) interpretable cases by MS-PCR and in 24 out of 99 (24%) by pyrosequencing. O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase loss of expression was observed in 29 out of 89 (33%) interpretable cases. Status of MGMT was not correlated with overall survival (OS) from diagnosis. Progression-free survival and OS from first alkylant use (temozolomide, dacarbazine and streptozotocin) were higher in patients with MGMT protein loss (respectively, 20.2 vs 7.6 months, P<0.001 and 105 vs 34 months, P=0.006) or MGMT promoter methylation assessed by pyrosequencing (respectively, 26.4 vs 10.8 months, P=0.002 and 77 vs 43 months, P=0.026). Conclusions: Our results suggest that MGMT status is associated with response to alkylant-based chemotherapy in NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Walter
- 1] Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'oncologie Digestive, 69437 Lyon, France [2] INSERM, UMR 1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, 69372 Lyon, France [3] Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - B van Brakel
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'oncologie Digestive, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - C Vercherat
- INSERM, UMR 1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - V Hervieu
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, 69372 Lyon, France [2] Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France [3] Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - J Forestier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'oncologie Digestive, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - J-A Chayvialle
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, 69372 Lyon, France [2] Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France [3] Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hépatogastroentérologie, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Y Molin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'oncologie Digestive, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - C Lombard-Bohas
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'oncologie Digestive, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - M-O Joly
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, 69372 Lyon, France [2] Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France [3] Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - J-Y Scoazec
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Faculté Laennec, 69372 Lyon, France [2] Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France [3] Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, 69437 Lyon, France
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Halperin DM, Kulke MH, Yao JC. A tale of two tumors: treating pancreatic and extrapancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Annu Rev Med 2014; 66:1-16. [PMID: 25341008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-061813-012908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite their perceived rarity, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are rising in incidence and prevalence. The biology, natural history, and therapeutic options for GEP-NETs are heterogeneous: NETs arising in the pancreas can be distinguished from those arising elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, and therapy is dichotomized between these two groups. Somatostatin analogues are the mainstay of oncologic management of bowel NETs; everolimus, streptozocin, and sunitinib are approved to treat pancreatic NETs. There are significant differences in molecular genetics between pancreatic and extrapancreatic NETs, and studies are evaluating whether additional NET patients may benefit from targeted agents. We discuss the distinguishing features of these two groups of tumors, as well as the therapeutic implications of the distinction. We also examine the evolving therapeutic landscape and discuss the likelihood that treatment will be developed independently for pancreatic and extrapancreatic gastrointestinal NETs, with novel therapeutics effective for newly identified pathologically or molecularly defined subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Halperin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; ,
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17
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Chamberlain CE, Scheel DW, McGlynn K, Kim H, Miyatsuka T, Wang J, Nguyen V, Zhao S, Mavropoulos A, Abraham AG, O’Neill E, Ku GM, Cobb MH, Martin GR, German MS. Menin determines K-RAS proliferative outputs in endocrine cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4093-101. [PMID: 25133424 PMCID: PMC4153699 DOI: 10.1172/jci69004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine cell proliferation fluctuates dramatically in response to signals that communicate hormone demand. The genetic alterations that override these controls in endocrine tumors often are not associated with oncogenes common to other tumor types, suggesting that unique pathways govern endocrine proliferation. Within the pancreas, for example, activating mutations of the prototypical oncogene KRAS drive proliferation in all pancreatic ductal adenocarcimomas but are never found in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Therefore, we asked how cellular context impacts K-RAS signaling. We found that K-RAS paradoxically suppressed, rather than promoted, growth in pancreatic endocrine cells. Inhibition of proliferation by K-RAS depended on antiproliferative RAS effector RASSF1A and blockade of the RAS-activated proproliferative RAF/MAPK pathway by tumor suppressor menin. Consistent with this model, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) agonist, which stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation, did not affect endocrine cell proliferation by itself, but synergistically enhanced proliferation when combined with a menin inhibitor. In contrast, inhibition of MAPK signaling created a synthetic lethal interaction in the setting of menin loss. These insights suggest potential strategies both for regenerating pancreatic β cells for people with diabetes and for targeting menin-sensitive endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester E. Chamberlain
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David W. Scheel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kathleen McGlynn
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hail Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Juehu Wang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anastasia Mavropoulos
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aswin G. Abraham
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric O’Neill
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gregory M. Ku
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gail R. Martin
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S. German
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Diabetes Center, and Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Department of Surgery and Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Abstract
The current knowledge on gastric neuroendocrine pathology essentially developed in the last four decades. The historical evolution of the concepts and of the relevant clinical implications is described from the perspective of a group actively participating in this research domain. The histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells have been recognized as the leading cell type involved in the most significant alterations of gastric neuroendocrine cells. The trophic stimulus exerted by circulating gastrin has been demonstrated to have a crucial role on proliferative changes of ECL cells through a sequence of hyperplasia-dysplasia-neoplasia described by Solcia et al. (Digestion 41:185-200,1988). The development of ECL cell tumors in rats treated with toxicological doses of inhibitors of gastric acid secretion prompted appropriate anatomoclinical investigations proving the lack of tumor risk in humans when therapeutic dosages of the drugs are used. Moving from the comprehensive concept of gastric carcinoid, different types of neuroendocrine tumors have been identified in the stomach with substantial variations in prognosis and treatment options. In general, ECL cell tumors developed in hypergastrinemic conditions were found to behave better than those originating outside the setting of hormonal stimulation. Pathological features highly predictive of patient survival have been described. The genetic changes involved in tumor development and progression have revealed substantial overlapping with those of neuroendocrine tumors of other foregut derivatives (i.e., pancreas, duodenum, lung) delineating a family of neuroendocrine tumors genetically distinct from those of the distal parts of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Bordi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Anatomic Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy,
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19
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Meeker A, Heaphy C. Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:101-20. [PMID: 23906538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively uncommon; comprising approximately 0.5% of all human cancers. Although they often exhibit relatively indolent clinical courses, GEP-NETs have the potential for lethal progression. Due to their scarcity and various technical challenges, GEP-NETs have been understudied. As a consequence, we have few diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for these tumors. Early detection and surgical removal is currently the only reliable curative treatment for GEP-NET patients; many of whom, unfortunately, present with advanced disease. Here, we review the genetics and epigenetics of GEP-NETs. The last few years have witnessed unprecedented technological advances in these fields, and their application to GEP-NETS has already led to important new information on the molecular abnormalities underlying them. As outlined here, we expect that "omics" studies will provide us with new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, inform the development of improved pre-clinical models, and identify novel therapeutic targets for GEP-NET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Meeker
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bond Street Research Annex Bldg., Room B300, 411 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.
| | - Christopher Heaphy
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bond Street Research Annex Bldg., Room B300, 411 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
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20
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Stefanoli M, La Rosa S, Sahnane N, Romualdi C, Pastorino R, Marando A, Capella C, Sessa F, Furlan D. Prognostic relevance of aberrant DNA methylation in g1 and g2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 100:26-34. [PMID: 25011998 DOI: 10.1159/000365449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The occurrence and clinical relevance of DNA hypermethylation and global hypomethylation in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) are still unknown. We evaluated the frequency of both epigenetic alterations in PanNETs to assess the relationship between methylation profiles and chromosomal instability, tumour phenotypes and prognosis. METHODS In a well-characterized series of 56 sporadic G1 and G2 PanNETs, methylation-sensitive multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed to assess hypermethylayion of 33 genes and copy number alterations (CNAs) of 53 chromosomal regions. Long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) hypomethylation was quantified by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering allowed to identify a subset of 22 PanNETs (39%) exhibiting high frequency of gene-specific methylation and low CNA percentages. This tumour cluster was significantly associated with stage IV (p = 0.04) and with poor prognosis in univariable analysis (p = 0.004). LINE-1 methylation levels in PanNETs were significantly lower than in normal samples (p < 0.01) and were approximately normally distributed. 12 tumours (21%) were highly hypomethylated, showing variable levels of CNA. Interestingly, only 5 PanNETs (9%) were observed to show simultaneously LINE-1 hypomethylation and high frequency of gene-specific methylation. LINE-1 hypomethylation was strongly correlated with advanced stage (p = 0.002) and with poor prognosis (p < 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, low LINE-1 methylation status and methylation clusters were the only independent significant predictors of outcome (p = 0.034 and p = 0.029, respectively). CONCLUSION The combination of global DNA hypomethylation and gene hypermethylation analyses may be useful to define distinct subsets of PanNETs. Both alterations are common in PanNETs and could be directly correlated with tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Stefanoli
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
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21
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Abstract
The field of epigenetics has evolved rapidly over recent years providing insight into the tumorigenesis of many solid and haematological malignancies. Determination of epigenetic modifications in neuroendocrine tumour (NET) development is imperative if we are to improve our understanding of the biology of this heterogenous group of tumours. Epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation at RASSF1A are frequent findings in NETs of all origins and may be associated with worse prognosis. MicroRNA signatures and histone modifications have been identified which can differentiate subtypes of NET and distinguish NET from adenocarcinoma in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. Historically, candidate gene-driven approaches have yielded limited insight into the epigenetics of NET. Recent progress has been facilitated by development of high-throughput tools including second-generation sequencing and arrays for analysis of the 'epigenome' of tumour and normal tissue, permitting unbiased approaches such as exome sequencing that identified mutations of chromatin-remodelling genes ATRX/DAXX in 44% of pancreatic NETs. Epigenetic changes are reversible and therefore represent an attractive therapeutic target; to date, clinical outcomes of epigenetic therapies in solid tumours have been disappointing; however, in vitro studies on NETs are promising and further clinical trials are required to determine utility of this class of novel agents. In this review, we perform a comprehensive evaluation of epigenetic changes found in NETs to date, including rare NETs such as phaeochromocytoma and adrenocortical tumours. We suggest priorities for future research and discuss potential clinical applications and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karpathakis
- University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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22
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Majchrzak-Celińska A, Paluszczak J, Kleszcz R, Magiera M, Barciszewska AM, Nowak S, Baer-Dubowska W. Detection of MGMT, RASSF1A, p15INK4B, and p14ARF promoter methylation in circulating tumor-derived DNA of central nervous system cancer patients. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:335-44. [PMID: 23661397 PMCID: PMC3720989 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, cancers of the central nervous system are usually associated with unfavorable prognosis. The use of an appropriate molecular marker may improve the treatment outcome by allowing early diagnosis and treatment susceptibility monitoring. Since methylation of tumor-derived DNA can be detected in the serum of cancer patients, this makes DNA methylation-based biomarkers one of the most promising diagnostic strategies. In this study, the methylation profiles of MGMT, RASSF1A, p15INK4B, and p14ARF genes were evaluated in serum free-circulating DNA and the corresponding tumor tissue in a group of 33 primary or metastatic central nervous system cancer patients. Gene promoter methylation was assessed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All the tested genes were found to be methylated to a different extent in both serum and tumor samples. In comparison to metastatic brain tumor patients, the patients with glial tumors were characterized by a higher frequency of gene hypermethylation. The hypermethylation of RASSF1A differentiated primary from metastatic brain cancers. Moreover, the gene methylation profiles observed in serum, in most cases, matched the methylation profiles detected in paired tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Paluszczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Kleszcz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Magiera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna-Maria Barciszewska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stanisław Nowak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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Hirabayashi K, Zamboni G, Nishi T, Tanaka A, Kajiwara H, Nakamura N. Histopathology of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Front Oncol 2013; 3:2. [PMID: 23346552 PMCID: PMC3551285 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs) arise from neuroendocrine cells distributed mainly in the mucosa and submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of NENs of the digestive system was changed, categorizing these tumors as grade 1 neuroendocrine tumor (NET), grade-2NET, neuroendocrine carcinoma (large- or small-cell type), or mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC). Such a classification is based on the Ki-67 index and mitotic count in histological material. For the accurate pathological diagnosis and grading of NENs, it is important to clearly recognize the characteristic histological features of GI-NENs and to understand the correct method of counting Ki-67 and mitoses. In this review, we focus on the histopathological features of GI-NENs, particularly regarding biopsy and cytological diagnoses, neuroendocrine markers, genetic and molecular features, and the evaluation of the Ki-67 index and mitotic count. In addition, we will address the histological features of GI-NEN in specific organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Negrar, Verona, Italy ; Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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24
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Mayol G, Martín-Subero JI, Ríos J, Queiros A, Kulis M, Suñol M, Esteller M, Gómez S, Garcia I, de Torres C, Rodríguez E, Galván P, Mora J, Lavarino C. DNA hypomethylation affects cancer-related biological functions and genes relevant in neuroblastoma pathogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48401. [PMID: 23144874 PMCID: PMC3492354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) pathogenesis has been reported to be closely associated with numerous genetic alterations. However, underlying DNA methylation patterns have not been extensively studied in this developmental malignancy. Here, we generated microarray-based DNA methylation profiles of primary neuroblastic tumors. Stringent supervised differential methylation analyses allowed us to identify epigenetic changes characteristic for NB tumors as well as for clinical and biological subtypes of NB. We observed that gene-specific loss of DNA methylation is more prevalent than promoter hypermethylation. Remarkably, such hypomethylation affected cancer-related biological functions and genes relevant to NB pathogenesis such as CCND1, SPRR3, BTC, EGF and FGF6. In particular, differential methylation in CCND1 affected mostly an evolutionary conserved functionally relevant 3′ untranslated region, suggesting that hypomethylation outside promoter regions may play a role in NB pathogenesis. Hypermethylation targeted genes involved in cell development and proliferation such as RASSF1A, POU2F2 or HOXD3, among others. The results derived from this study provide new candidate epigenetic biomarkers associated with NB as well as insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this tumor, which involves a marked gene-specific hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mayol
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I. Martín-Subero
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Queiros
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Kulis
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Suñol
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL),L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Gómez
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen de Torres
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Rodríguez
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Galván
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinzia Lavarino
- Developmental Tumor Biology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Fundación Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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25
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Wang Z, Li L, Su X, Gao Z, Srivastava G, Murray PG, Ambinder R, Tao Q. Epigenetic silencing of the 3p22 tumor suppressor DLEC1 by promoter CpG methylation in non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas. J Transl Med 2012; 10:209. [PMID: 23050586 PMCID: PMC3540012 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inactivaion of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by promoter CpG methylation frequently occurs in tumorigenesis, even in the early stages, contributing to the initiation and progression of human cancers. Deleted in lung and esophageal cancer 1 (DLEC1), located at the 3p22-21.3 TSG cluster, has been identified frequently silenced by promoter CpG methylation in multiple carcinomas, however, no study has been performed for lymphomas yet. Methods We examined the expression of DLEC1 by semi-quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and evaluated the promoter methylation of DLEC1 by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS) in common lymphoma cell lines and tumors. Results Here we report that DLEC1 is readily expressed in normal lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes and PBMCs, but reduced or silenced in 70% (16/23) of non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines, including 2/6 diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL), 1/2 peripheral T cell lymphomas, 5/5 Burkitt, 6/7 Hodgkin and 2/3 nasal killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma cell lines. Promoter CpG methylation was frequently detected in 80% (20/25) of lymphoma cell lines and correlated with DLEC1 downregulation/silencing. Pharmacologic demethylation reversed DLEC1 expression in lymphoma cell lines along with concomitant promoter demethylation. DLEC1 methylation was also frequently detected in 32 out of 58 (55%) different types of lymphoma tissues, but not in normal lymph nodes. Furthermore, DLEC1 was specifically methylated in the sera of 3/13 (23%) Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Conclusions Thus, methylation-mediated silencing of DLEC1 plays an important role in multiple lymphomagenesis, and may serve as a non-invasive tumor marker for lymphoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-CUHK, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Capurso G, Festa S, Valente R, Piciucchi M, Panzuto F, Jensen RT, Delle Fave G. Molecular pathology and genetics of pancreatic endocrine tumours. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:R37-50. [PMID: 22586144 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PETs) are the second most frequent pancreatic neoplasms. Their poor chemosensitivity, high rate of metastatic disease and relatively long survival make PETs an ideal field to be explored for novel therapies based on specific molecular changes. PETs are generally sporadic but can also arise within hereditary syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, von Hippel-Lindau, neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex, which represent a model for sporadic cases too. Among allelic imbalances, main genomic changes involve gain of 17q, 7q and 20q and loss of 11q, 6q and 11p, which identify regions of putative candidate oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes (TSGs), respectively, sometime with potential prognostic significance. Overexpression of Src-like kinases and cyclin D1 (CCND1) oncogene has been described. As for TSGs, P53 (TP53), DPC4/SMAD4 and RB (RB1) are not implicated in PET tumorigenesis, while for p16INK4a (CDKN2A), TIMP3, RASSF1A and hMLH1, more data are available, suggesting a role for methylation as a silencing mechanism. In the last decade, gene expression profile studies, analysis of microRNAs and, more recently, large-scale mutational analysis have highlighted commonly altered molecular pathways in the pathology of PETs. The roles of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and its connection with Src kinases, and the activity of a number of tyrosine kinase receptors seem to be pivotal, as confirmed by the results of recent clinical trials with targeted agents. Mutations of DAXX and ATRX are common and related to altered telomeres but not to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Capurso
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
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27
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Bhat K, Wang F, Ma Q, Li Q, Mallik S, Hsieh TC, Wu E. Advances in biomarker research for pancreatic cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:2439-51. [PMID: 22372502 PMCID: PMC3408036 DOI: 10.2174/13816128112092439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer related deaths in United States. The lack of early symptoms results in latestage detection and a high mortality rate. Currently, the only potentially curative approach for PC is surgical resection, which is often unsuccessful because the invasive and metastatic nature of the tumor masses makes their complete removal difficult. Consequently, patients suffer relapses from remaining cancer stem cells or drug resistance that eventually lead to death. To improve the survival rate, the early detection of PC is critical. Current biomarker research in PC indicates that a serum carbohydrate antigen, CA 19-9, is the only available biomarker with approximately 90% specificity to PC. However, the efficacy of CA 19-9 for assessing prognosis and monitoring patients with PC remains contentious. Thus, advances in technology and the detection of new biomarkers with high specificity to PC are needed to reduce the mortality rate of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruttika Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Fengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qinyu Li
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Tze-chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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28
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Malpeli G, Amato E, Dandrea M, Fumagalli C, Debattisti V, Boninsegna L, Pelosi G, Falconi M, Scarpa A. Methylation-associated down-regulation of RASSF1A and up-regulation of RASSF1C in pancreatic endocrine tumors. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:351. [PMID: 21838870 PMCID: PMC3170651 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RASSF1A gene silencing by DNA methylation has been suggested as a major event in pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET) but RASSF1A expression has never been studied. The RASSF1 locus contains two CpG islands (A and C) and generates seven transcripts (RASSF1A-RASSF1G) by differential promoter usage and alternative splicing. Methods We studied 20 primary PETs, their matched normal pancreas and three PET cell lines for the (i) methylation status of the RASSF1 CpG islands using methylation-specific PCR and pyrosequencing and (ii) expression of RASSF1 isoforms by quantitative RT-PCR in 13 cases. CpG island A methylation was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP); pyrosequencing was applied to quantify the methylation of 51 CpGs also encompassing those explored by MSP and qMSP approaches. Results MSP detected methylation in 16/20 (80%) PETs and 13/20 (65%) normal pancreas. At qMSP, 11/20 PETs (55%) and 9/20 (45%) normals were methylated in at least 20% of RASSF1A alleles. Pyrosequencing showed variable distribution and levels of methylation within and among samples, with PETs having average methylation higher than normals in 15/20 (75%) cases (P = 0.01). The evaluation of mRNA expression of RASSF1 variants showed that: i) RASSF1A was always expressed in PET and normal tissues, but it was, on average, expressed 6.8 times less in PET (P = 0.003); ii) RASSF1A methylation inversely correlated with its expression; iii) RASSF1 isoforms were rarely found, except for RASSF1B that was always expressed and RASSF1C whose expression was 11.4 times higher in PET than in normal tissue (P = 0.001). A correlation between RASSF1A expression and gene methylation was found in two of the three PET cell lines, which also showed a significant increase in RASSF1A expression upon demethylating treatment. Conclusions RASSF1A gene methylation in PET is higher than normal pancreas in no more than 75% of cases and as such it cannot be considered a marker for this neoplasm. RASSF1A is always expressed in PET and normal pancreas and its levels are inversely correlated with gene methylation. Isoform RASSF1C is overexpressed in PET and the recent demonstration of its involvement in the regulation of the Wnt pathway points to a potential pathogenetic role in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Malpeli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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29
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Arafa M, Somja J, Dehan P, Kridelka F, Goffin F, Boniver J, Delvenne P. Current concepts in the pathology and epigenetics of endometrial carcinoma. Pathology 2011; 42:613-7. [PMID: 21080868 DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.520307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the Western world, endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumour of the female genital tract and is the fourth most common cancer in women. Two different clinicopathological subtypes are recognised: the oestrogen-related (type I, endometrioid) and the non-oestrogen related (type II, non-endometrioid). This article reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, genetic alterations during endometrial carcinogenesis, features of tumours and precursors and early detection of the disease. Insights into the epigenetic alterations, with emphasis on DNA methylation during endometrial carcinogenesis, and their diagnostic value are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arafa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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30
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Amato E, Barbi S, Malpeli G, Bersani S, Pelosi G, Capelli P, Scarpa A. Chromosome 3p alterations in pancreatic endocrine neoplasia. Virchows Arch 2010; 458:39-45. [PMID: 20981439 PMCID: PMC3016198 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-1001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) are rare neoplasms classified as functioning (F-PET) or non-functioning (NF-PET) according to the presence of a clinical syndrome due to hormonal hypersecretion. PETs show variable degrees of clinical aggressiveness and loss of chromosome 3p has been suggested to be associated with an advanced stage of disease. We assessed chromosome 3p copy number in 113 primary PETs and 32 metastases by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using tissue microarrays. The series included 56 well-differentiated endocrine tumors (WDET), 62 well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas (WDEC), and 6 poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas (PDEC). Chromosome 3p alterations were found in 23/113 (20%) primary tumors, with losses being predominant over gains (14% vs. 6%). Loss of 3p was found in 5/55 (9%) WDET, 11/52 (21%) WDEC, and never in PDEC. Gains of 3p were detected in 4/55 (7%) WDET, no WDEC, but notably in 3/6 (50%) PDEC (OR 23.6; P = 0.003). Metastases were more frequently monosomic for 3p compared to primary tumors (OR 3.6; P = 0.005). Monosomy was significantly associated with larger tumor size, more advanced tumor stage, and metastasis. No association was found with survival. Chromosome 3p copy number alterations are frequent events in advanced stage PET, with gains prevailing in PDEC while losses are more frequent in WDEC, supporting the view that a specific pattern of alterations are involved in these diverse disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Amato
- ARC-NET Center for Applied Research on Cancer, Hospital Concern and University School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
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31
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Rahman MM, Qian ZR, Wang EL, Yoshimoto K, Nakasono M, Sultana R, Yoshida T, Hayashi T, Haba R, Ishida M, Okabe H, Sano T. DNA methyltransferases 1, 3a, and 3b overexpression and clinical significance in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1069-78. [PMID: 20381114 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The alteration of DNA methylation is one of the most common epigenetic changes in human cancers. Three genes, namely, DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b, which code for DNA methyltransferases that affect promoter methylation status, are thought to play an important role in the development of cancers and may be good anticancer therapy targets. The methylation of tumor suppressor genes has been reported in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; however, there have been no studies about DNA methyltransferase protein expression and its clinical significance in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In this study, the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b was studied in 63 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors by immunohistochemistry. The expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b was frequently detected in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (87%, 81%, and 75%, respectively). The DNA methyltransferase 3a expression level was significantly higher in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas than in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors or well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). The expression of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b showed significantly higher levels in stage IV tumors than in stage I or II tumors. In addition, the expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b were positively correlated with the MIB-1 labeling index in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (R = 0.293, P = .019; R = 0.457, P = .001; and R = 0.249, P = .049; respectively). In addition, the expression levels and positive immunostaining frequencies of DNA methyltransferase 3a and 3b were significantly lower in midgut neuroendocrine tumors than in foregut or hindgut neuroendocrine tumors. Our findings suggest that the overexpression of DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b is related to tumorigenesis and the progression of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Capelli P, Martignoni G, Pedica F, Falconi M, Antonello D, Malpeli G, Scarpa A. Endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas: pathologic and genetic features. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:350-64. [PMID: 19260741 DOI: 10.5858/133.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs) are diagnostically challenging tumors whose natural history is largely unknown. Histopathology allows the distinction of 2 categories: poorly differentiated high-grade carcinomas and well-differentiated neoplasms. The latter include more than 90% of PENs whose clinical behavior varies from indolent to malignant and cannot be predicted by their morphology. OBJECTIVES To review the literature and report on additional primary material about the clinicopathologic features, classification, staging, grading, and genetic features of PENs. DATA SOURCES Literature review of relevant articles indexed in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) and primary material from the authors' institution. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of PEN is generally easy, but unusual features may induce misdiagnosis. Immunohistochemistry solves the issue, provided that the possibility of a PEN has been considered. Morphology allows the distinction of poorly differentiated aggressive carcinomas from well-differentiated neoplasms. The World Health Organization classification criteria allow for the discernment of the latter into neoplasms and carcinomas with either benign or uncertain behavior. The recently proposed staging and grading systems hold great promise for permitting a stratification of carcinomas into clinically significant risk categories. To date, inactivation of the MEN1 gene remains the only ascertained genetic event involved in PEN genesis. It is inactivated in roughly one-third of PENs. The degree of genomic instability correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm. Gene silencing by promoter methylation has been advocated, but a formal demonstration of the involvement of specific genes is still lacking. Expression profiling studies are furnishing valuable lists of mRNAs and noncoding RNAs that may advance further the research to discover novel markers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Capelli
- Department of Pathology, Section ofAnatomical Pathology, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Arafa M, Kridelka F, Mathias V, Vanbellinghen JF, Renard I, Foidart JM, Boniver J, Delvenne P. High frequency of RASSF1A and RARb2 gene promoter methylation in morphologically normal endometrium adjacent to endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2008; 53:525-32. [PMID: 18783461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify a DNA methylation signature of endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium (EEC) in the early stages of endometrial carcinogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Archival biopsy specimens of 39 EECs, 14 cases of atypical hyperplasia (AH), 11 histologically normal endometrial tissues adjacent to EECs and 24 normal control endometrial samples were retrieved. The cases were tested by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction with primers hybridizing in the promoter regions of five genes frequently methylated in human cancer (RASSF1A, RARb2, P16, MGMT and GSTPi). Twenty-nine of 39 (74%) EECs and 7/14 (50%) AHs were methylated for the RASSF1A gene, whereas 17/39 (44%) EECs and 6/14 (43%) AHs were positive for the methylation of the RARb2 gene. No significant results were obtained for the other genes (P16, MGMT and GSTPi). Interestingly, 4/11 (36%) and 6/11 (55%) histologically normal endometrial tissues adjacent to EEC showed, respectively, RASSF1A and RARb2 gene methylation. Furthermore, these 11 specimens were microsatellite stable and showed similar proliferative, cell cycle and apoptotic mean labelling indices as the normal endometrial control tissues. CONCLUSIONS Promoter region methylation of RASSF1A and RARb2 genes is an early event in endometrial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arafa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Cytology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Lié, Lié, Belgium
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34
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Simpson MA, Lokeshwar VB. Hyaluronan and hyaluronidase in genitourinary tumors. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:5664-80. [PMID: 18508614 DOI: 10.2741/3108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genitourinary cancers are the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and the fifth most common in women. Management of disease through accurate and cost effective early diagnostic markers, as well as identification of valid prognostic indicators, has contributed significantly to improved treatment outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the function, regulation and clinical utility of hyaluronan (HA), genes encoding its metabolic enzymes and receptors that mediate its cellular effects. Specific HA synthase (HAS) and hyaluronidase (HAase) genes encode the enzymes that produce HA polymers and oligosaccharides, respectively. Differential effects of these enzymes in progression of genitourinary tumors are determined by the relative balance between HAS and HAase levels, as well as the distribution of receptors. The genes are regulated in a complex fashion at the transcriptional and post-translational levels, but also by epigenetic events, alternative mRNA splicing, and subcellular localization. Importantly, the major tumor-derived HAase enzyme, HYAL-1, either alone or together with HA, is an accurate diagnostic and prognostic marker for genitourinary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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35
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Lokeshwar VB, Selzer MG. Hyalurondiase: both a tumor promoter and suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:281-7. [PMID: 18448355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Originally termed as the "spreading factor", hyaluronidases (HAases) are present in a variety of toxins and venoms. For example, HAase is the virulent factor of beta-hemolytic Streptococci and it is also present in the venoms of snake, bee, wasp, scorpion, etc, where it aids in the spread of these venoms in the body. In mammals, testicular HAase present in the sperm acrosome is necessary for the fertilization of the ovum. Despite a lot of work on bacterial, invertebrate and testicular HAases, a connection between HAase and cancer was unequivocally established just over a decade ago and the functional significance of HAases in cancer was demonstrated just about a year ago. In this part of the review, we will focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the role of HAases in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Lassaletta L, Patrón M, González T, Martinez-Glez V, Rey JA, Gavilan J. RASSF1A methylation and cyclin D1 expression in vestibular schwannomas. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:431-3. [PMID: 17668224 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors can develop either sporadically or in association with familial syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) or von Hippel-Lindau (VHL). A variety of genetic approaches has been utilized to dissect the underlying molecular pathogenesis of these distinctive tumors, including genome-wide screens such as comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity and DNA microarray analysis as well as targeted investigations into specific tumor suppressor gene and oncogene candidates. The identification of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene that underlies the MEN1 syndrome has provided important new insights into tumor pathogenesis. In addition, a number of independent approaches has converged on a pivotal role for regulators of the cell cycle. However, our understanding of the molecular biology of these tumors remains far from complete. In this review we highlight some of the key approaches, findings and implications of these genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Duerr
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
This review provides an update on the pathogenesis and histopathological diagnosis of endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, concentrating on three different varieties whose careful assessment by pathologists is of particular clinical significance. These are the four types of enterochromaffin-like cell tumour of the gastric corpus, the periampullary somatostatin-containing D-cell tumour of the duodenum, and the frequently chromogranin A-negative L-cell tumour of the appendix and large intestine. In addition, the value of pathological factors in predicting the behaviour of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours and selecting therapy is discussed, and the crucial role of the pathologist in the multidisciplinary team management of these neoplasms is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Williams
- Department of Pathology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Zhang HY, Rumilla KM, Jin L, Nakamura N, Stilling GA, Ruebel KH, Hobday TJ, Erlichman C, Erickson LA, Lloyd RV. Association of DNA methylation and epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A and beta-catenin with metastasis in small bowel carcinoid tumors. Endocrine 2006; 30:299-306. [PMID: 17526942 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-006-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed promoter methylation of RASSF1A, CTNNB1, CDH1, LAMB3, LAMC2, RUNX3, NORE1A, and CAV1 using methylation-specific PCR in 33 cases of small bowel carcinoid with both matched primary and metastatic tumors. The methylation status of RASSF1A and CTNNB1 were also determined in six primary appendiceal carcinoid tumors. Two neuroendocrine cell lines, NCI-H727 and HTB-119, were analyzed for promoter methylation. Immunohistochemical analyses for RASSF1A and beta-catenin were performed in 28 matched primary and metastatic tumors. Western blot analysis for RASSF1A and beta-catenin was also performed. Normal enterochromaffin cells were unmethylated in all eight genes examined. RASSF1A and CTNNB1 were unmethylated in appendiceal carcinoids. Methylation of RASSF1A and CTNNB1 promoters was more frequent in metastatic compared to primary tumors (p = 0.013 and 0.004, respectively). The NCI-H727 and HTB-119 cells lines were methylated in the RASSF1A promoter region, and after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA), RASSF1A mRNA was expressed in both cell lines. Western blot results for RASSF1A and beta-catenin supported the methylation-specific PCR findings. The other six genes did not show significant differences. These results suggest that increased methylation of RASSF1A and CTNNB1 may play important roles in progression and metastasis of small bowel carcinoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Miranda E, Destro A, Malesci A, Balladore E, Bianchi P, Baryshnikova E, Franchi G, Morenghi E, Laghi L, Gennari L, Roncalli M. Genetic and epigenetic changes in primary metastatic and nonmetastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1101-7. [PMID: 16969349 PMCID: PMC2360724 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops as multistep process, which involves genetic and epigenetic alterations. K-Ras, p53 and B-Raf mutations and RASSF1A, E-Cadherin and p16INK4A promoter methylation were investigated in 202 CRCs with and without lymph node and/or liver metastasis, to assess whether gene abnormalities are related to a metastogenic phenotype. K-Ras, B-Raf and p53 mutations were detected in 27, 3 and 32% of the cases, with K-Ras mutations significantly associated with metastatic tumour (P=0.019). RASSF1A, E-Cadherin and p16INK4A methylation was documented in 20, 44 and 33% of the cases with p16INK4A significantly associated with metastatic tumours (P=0.001). Overall, out of 202 tumours, 34 (17%) did not show any molecular change, 125 (62%) had one or two and 43 (21%) three or more. Primary but yet metastatic CRCs were prevalent in the latter group (P=0.023) where the most frequent combination was one genetic (K-Ras in particular) and two epigenetic alterations. In conclusion, this analysis provided to detect some molecular differences between primary metastatic and nonmetastatic CRCs, with K-Ras and p16INK4A statistically altered in metastatic tumours; particular gene combinations, such as coincidental K-Ras mutation with two methylated genes are associated to a metastogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Miranda
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - A Destro
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - A Malesci
- Departement of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - E Balladore
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - P Bianchi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - E Baryshnikova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - G Franchi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - E Morenghi
- Clinical Trial Office, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - L Laghi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
- Departement of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - L Gennari
- Departement of Surgery, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
| | - M Roncalli
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
- Departement of Pathology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy
- Departement of Pathology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milano 20089, Italy; E-mail:
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Bu XM, Zhao CH, Zhang N, Wang W, Li Y, Dai XW. Role of multiple genes methylation in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1416-1419. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i14.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine methylation status of RASSF1A, p16, SOCS-1 and hMLH1 genes and explore the roles of their concurrent methylation in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer.
METHODS: DNA in pancreatic cancer and cancer-adjacent tissues was extracted by saturated NaCl method. The methylation status of these genes was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP).
RESULTS: The methylation rates of RASSF1A, p16, SOCS-1 and hMLH1 were 36.4%, 13.6%, 13.6% and 4.5% in cancer-adjacent tissues and 59.1%, 40.9%, 31.8% and 18.2% in pancreatic cancer, respectively. The methylation rate of p16 in pancreatic cancer was significantly higher than that in the cancer-adjacent tissues (χ2 = 4.13, P < 0.05). Two or more genes concurrent methylation was found in 45.5% pancreatic cancer, significantly higher than that in the cancer-adjacent tissues (9.1%, χ2 = 7.33, P < 0.01). No methylation of these genes was found in 31.8% pancreatic cancer.
CONCLUSION: Multiple genes concurrent methylation is an early event in some cases of pancreatic cancer, in which it plays an important role.
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Rindi G, Couvelard A, Scoazec JY, Bordi C. Évaluation de la malignité dans les tumeurs endocrines digestives : recommandations pratiques. Ann Pathol 2005; 25:487-98. [PMID: 16735974 DOI: 10.1016/s0242-6498(05)86162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, the assessment of malignancy risk and patient outcome in digestive endocrine tumors had to rely on sparse and mostly unconfirmed data. The 2000 WHO classification with its standardized scheme of pathologic report constitutes a framework facilitating the assessment of tumor malignancy and has been regarded to be useful for clinical purposes, providing the basis for proper patient management and for designing treatment protocols. The classification is based on a combination of pathological and clinical features with parameters specific for each organ in which the endocrine tumors originate. Three main categories are considered: 1) well differentiated endocrine tumors, further subdivided into tumors with benign and with uncertain behavior; 2) well differentiated endocrine carcinomas, low grade; and 3) poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas, high grade. In this review the differential tumor characteristics between the above categories are summarized. The relevance of additional features as for tumor prognostication, chiefly the Ki67 proliferation index and malignancy associated genetic changes, is discussed with emphasis on the discrepancies emerging between tumors of foregut and midgut origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Pizzi S, D'Adda T, Rindi G, Bordi C. Xq25 and Xq26 identify the common minimal deletion region in malignant gastroenteropancreatic endocrine carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 448:119-26. [PMID: 16244870 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for markers on X chromosome are associated with malignancy in endocrine tumors of the stomach and pancreas. The aim of this work is to investigate low-grade, well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas (WDEC) vs high-grade, poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas (PDEC) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract for common deletion regions on X chromosome. We performed a comparative allelotyping analysis with 24 highly polymorphic markers for the X chromosome in 12 WDECs and 5 PDECs. Overall, the LOH frequency in all informative loci investigated was 59% in primary and 61% in metastasis, with a significantly higher rate in PDECs than in WDECs (p<0.015 for primary and p<0.00005 for metastasis). In both WDECs and PDECs, the small Xq25 region as defined by DXS8059, DXS8098, and DXS8009 markers showed higher LOH rate as compared to the rest of the chromosome markers (p<0.04). In addition, LOH was very frequently elevated also in DXS294 and in DXS102 loci mapping the chromosomal region Xq26. In no instances differences were found between primary tumors and metastases. Methylation analysis revealed that Xq25 loss preferentially occurred on the inactive X chromosome, a feature in agreement with findings from other human cancers suggesting escape of tumor suppressor genes to X chromosome inactivation at this region. Overall, our data indicate that the two chromosomal regions, Xq25 and Xq26, may participate to the malignant progression of GEP endocrine carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Azzoni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
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