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Harris A, Andl T. Precancerous Lesions of the Head and Neck Region and Their Stromal Aberrations: Piecemeal Data. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082192. [PMID: 37190121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) develop through a series of precancerous stages from a pool of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs). Although we understand the genetic changes that lead to HNSCC, our understanding of the role of the stroma in the progression from precancer to cancer is limited. The stroma is the primary battleground between the forces that prevent and promote cancer growth. Targeting the stroma has yielded promising cancer therapies. However, the stroma at the precancerous stage of HNSCCs is poorly defined, and we may miss opportunities for chemopreventive interventions. PMDs already exhibit many features of the HNSCC stroma, such as inflammation, neovascularization, and immune suppression. Still, they do not induce cancer-associated fibroblasts or destroy the basal lamina, the stroma's initial structure. Our review aims to summarize the current understanding of the transition from precancer to cancer stroma and how this knowledge can reveal opportunities and limitations for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decisions to benefit patients. We will discuss what may be needed to fulfill the promise of the precancerous stroma as a target to prevent progression to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Harris
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12722 Research Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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2
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Papenberg BW, Ingles J, Gao S, Feng J, Allen JL, Markwell SM, Interval ET, Montague PA, Wen S, Weed SA. Copy number alterations identify a smoking-associated expression signature predictive of poor outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2021; 256-257:136-148. [PMID: 34130230 PMCID: PMC8273756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), partially due to tobacco-induced large-scale chromosomal copy-number alterations (CNAs). Identifying CNAs caused by smoking is essential in determining how gene expression from such regions impact tumor progression and patient outcome. We utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) whole genome sequencing data for HNSCC to directly identify amplified or deleted genes correlating with smoking pack-year based on linear modeling. Internal cross-validation identified 35 CNAs that significantly correlated with patient smoking, independent of human papillomavirus (HPV) status. The most abundant CNAs were chromosome 11q13.3-q14.4 amplification and 9p23.1/9p24.1 deletion. Evaluation of patient amplicons reveals four different patterns of 11q13 gene amplification in HNSCC resulting from breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) events. . Predictive modeling identified 16 genes from these regions that denote poorer overall and disease-free survival with increased pack-year use, constituting a smoking-associated expression signature (SAES). Patients with altered expression of signature genes have increased risk of death and enhanced cervical lymph node involvement. The identified SAES can be utilized as a novel predictor of increased disease aggressiveness and poor outcome in smoking-associated HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Si Gao
- Department of Biostatistics USA
| | | | - Jessica L Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Cancer Cell Biology USA
| | | | - Erik T Interval
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506 USA
| | - Phillip A Montague
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506 USA
| | | | - Scott A Weed
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Cancer Cell Biology USA.
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3
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Zhang S, Cao R, Li Q, Yao M, Chen Y, Zhou H. Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6397. [PMID: 30755833 PMCID: PMC6368841 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in that they regulate protein-coding gene expression by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the understanding of the ceRNA network in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains limited. Methods Expression profile data regarding mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs as well as clinical information on 122 TSCC tissues and 15 normal controls from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were collected. We used the edgR package to identify differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between TSCC samples and normal samples. In order to explore the functions of DEmRNAs, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed. Subsequently, a ceRNA network was established based on the identified DElncRNAs-DEmiRNAs and DEmiRNAs-DEmRNAs interactions. The RNAs within the ceRNA network were analyzed for their correlation with overall disease survival. Finally, lncRNAs were specifically analyzed for their correlation with clinical features in the included TSCC patient samples. Results A total of 1867 mRNAs, 828 lncRNAs and 81 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in TSCC tissues (-log 2fold change- ≥ 2; adjusted P value <0.01). The resulting ceRNA network included 16 mRNAs, 56 lncRNAs and 6 miRNAs. Ten out of the 56 lncRNAs were found to be associated with the overall survival in TSCC patients (P < 0.05); 10 lncRNAs were correlated with TSCC progression (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our study deepens the understanding of ceRNA network regulatory mechanisms in TSCC. Furthermore, we identified ten lncRNAs (PART1, LINC00261, AL163952.1, C2orf48, FAM87A, LINC00052, LINC00472, STEAP3-AS1, TSPEAR-AS1 and ERVH48-1) as novel, potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyan Cao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiulan Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mianfeng Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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Wittekindt C, Wagner S, Sharma SJ, Würdemann N, Knuth J, Reder H, Klußmann JP. [HPV - A different view on Head and Neck Cancer]. Laryngorhinootologie 2018; 97:S48-S113. [PMID: 29905354 PMCID: PMC6540966 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-121596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer with over 500000 annually reported incident cases worldwide. Besides major risk factors tobacco and alcohol, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) show increased association with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV-associated and HPV-negative OSCC are 2 different entities regarding biological characteristics, therapeutic response, and patient prognosis. In HPV OSCC, viral oncoprotein activity, as well as genetic (mutations and chromosomal aberrations) and epigenetic alterations plays a key role during carcinogenesis. Based on improved treatment response, the introduction of therapy de-intensification and targeted therapy is discussed for patients with HPV OSCC. A promising targeted therapy concept is immunotherapy. The use of checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. anti-PD1) is currently investigated. By means of liquid biopsies, biomarkers such as viral DNA or tumor mutations in the will soon be available for disease monitoring, as well as detection of treatment failure. By now, primary prophylaxis of HPV OSCC can be achieved by vaccination of girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wittekindt
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
| | - Shachi Jenny Sharma
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
| | - Nora Würdemann
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
| | - Jennifer Knuth
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
| | - Henrike Reder
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
| | - Jens Peter Klußmann
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf-/Halschirurgie, Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Gießen
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5
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Habib R, Neitzel H, Ernst A, Wong JKL, Goryluk-Kozakiewicz B, Gerlach A, Demuth I, Sperling K, Chrzanowska K. Evidence for a pre-malignant cell line in a skin biopsy from a patient with Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:17. [PMID: 29445421 PMCID: PMC5803995 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nijmegen breakage syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by microcephaly, immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity to X-irradiation, and a high predisposition to cancer. Nibrin, the product of the NBN gene, is part of the MRE11/RAD50 (MRN) complex that is involved in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and plays a critical role in the processing of DSBs in immune gene rearrangements, telomere maintenance, and meiotic recombination. NBS skin fibroblasts grow slowly in culture and enter early into senescence. Case presentation Here we present an incidental finding. Skin fibroblasts, derived from a 9 year old NBS patient, showed a mosaic of normal diploid cells (46,XY) and those with a complex, unbalanced translocation. The aberrant karyotype was analysed by G-banding, comparative genomic hybridization, and whole chromosome painting. The exact breakpoints of the derivative chromosome were mapped by whole genome sequencing: 45,XY,der(6)(6pter → 6q11.1::13q11 → 13q21.33::20q11.22 → 20qter),-13. The deleted region of chromosomes 6 harbors almost 1.400 and that of chromosome 13 more than 500 genes, the duplicated region of chromosome 20 contains about 700 genes. Such unbalanced translocations are regularly incompatible with cellular survival, except in malignant cells. The aberrant cells, however, showed a high proliferation potential and could even be clonally expanded. Telomere length was significantly reduced, hTERT was not expressed. The cells underwent about 50 population doublings until they entered into senescence. The chromosomal preparation performed shortly before senescence showed telomere fusions, premature centromere divisions, endoreduplications and tetraploid cells, isochromatid breaks and a variety of marker chromosomes. Inspection of the site of skin biopsy 18 years later, presented no evidence for abnormal growth. Conclusions The aberrant cells had a significant selective advantage in vitro. It is therefore tempting to speculate that this highly unbalanced translocation could be a primary driver of cancer cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13039-018-0364-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneem Habib
- 1Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidemarie Neitzel
- 2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelie Ernst
- 3Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John K L Wong
- 3Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Antje Gerlach
- 2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- 5Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Sperling
- 2Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krystyna Chrzanowska
- 4Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Fadlullah MZH, Chiang IKN, Dionne KR, Yee PS, Gan CP, Sam KK, Tiong KH, Ng AKW, Martin D, Lim KP, Kallarakkal TG, Mustafa WMW, Lau SH, Abraham MT, Zain RB, Rahman ZAA, Molinolo A, Patel V, Gutkind JS, Tan AC, Cheong SC. Genetically-defined novel oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines for the development of molecular therapies. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27802-18. [PMID: 27050151 PMCID: PMC5053689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging biological and translational insights from large sequencing efforts underscore the need for genetically-relevant cell lines to study the relationships between genomic alterations of tumors, and therapeutic dependencies. Here, we report a detailed characterization of a novel panel of clinically annotated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, derived from patients with diverse ethnicity and risk habits. Molecular analysis by RNAseq and copy number alterations (CNA) identified that the cell lines harbour CNA that have been previously reported in OSCC, for example focal amplications in 3q, 7p, 8q, 11q, 20q and deletions in 3p, 5q, 8p, 18q. Similarly, our analysis identified the same cohort of frequently mutated genes previously reported in OSCC including TP53, CDKN2A, EPHA2, FAT1, NOTCH1, CASP8 and PIK3CA. Notably, we identified mutations (MLL4, USP9X, ARID2) in cell lines derived from betel quid users that may be associated with this specific risk factor. Gene expression profiles of the ORL lines also aligned with those reported for OSCC. By focusing on those gene expression signatures that are predictive of chemotherapeutic response, we observed that the ORL lines broadly clustered into three groups (cell cycle, xenobiotic metabolism, others). The ORL lines noted to be enriched in cell cycle genes responded preferentially to the CDK1 inhibitor RO3306, by MTT cell viability assay. Overall, our in-depth characterization of clinically annotated ORL lines provides new insight into the molecular alterations synonymous with OSCC, which can facilitate in the identification of biomarkers that can be used to guide diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivy Kim-Ni Chiang
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalen R Dionne
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Pei San Yee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Phei Gan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kin Kit Sam
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kai Hung Tiong
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Daniel Martin
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kue Peng Lim
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thomas George Kallarakkal
- Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Shin Hin Lau
- Stomatology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mannil Thomas Abraham
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research and Co-ordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alfredo Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Abdalla Z, Walsh T, Thakker N, Ward CM. Loss of epithelial markers is an early event in oral dysplasia and is observed within the safety margin of dysplastic and T1 OSCC biopsies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187449. [PMID: 29216196 PMCID: PMC5720771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly aggressive cancer that is associated with poor 5-year patient survival. Disease treatment is further compounded by the difficulty in predicting pre-cancerous tissues that will progress to OSCC and the high recurrence rates following surgical resection. Here we have assessed expression of the oral epithelial markers E-cadherin, EMP1 and 5T4 and the pro-invasive N-cadherin proteins using fully characterised antibodies and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy in normal tissue (NT), fibroepithelial polyp (FEP), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), T1 OSCC and T4 OSCC biopsies. Decreased E-cadherin expression was associated with FEP, LGD and HGD biopsies, demonstrating that loss of E-cadherin is an early event within abnormal epithelium and occurs in the absence of an E- to N-cadherin switch, the latter of which was only observed in T4 OSCC. Furthermore, loss of E-cadherin and EMP1 is an indicator of LGD (p = 0.0006) and loss of E-cadherin, EMP1 and 5T4 an indicator of HGD (p = 0.0006). Expression patterns of E-cadherin, EMP1 and N-cadherin could predict abnormal epithelium in LGD, HGD, T1 and T4 OSCC biopsies (z-value = 0 for all disease grades) and allowed classification of LGD (z = 1.47), HGD (z = 2.138), T1 (z = 1.05) and T4 OSCC (z = 1.49) biopsies. Therefore, these markers provide a useful means to predict abnormal epithelium in patient biopsies. Linear regression and coefficient of determination analysis revealed positive correlation with a NT>LGD>HGD disease transition but low correlation with a putative HGD>T1 OSCC>T4 OSCC disease transition. Furthermore, expression of E-cadherin, EMP1, 5T4 and N-cadherin in pathologically normal surgical safety margins of LGD, HGD and T1 OSCC patient biopsies revealed significant differences to NT and the use of safety margins or FEP as ‘normal tissue’ controls introduced Type II errors in all patient cohorts. This work forms the basis for further investigation of the role of E-cadherin loss in abnormal epithelium and in the development of automated analyses for use in cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abdalla
- Stem Cell Research Group, Manchester Dental School, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Walsh
- Stem Cell Research Group, Manchester Dental School, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nalin Thakker
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Ward
- Stem Cell Research Group, Manchester Dental School, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Relevance of chromosomal band 11q13 in oral carcinogenesis: An update of current knowledge. Oral Oncol 2017; 72:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Davidson MA, Shanks EJ. 3q26-29 Amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review of established and prospective oncogenes. FEBS J 2017; 284:2705-2731. [PMID: 28317270 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is significantly underrepresented in worldwide cancer research, yet survival rates for the disease have remained static for over 50 years. Distant metastasis is often present at the time of diagnosis, and is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. In the absence of routine effective targeted therapies, the standard of care treatment remains chemoradiation in combination with (often disfiguring) surgery. A defining characteristic of HNSCC is the amplification of a region of chromosome 3 (3q26-29), which is consistently associated with poorer patient outcome. This review provides an overview of the role the 3q26-29 region plays in HNSCC, in terms of both known and as yet undiscovered processes, which may have potential clinical relevance.
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10
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Wood HM, Daly C, Chalkley R, Senguven B, Ross L, Egan P, Chengot P, Graham J, Sethi N, Ong TK, MacLennan K, Rabbitts P, Conway C. The genomic road to invasion-examining the similarities and differences in the genomes of associated oral pre-cancer and cancer samples. Genome Med 2017; 9:53. [PMID: 28592326 PMCID: PMC5461742 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is frequently assumed that pre-invasive lesions are simpler precursors of cancer and will contain a limited subset of the genomic changes seen in their associated invasive disease. Driver mutations are thought to occur early, but it is not known how many of these are present in pre-invasive lesions. These assumptions need to be tested with the increasing focus on both personalised cancer treatments and early detection methodologies. METHODS We examined genomic copy number changes in 256 pre-invasive and invasive samples from 69 oral cancer patients. Forty-eight samples from 16 patients were further examined using exome sequencing. RESULTS Evidence of a shared ancestor of both dysplasia and carcinoma was seen in all but one patient. One-third of dysplasias showed independent copy number events. The remainder had a copy number pattern that was similar to or simpler than that of the carcinoma. All dysplasias examined contained somatic mutations absent in the related carcinoma. Previously observed copy number changes and TP53 mutations were very frequently observed, and almost always shared between dysplasia and carcinoma. Other gene changes were more sporadic. Pathway analysis confirmed that each patient's disease developed in a different way. Examining the numbers of shared mutations and the rate of accumulation of mutations showed evidence that all samples contain a population of sub-clones, with little evidence of selective advantage of a subset of these. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that most of the genomic changes driving oral cancer occur in the pre-cancerous state by way of gradual random accumulation rather than a dramatic single event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Wood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Catherine Daly
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Rebecca Chalkley
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Burcu Senguven
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lisa Ross
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Philip Egan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Preetha Chengot
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jennifer Graham
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Neeraj Sethi
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Thian K Ong
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Kenneth MacLennan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pamela Rabbitts
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Caroline Conway
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT47 6SB, UK
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11
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Abstract
A significantly increasing proportion of oropharyngeal head and neck carcinomas (OSCC) in North America and Europe are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV-related OSCC is regarded as a distinct tumor type with regard to its cellular, biologic, and clinical characteristics. Patients with HPV-related OSCC have significantly better local control, but higher rates of regional lymph node and distant metastases as compared to patients with HPV-negative OSCC. Classical molecular genetic investigations demonstrated specific chromosomal aberration signatures in HPV-related OSCC, and recent developments in next generation sequencing (NGS) technology have rendered possible the sequencing of entire genomes, and thus detection of specific mutations, in just a few days. Initial data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project obtained by using genome-wide high throughput methods have confirmed that HPV-related OSCC contain fewer, albeit more specific mutations than HPV-negative tumors. Additionally, these data revealed the presence of specific-potentially therapeutically targetable-activating driver mutations in subgroups of HPV-positive OSCC, some of which have a prognostic impact. Specific targeted NGS technologies provide new possibilities for identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and the development of personalized cancer treatment. Patients with HPV-positive tumors are likely to profit from these developments in the future, since the genetic alterations are relatively homogenous and frequently lead to signal pathway activation. There is an urgent need for network research activities to carry out the necessary basic research in prospective cohort studies.
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12
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Zanetti F, Sewer A, Mathis C, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Majeed S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Martin F, Elamin A, Merg C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems Toxicology Assessment of the Biological Impact of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product on Human Organotypic Oral Epithelial Cultures. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1252-69. [PMID: 27404394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has been reported to increase predisposition to oral cancer and is also recognized as a risk factor for many conditions including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and other benign mucosal disorders. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach for minimizing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, reduction of harmful constituents by heating rather than combusting tobacco, without modifying the amount of nicotine, is a promising new paradigm in harm reduction. In this study, we compared effects of exposure to aerosol derived from a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, with those of CS generated from the 3R4F reference cigarette. Human organotypic oral epithelial tissue cultures (EpiOral, MatTek Corporation) were exposed for 28 min to 3R4F CS or THS2.2 aerosol, both diluted with air to comparable nicotine concentrations (0.32 or 0.51 mg nicotine/L aerosol/CS for 3R4F and 0.31 or 0.46 mg/L for THS2.2). We also tested one higher concentration (1.09 mg/L) of THS2.2. A systems toxicology approach was employed combining cellular assays (i.e., cytotoxicity and cytochrome P450 activity assays), comprehensive molecular investigations of the buccal epithelial transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) by means of computational network biology, measurements of secreted proinflammatory markers, and histopathological analysis. We observed that the impact of 3R4F CS was greater than THS2.2 aerosol in terms of cytotoxicity, morphological tissue alterations, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Analysis of the transcriptomic changes in the exposed oral cultures revealed significant perturbations in various network models such as apoptosis, necroptosis, senescence, xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) signaling. The stress responses following THS2.2 aerosol exposure were markedly decreased, and the exposed cultures recovered more completely compared with those exposed to 3R4F CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Merg
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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13
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Wood HM, Conway C, Daly C, Chalkley R, Berri S, Senguven B, Stead L, Ross L, Egan P, Chengot P, Graham J, Sethi N, Ong TK, High A, MacLennan K, Rabbitts P. The clonal relationships between pre-cancer and cancer revealed by ultra-deep sequencing. J Pathol 2015; 237:296-306. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Wood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Caroline Conway
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Catherine Daly
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Rebecca Chalkley
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Stefano Berri
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Burcu Senguven
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Lucy Stead
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Lisa Ross
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Philip Egan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Preetha Chengot
- St James's Institute of Oncology; St James's University Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - Jennifer Graham
- St James's Institute of Oncology; St James's University Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - Neeraj Sethi
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
| | - Thian K Ong
- Leeds Dental Institute; Leeds General Infirmary; UK
| | - Alec High
- St James's Institute of Oncology; St James's University Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - Kenneth MacLennan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
- St James's Institute of Oncology; St James's University Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - Pamela Rabbitts
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology; University of Leeds; UK
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14
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Otero-Rey EM, Suarez-Alen F, Peñamaria-Mallon M, Lopez-Lopez J, Blanco-Carrion A. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus by a chronic inflammatory process. Use of topical corticosteroids to prevent this progression? Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:570-7. [PMID: 24850508 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.914570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus is a potentially malignant disorder with a capacity, although low, for malignant transformation. Of all the factors related to the process of malignant transformation, it is believed that the chronic inflammatory process plays a key role in the development of oral cancer. This inflammatory process is capable of providing a microenvironment based on different inflammatory cells and molecules that affect cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of our study are: to review the available evidence about the possible relationship between the chronic inflammatory process present in oral lichen planus and its malignant transformation, to discuss the potential therapeutic implications derived from this relationship and to study the role that topical corticosteroids play in the control of oral lichen planus inflammation and its possible progression to malignant transformation. CONCLUSION The maintenance of a minimum dose of topical corticosteroids could prevent the inflammatory progression of oral lichen planus to oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Otero-Rey
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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15
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Schlage WK, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Talikka M, Geertz M, Mathis C, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In vitro systems toxicology approach to investigate the effects of repeated cigarette smoke exposure on human buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:470-87. [PMID: 25046638 PMCID: PMC4219813 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.943441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with diseases of the lung, pulmonary airways and oral cavity. Cytologic, genomic and transcriptomic changes in oral mucosa correlate with oral pre-neoplasia, cancer and inflammation (e.g. periodontitis). Alteration of smoking-related gene expression changes in oral epithelial cells is similar to that in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells. Using a systems toxicology approach, we have previously assessed the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) seen as perturbations of biological processes in human nasal and bronchial organotypic epithelial culture models. Here, we report our further assessment using in vitro human oral organotypic epithelium models. We exposed the buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures to CS at the air-liquid interface. CS exposure was associated with increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, induction of cytochrome P450s activity and overall weak toxicity in both tissues. Using microarray technology, gene-set analysis and a novel computational modeling approach leveraging causal biological network models, we identified CS impact on xenobiotic metabolism-related pathways accompanied by a more subtle alteration in inflammatory processes. Gene-set analysis further indicated that the CS-induced pathways in the in vitro buccal tissue models resembled those in the in vivo buccal biopsies of smokers from a published dataset. These findings support the translatability of systems responses from in vitro to in vivo and demonstrate the applicability of oral organotypical tissue models for an impact assessment of CS on various tissues exposed during smoking, as well as for impact assessment of reduced-risk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Anita R. Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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16
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Gollin SM. Cytogenetic alterations and their molecular genetic correlates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a next generation window to the biology of disease. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:972-90. [PMID: 25183546 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic alterations underlie the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), whether tobacco and alcohol use, betel nut chewing, snuff or human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the disease. Many of the molecular genetic aberrations in HNSCC result from these cytogenetic alterations. This review presents a brief introduction to the epidemiology of HNSCC, and discusses the role of HPV in the disease, cytogenetic alterations and their frequencies in HNSCC, their molecular genetic and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) correlates, prognostic implications, and possible therapeutic considerations. The most frequent cytogenetic alterations in HNSCC are gains of 5p14-15, 8q11-12, and 20q12-13, gains or amplifications of 3q26, 7p11, 8q24, and 11q13, and losses of 3p, 4q35, 5q12, 8p23, 9p21-24, 11q14-23, 13q12-14, 18q23, and 21q22. To understand their effects on tumor cell biology and response to therapy, the cytogenetic findings in HNSCC are increasingly being examined in the context of the biochemical pathways they disrupt. The goal is to minimize morbidity and mortality from HNSCC using cytogenetic abnormalities to identify valuable diagnostic biomarkers for HNSCC, prognostic biomarkers of tumor behavior, recurrence risk, and outcome, and predictive biomarkers of therapeutic response to identify the most efficacious treatment for each individual patient's tumor, all based on a detailed understanding of the next generation biology of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Gollin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA; Departments of Otolaryngology and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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17
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Zhang R, Lee JY, Wang X, Xu W, Hu X, Lu X, Niu Y, Tang R, Li S, Li Y. Identification of novel genomic aberrations in AML-M5 in a level of array CGH. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87637. [PMID: 24727659 PMCID: PMC3984075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the possible existence of unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities and delineate the characterization of copy number alterations (CNAs) of acute myeloid leukemia-M5 (AML-M5), R-banding karyotype, oligonucelotide array CGH and FISH were performed in 24 patients with AML-M5. A total of 117 CNAs with size ranging from 0.004 to 146.263 Mb was recognized in 12 of 24 cases, involving all chromosomes other than chromosome 1, 4, X and Y. Cryptic CNAs with size less than 5 Mb accounted for 59.8% of all the CNAs. 12 recurrent chromosomal alterations were mapped. Seven out of them were described in the previous AML studies and five were new candidate AML-M5 associated CNAs, including gains of 3q26.2-qter and 13q31.3 as well as losses of 2q24.2, 8p12 and 14q32. Amplication of 3q26.2-qter was the sole large recurrent chromosomal anomaly and the pathogenic mechanism in AML-M5 was possibly different from the classical recurrent 3q21q26 abnormality in AML. As a tumor suppressor gene, FOXN3, was singled out from the small recurrent CNA of 14q32, however, it is proved that deletion of FOXN3 is a common marker of myeloid leukemia rather than a specific marker for AML-M5 subtype. Moreover, the concurrent amplication of MLL and deletion of CDKN2A were noted and it might be associated with AML-M5. The number of CNA did not show a significant association with clinico-biological parameters and CR number of the 22 patients received chemotherapy. This study provided the evidence that array CGH served as a complementary platform for routine cytogenetic analysis to identify those cryptic alterations in the patients with AML-M5. As a subtype of AML, AML-M5 carries both common recurrent CNAs and unique CNAs, which may harbor novel oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Clarifying the role of these genes will contribute to the understanding of leukemogenic network of AML-M5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xianglan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yimeng Niu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Rurong Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Genomic DNA copy number alterations from precursor oral lesions to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:404-12. [PMID: 24613650 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a multifactorial disease in which both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the aetiopathogenesis. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with a higher incidence among Melanesian and South Asian countries. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study aimed to determine common genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) and their frequency by including 12 studies that have been conducted on OSCCs using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In addition, we reviewed the literature dealing with CNAs that drive oral precursor lesions to the invasive tumors. Results showed a sequential accumulation of genetic changes from oral precursor lesions to invasive tumors. With the disease progression, accumulation of genetic changes increases in terms of frequency, type and size of the abnormalities, even on different regions of the same chromosome. Gains in 3q (36.5%), 5p (23%), 7p (21%), 8q (47%), 11q (45%), 20q (31%) and losses in 3p (37%), 8p (18%), 9p (10%) and 18q (11%) were the most common observations among those studies. However, losses are less frequent than gains but it appears that they might be the primary clonal events in causing oral cancer.
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19
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Giaretti W, Pentenero M, Gandolfo S, Castagnola P. Chromosomal instability, aneuploidy and routine high-resolution DNA content analysis in oral cancer risk evaluation. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1257-71. [PMID: 23130927 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogen exposure of the oral cavity is thought to create an extensive 'field cancerization'. According to this model, a very early precursor of oral cancer is a patch of normal-appearing mucosa in which stem cells share genetic/genomic aberrations. These precancerous fields then become clinically visible as white and red lesions (leuko- and erythro-plakias), which represent the vast majority of the oral potentially malignant disorders. This review focuses on aneuploidy (where it is from) and on biomarkers associated with DNA aneuploidy in oral mucosa and oral potentially malignant disorders, as detected by DNA image and flow cytometry. Data from the literature strongly support the association of DNA ploidy with dysplasia. However, work is still needed to prove the clinical value of DNA ploidy in large-scale prospective studies. Using high-resolution DNA flow cytometry with fresh/frozen material and the degree of DNA aneuploidy (DNA Index) might improve the prediction of risk of oral cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Giaretti
- Department of Diagnostic Oncology, Biophysics & Cytometry Section, IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi n.10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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20
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Yoshioka S, Tsukamoto Y, Hijiya N, Nakada C, Uchida T, Matsuura K, Takeuchi I, Seto M, Kawano K, Moriyama M. Genomic profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56165. [PMID: 23457519 PMCID: PMC3573022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a study to investigate genetic relationships between primary tumors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their lymph node metastases, and to identify genomic copy number aberrations (CNAs) related to lymph node metastasis. For this purpose, we collected a total of 42 tumor samples from 25 patients and analyzed their genomic profiles by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. We then compared the genetic profiles of metastatic primary tumors (MPTs) with their paired lymph node metastases (LNMs), and also those of LNMs with non-metastatic primary tumors (NMPTs). Firstly, we found that although there were some distinctive differences in the patterns of genomic profiles between MPTs and their paired LNMs, the paired samples shared similar genomic aberration patterns in each case. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis grouped together 12 of the 15 MPT-LNM pairs. Furthermore, similarity scores between paired samples were significantly higher than those between non-paired samples. These results suggested that MPTs and their paired LNMs are composed predominantly of genetically clonal tumor cells, while minor populations with different CNAs may also exist in metastatic OSCCs. Secondly, to identify CNAs related to lymph node metastasis, we compared CNAs between grouped samples of MPTs and LNMs, but were unable to find any CNAs that were more common in LNMs. Finally, we hypothesized that subpopulations carrying metastasis-related CNAs might be present in both the MPT and LNM. Accordingly, we compared CNAs between NMPTs and LNMs, and found that gains of 7p, 8q and 17q were more common in the latter than in the former, suggesting that these CNAs may be involved in lymph node metastasis of OSCC. In conclusion, our data suggest that in OSCCs showing metastasis, the primary and metastatic tumors share similar genomic profiles, and that cells in the primary tumor may tend to metastasize after acquiring metastasis-associated CNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Oita, Japan, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoki Hijiya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Chisato Nakada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Computer Science/Scientific and Engineering Simulation, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawano
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Oita, Japan, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Moriyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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21
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Shao C, Yu Y, Yu L, Pei Y, Feng Q, Chu F, Fang Z, Zhou Y. Amplification and up-regulation of microRNA-30b in oral squamous cell cancers. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1012-7. [PMID: 22542163 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of protein coding genes which are frequently deregulated in mammary cancers. Over-expression of microRNA-30b (hsa-miR-30b) is implicated in tumour invasion and immunosuppression during metastasis. The chromosome locus of MIR30B gene, 8q24, is frequently amplified in oral squamous cell cancers (OSCCs). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the copy number variations as well as expression levels of MIR30B gene in OSCCs and analyse their correlation with tumour stage. DESIGN Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the copy number of MIR-30B gene as well as hsa-miR-30b expression in 107 OSCC samples with matched adjacent normal tissues. Proportional odds regression and two-way repeated measurement ANOVA were used to analyse the association between copy number variations (CNVs) and hsa-miR-30b expression. RESULTS Copy number gains of MIR-30B gene were detected in a relatively large percentage of the OSCC samples (27.1%, 29 out of 107) and were correlated with tumour stages (p<0.001). MIR30B gene amplification also showed a close correlation with hsa-miR-30b over-expression in OSCCs (p<0.001). On the other hand, enhanced miR-30b expression was also detected in a group of OSCC samples with unaltered copy number of MIR30B gene. CONCLUSIONS Copy number increase of MIR30B is frequent in advanced OSCC and is correlated with hsa-miR-30b over-expression. Sporadic OSCCs can exhibit different mechanisms of MIR30B regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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22
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Giaretti W, Maffei M, Pentenero M, Scaruffi P, Donadini A, Di Nallo E, Malacarne D, Marino R, Familiari U, Coco S, Tonini GP, Castagnola P, Gandolfo S. Genomic aberrations in normal appearing mucosa fields distal from oral potentially malignant lesions. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 35:43-52. [PMID: 22144094 PMCID: PMC3268978 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral fields of visually normal and non-dysplastic mucosa (ODFs) may represent the precursors of oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs). Aim of the study was to provide new evidence for the concept of the "field carcinogenesis" model by comparing the ODF and OPML genomic aberration profiles obtained by high resolution DNA flow cytometry (hr DNA-FCM) and array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (a-CGH). A second aim was to investigate if specific CGH aberrations were associated with DNA aneuploidy. METHODS Nineteen patients with single OPMLs were recruited for the study. In parallel with obtaining samples of OPML tissue from 11 leukoplakias without dysplasia (nd-OPMLs) and 8 with dysplasia (d-OPMLs), we also obtained samples from distant ODFs. DNA aneuploid nuclei detected by hr DNA-FCM were physically separated, based on DNA content, from the DNA diploid components with a DNA-FCM-Sorter. These relatively pure subpopulations of epithelial nuclei were then submitted to DNA extraction and a-CGH for a genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs). RESULTS The frequencies of DNA aneuploidy (DI ≠ 1) among ODFs and OPMLs were respectively 5.3% and 32%. The DI aneuploid values of ODFs and nd-OPMLs were all near-diploid (DI ≠ 1 and DI ≤ 1.4), while for d-OPMLs were high-aneuploid (DI > 1.4) in 40% of the cases. CNA averages were 1.9 in ODFs and 6.5 in OPMLs. The gain of the chromosomal region 20q13.33-qter was observed in 37% of both ODFs and corresponding OPMLs. Additional common regions included 7p22.2-pter, 11p15.5-pter and 16p13.3-pter where gains were observed. Furthermore, gains of 20q13.31-q13.33 and of 5p13.33-pter and loss of 9p21.3 were detected at high frequency (respectively, at 62.5%, 50% and 50%) only in d-OPMLs. In particular, loss at 9p21.3, gain at 5p13.33-pter and gain of 20q13.31-q13.33 were associated with DNA aneuploidy (p = 0.00004; p = 0.0005; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS ODFs and OPMLs showed common CNAs in specific chromosomal regions suggesting that they may represent early events of the natural history of oral carcinogenesis according to the field effect cancerization and may contribute to the ODF-OPML transition. In addition, loss at 9p21.3 and gains at 5p13.33-pter and 20q13.31-q13.33 may contribute to DNA aneuploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Giaretti
- Department of Diagnostic Oncology, Biophysics and Cytometry, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genoa, GE, Italy.
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Tu HF, Liu CJ, Liu SY, Chen YP, Yu EH, Lin SC, Chang KW. Serum decoy receptor 3 level: a predictive marker for nodal metastasis and survival among oral cavity cancer patients. Head Neck 2011; 33:396-402. [PMID: 20645287 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validating markers for prediction of nodal metastasis could be beneficial in treatment of oral cavity cancer. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), locus on 20q13, functions as a death decoy inhibiting apoptosis mediated by the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. METHODS This study analyzed the serum level of DcR3 in relationship to the clinical parameters of oral cavity cancer patients together with detection of DcR3 genomic copy number in primary and recurrent tumors. RESULTS Elevated serum DcR3 was associated with nodal metastasis and worse prognosis. Gain of DcR3 copy number was detected in 17% of primary tumor tissue but not found in healthy areca chewers. Tissue from recurrent tumors showed more frequent DcR3 copy number alteration (48%) than the paired primary tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS Serum DcR3 level is a predictor for the nodal metastasis and survival among oral cavity cancer patients and the DcR3 copy number alteration could underlie oral carcinogenesis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Feng Tu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Matizonkas-Antonio LF, Libório TN, Aquino Xavier FC, Silva-Valenzuela MDG, Michaluarte-Júnior P, Nunes FD. Detection of TGIF1 homeobox gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma according to histologic grading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:218-24. [PMID: 21237437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TGIF1 homeobox gene involvement in oral cancer has not yet been investigated. This study analyzed the expression of TGIF1 transcripts and protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). STUDY DESIGN Snap-frozen samples from 16 patients were taken from both OSCC and nontumoral adjacent epithelium (NT) for in situ hybridization (ISH). Forty-six paraffin-embedded samples of OSCC were submitted to immunohistochemistry (IHC). A descriptive analysis of the transcript signal detection was accomplished, and TGIF1 immunoexpression was carried out considering protein levels, localization, and cellular differentiation. RESULTS ISH reactions showed TGIF1 transcripts with a signal that was frequently intense in NT, and generally weak in OSCC, and that had stronger transcript signal in well-differentiated areas of OSCC when compared with poorly differentiated ones. IHC reactions had poorly differentiated cases associated with TGIF1 protein expression in both the nucleus and cytoplasm (P = .05, Fisher test). CONCLUSIONS TGIF1 gain or loss of function might possibly play a role in oral cancer cell differentiation.
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PATHARE SWAPNALIM, GERSTUNG MORITZ, BEERENWINKEL NIKO, SCHÄFFER ALEJANDROA, KANNAN SADHANA, PAI PRATHAMESH, PATHAK KALOK, BORGES ANITAM, MAHIMKAR MANOJB. Clinicopathological and prognostic implications of genetic alterations in oral cancers. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:445-451. [PMID: 21546976 PMCID: PMC3085881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the clinicopathological and prognostic implications of genetic alterations characterizing oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). Comparative genomic hybridization(CGH) was used to identify chromosomal alterations present in primary OSCCs obtained from 97 pateints. In this population, tobacco use was a significant risk factor for OSCC. By contrast, all 97 of our samples are negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA integration, which is another known risk factor for OSCC in certain populations. Results of the Fisher's exact test followed by Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing, showed a correlation of 7p gain and 8p loss with node-positive OSCC (p≤0.04 for both genetic alterations) and association of 11q13 gain with high-grade OSCC (p≤0.05). Univariate Cox-proportional hazard models, also corrected for multiple testing, showed significant association of 11q13 gain and 18q loss with decreased survival (p≤0.05). These findings were supported by multivariate analysis which revealed that 11q13 gain and 18q loss together serve as a strong bivariate predictor of poor prognosis. In conclusion, our study has identified genetic alterations that correlate significantly with nodal status, grade, and poor survival status of OSCC. These potential biomarkers may aid the current TNM system for better prediction of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- SWAPNALI M. PATHARE
- Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - MORITZ GERSTUNG
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - NIKO BEERENWINKEL
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - ALEJANDRO A. SCHÄFFER
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - SADHANA KANNAN
- ECTU, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - PRATHAMESH PAI
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Mumbai 400012
| | | | - ANITA M. BORGES
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, S.L. Raheja Hospital, Mumbai 400016, India
| | - MANOJ B. MAHIMKAR
- Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210
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Chu F, Feng Q, Qian Y, Zhang C, Fang Z, Shen G. ERBB2 gene amplification in oral squamous cell malignancies: a correlation with tumor progression and gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:90-5. [PMID: 21531597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chromosomal instability is hallmark of carcinoma. Amplification of chromosome 17q11-q12 is present in some oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) cases. In this study, we investigated the copy number variations of ERBB2 gene, which is located at this locus in collected OSCC samples and their correlation with tumor progression and gene expression. STUDY DESIGN Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the copy number of ERBB2 gene and the mRNA expression in 92 OSCC samples with matched adjacent normal tissues (ANTs). Proportional odds regression and 2-way repeated measurement analysis of variance were used to analyze the association between copy number variations and mRNA expression of the targeted gene. RESULTS Copy number gains of ERBB2 were detected in some of the OSCCs (19.6%, 18/92) and correlated with tumor stage (P < .001). Copy number gains of ERBB2 also showed a positive correlation with mRNA overexpression in OSCCs (P < .001). However, enhanced ERBB2 mRNA expression was also detected in a group of OSCC samples with unaltered copy number of ERBB2 gene (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Copy number increase of ERBB2 is observed in OSCCs and correlates with gene overexpression in these tumors. In addition, overexpression of ERBB2 is also observed in some OSCCs that lack copy number changes, indicating involvement of another mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Chu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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van der Schroeff MP, Steyerberg EW, Wieringa MH, Langeveld TPM, Molenaar J, Baatenburg de Jong RJ. Prognosis: A variable parameter. Dynamic prognostic modeling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 34:34-41. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scapoli L, Palmieri A, Muzio LL, Pezzetti F, Rubini C, Girardi A, Farinella F, Mazzotta M, Carinci F. MicroRNA Expression Profiling of Oral Carcinoma Identifies New Markers of Tumor Progression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:1229-34. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the most frequently occurring malignant head and neck tumour, generally exhibits poor prognosis and metastases are the main cause of death. The discovery of reliable prognostic indicators of tumour progression could greatly improve clinical practice. MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Since miRNAs have been shown to be abnormally expressed in different tumours their importance as potential cancer prognostic indicators is increasing. To define the role of miRNA in OSCC tumours we investigated the expression profile of 15 OSCC (8 without metastasis and 7 with lymph node metastasis) using microarray analysis. Thirteen miRNA were significantly overexpressed (miR-489, miR-129, miR-23a, miR-214, miR-23b, miR-92, miR-25, miR-210, miR-212, miR-515, miR-146b, miR-21, miR-338) and 6 miRNA were underexpressed (miR-520h, miR-197, miR-378, miR-135b, miR-224, miR-34a) in oral tumours. Underexpression of mir-155, let-7i, mir-146a was found to characterize progression to metastastatic tumours. Further investigations will elucidate whether differentially expressed miRNAs will help to better classify OSCCs, thus improving diagnoses and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Palmieri
- Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - L. Lo Muzio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | | | - C. Rubini
- Anatomical Pathology Unit, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona
| | | | - F. Farinella
- Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
| | - M. Mazzotta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Basilicata (I.R.C.C.S. C.R.O.B.), Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - F. Carinci
- Section of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Ferrara, Ferrara
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Schleiermacher G, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Ribeiro A, Klijanienko J, Couturier J, Pierron G, Mosseri V, Valent A, Auger N, Plantaz D, Rubie H, Valteau-Couanet D, Bourdeaut F, Combaret V, Bergeron C, Michon J, Delattre O. Accumulation of segmental alterations determines progression in neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3122-30. [PMID: 20516441 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma is characterized by two distinct types of genetic profiles, consisting of either numerical or segmental chromosome alterations. The latter are associated with a higher risk of relapse, even when occurring together with numerical alterations. We explored the role of segmental alterations in tumor progression and the possibility of evolution from indolent to aggressive genomic types. PATIENTS AND METHODS Array-based comparative genomic hybridization data of 394 neuroblastoma samples were analyzed and linked to clinical data. RESULTS Integration of ploidy and genomic data indicated that pseudotriploid tumors with mixed numerical and segmental profiles may be derived from pseudotriploid tumors with numerical alterations only. This was confirmed by the analysis of paired samples, at diagnosis and at relapse, as in tumors with a purely numerical profile at diagnosis additional segmental alterations at relapse were frequently observed. New segmental alterations at relapse were also seen in patients with segmental alterations at diagnosis. This was not linked to secondary effects of cytotoxic treatments since it occurred even in patients treated with surgery alone. A higher number of chromosome breakpoints were correlated with advanced age at diagnosis, advanced stage of disease, with a higher risk of relapse, and a poorer outcome. CONCLUSION These data provide further evidence of the role of segmental alterations, suggesting that tumor progression is linked to the accumulation of segmental alterations in neuroblastoma. This possibility of genomic evolution should be taken into account in treatment strategies of low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma and should warrant biologic reinvestigation at the time of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schleiermacher
- L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U830, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Tsuji K, Kawauchi S, Saito S, Furuya T, Ikemoto K, Nakao M, Yamamoto S, Oka M, Hirano T, Sasaki K. Breast cancer cell lines carry cell line-specific genomic alterations that are distinct from aberrations in breast cancer tissues: comparison of the CGH profiles between cancer cell lines and primary cancer tissues. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:15. [PMID: 20070913 PMCID: PMC2836299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell lines are commonly used in various kinds of biomedical research in the world. However, it remains uncertain whether genomic alterations existing in primary tumor tissues are represented in cell lines and whether cell lines carry cell line-specific genomic alterations. This study was performed to answer these questions. Methods Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was employed with 4030 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that cover the genome at 1.0 megabase resolution to analyze DNA copy number aberrations (DCNAs) in 35 primary breast tumors and 24 breast cancer cell lines. DCNAs were compared between these two groups. A tissue microdissection technique was applied to primary tumor tissues to reduce the contamination of samples by normal tissue components. Results The average number of BAC clones with DCNAs was 1832 (45.3% of spotted clones) and 971 (24.9%) for cell lines and primary tumor tissues, respectively. Gains of 1q and 8q and losses of 8p, 11q, 16q and 17p were detected in >50% of primary cancer tissues. These aberrations were also frequently detected in cell lines. In addition to these alterations, the cell lines showed recurrent genomic alterations including gains of 5p14-15, 20q11 and 20q13 and losses of 4p13-p16, 18q12, 18q21, Xq21.1 and Xq26-q28 that were barely detected in tumor tissue specimens. These are considered to be cell line-specific DCNAs. The frequency of the HER2 amplification was high in both cell lines and tumor tissues, but it was statistically different between cell lines and primary tumors (P = 0.012); 41.3 ± 29.9% for the cell lines and 15.9 ± 18.6% for the tissue specimens. Conclusions Established cell lines carry cell lines-specific DCNAs together with recurrent aberrations detected in primary tumor tissues. It must therefore be emphasized that cell lines do not always represent the genotypes of parental tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katumi Tsuji
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
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Tsui IFL, Poh CF, Garnis C, Rosin MP, Zhang L, Lam WL. Multiple pathways in the FGF signaling network are frequently deregulated by gene amplification in oral dysplasias. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2219-28. [PMID: 19623652 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alteration in oral premalignant lesions (OPLs), the precursors of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), may represent key changes in disease initiation and development. We ask if DNA amplification occurs at this early stage of cancer development and which oncogenic pathways are disrupted in OPLs. Here, we evaluated 50 high-grade dysplasias and low-grade dysplasias that later progressed to cancer for gene dosage aberrations using tiling-path DNA microarrays. Early occurrences of DNA amplification and homozygous deletion were frequently detected, with 40% (20/50) of these early lesions exhibiting such features. Expression for 88 genes in 7 recurrent amplicons were evaluated in 5 independent head and neck cancer datasets, with 40 candidates found to be overexpressed relative to normal tissues. These genes were significantly enriched in the canonical ERK/MAPK, FGF, p53, PTEN and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (p = 8.95 x 10(-3) to 3.18 x 10(-2)). These identified pathways share interactions in one signaling network, and amplification-mediated deregulation of this network was found in 30.0% of these preinvasive lesions. No such alterations were found in 14 low-grade dysplasias that did not progress, whereas 43.5% (10/23) of OSCCs were found to have altered genes within the pathways with DNA amplification. Multitarget FISH showed that amplification of EGFR and CCND1 can coexist in single cells of an oral dysplasia, suggesting the dependence on multiple oncogenes for OPL progression. Taken together, these findings identify a critical biological network that is frequently disrupted in high-risk OPLs, with different specific genes disrupted in different individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy F L Tsui
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Pathare S, Schäffer AA, Beerenwinkel N, Mahimkar M. Construction of oncogenetic tree models reveals multiple pathways of oral cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2864-71. [PMID: 19267402 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer develops and progresses by accumulation of genetic alterations. The interrelationship between these alterations and their sequence of occurrence in oral cancers has not been thoroughly understood. In the present study, we applied oncogenetic tree models to comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data of 97 primary oral cancers to identify pathways of progression. CGH revealed the most frequent gains on chromosomes 8q (72.4%) and 9q (41.2%) and frequent losses on 3p (49.5%) and 8p (47.5%). Both mixture and distance-based tree models suggested multiple progression pathways and identified +8q as an early event. The mixture model suggested two independent pathways namely a major pathway with -8p and a less frequent pathway with +9q. The distance-based tree identified three progression pathways, one characterized by -8p, another by -3p and the third by alterations +11q and +7p. Differences were observed in cytogenetic pathways of node-positive and node-negative oral cancers. Node-positive cancers were characterized by more non-random aberrations (n = 11) and progressed via -8p or -3p. On the other hand, node-negative cancers involved fewer non-random alterations (n = 6) and progressed along -3p. In summary, the tree models for oral cancers provided novel information about the interactions between genetic alterations and predicted their probable order of occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Pathare
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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Tsui IFL, Rosin MP, Zhang L, Ng RT, Lam WL. Multiple aberrations of chromosome 3p detected in oral premalignant lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:424-9. [PMID: 19138989 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of oral premalignant lesions (OPL) is crucial to the identification of initiating genetic events in oral cancer. However, these lesions are minute in size, making it a challenge to recover sufficient DNA from microdissected cells for comprehensive genomic analysis. As a step toward identifying genetic aberrations associated with oral cancer progression, we used tiling-path array comparative genomic hybridization to compare alterations on chromosome 3p for 71 OPLs against 23 oral squamous cell carcinomas. 3p was chosen because although it is frequently altered in oral cancers and has been associated with progression risk, its alteration status has only been evaluated at a small number of loci in OPLs. We identified six recurrent losses in this region that were shared between high-grade dysplasias and oral squamous cell carcinomas, including a 2.89-Mbp deletion spanning the FHIT gene (previously implicated in oral cancer progression). When the alteration status for these six regions was examined in 24 low-grade dysplasias with known progression outcome, we observed that they occurred at a significantly higher frequency in low-grade dysplasias that later progressed to later-stage disease (P < 0.003). Moreover, parallel analysis of all profiled tissues showed that the extent of overall genomic alteration at 3p increased with histologic stage. This first high-resolution analysis of chromosome arm 3p in OPLs represents a significant step toward predicting progression risk in early preinvasive disease and provides a keen example of how genomic instability escalates with progression to invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy F L Tsui
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
The outcome for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma remains poor, despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment over the past three decades. This has triggered great interest in the genetic events that underpin the aetiology and clinical behaviour of this group of cancers. As a result, the genetic profile for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas at different sub-sites has been relatively well characterised at the chromosomal level. Various studies have shown links between specific aberrations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and clinical outcome, e.g. loss of heterozygosity at 2q and 18q is commonly associated with poor prognosis, and loss of heterozygosity at 9p21 is associated with recurrence. However, there is as yet no significant clinical application of this genetic knowledge as regards the screening, diagnosis or treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we summarise the current state of knowledge, and highlight the most promising areas of research that may facilitate the translation of genetic data into clinical benefit.
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Schwarz S, Bier J, Driemel O, Reichert TE, Hauke S, Hartmann A, Brockhoff G. Losses of 3p14 and 9p21 as shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization are early events in tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma and already occur in simple keratosis. Cytometry A 2008; 73:305-11. [PMID: 18163473 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been postulated to represent a multistep process driven by the accumulation of carcinogen-induced genetic changes. Alterations of the 3p14 fragile site containing the fragile histidine triade gene and of the 9p21 tumor suppressor locus containing methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, p16 and p15 characteristically occur in oral leukoplakia, a known precursor of OSCC, and are at present considered to indicate the transition from simple keratosis (hyperplasia) to dysplasia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of losses of 3p14 and 9p21 and to evaluate polysomies 3 and 9 in leukoplakias using highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes. Examining 67 leukoplakias (24 hyperplasias, 33 dysplasias, 10 in situ carcinomas), control tissues of oral mucosa from infants and adults as well as invasive carcinomas and normal epithelia of tumor patients with locus specific FISH probes targeting 3p14 and 9p21, and centromeric probes for chromosomes 3 and 9 we could demonstrate that losses of these sites appeared very early in the tumorigenesis of OSCC and were already present in the great majority of simple keratoses. Polysomy 3 occurring more frequently than polysomy 9 was characteristic of dysplasia and in situ carcinomas and thus seems to follow losses of 3p14 and 9p21 during oral squamous cell carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schwarz
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Teh MT, Tilakaratne WM, Chaplin T, Young BD, Ariyawardana A, Pitiyage G, Lalli A, Stewart JE, Hagi-Pavli E, Cruchley A, Waseem A, Fortune F. Fingerprinting genomic instability in oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:430-6. [PMID: 18284545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a high-risk pre-cancerous condition where 7-13% of these patients develop head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To date there is no cancer predictive markers for OSF patients. Genomic instability hallmarks early genetic events during malignant transformation causing loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chromosomal copy number abnormality. However, to date there is no study on genomic instability in OSF. Although this condition is known as a high-risk pre-cancerous condition, there is no data regarding the genomic status of this disease in terms of genetic susceptibility to malignant transformation. METHODS In this study, we investigated the existence of genetic signatures for carcinogenesis in OSF. We employed the high-resolution genome-wide Affymetrix Mapping single nucleotide polymorphism microarray technique to 'fingerprint' global genomic instability in the form of LOH in 15 patient-matched OSF-blood genomic DNA samples. RESULTS This rapid high-resolution mapping technique has revealed for the first time that a small number of discrete hot-spot LOH loci appeared in 47-53% of the OSF tissues studied. Many of these LOH loci were previously identified regions of genomic instability associated with carcinogenesis of the HNSCC. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that genomic instability in the form of LOH is present in OSF. We hypothesize that the genomic instability detected in OSF may play an important role in malignant transformation. Further functional association studies on these putative genes may reveal potential predictive oral cancer markers for OSF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences Building, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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