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Chien HW, Chuang CC, Hsieh YH, Lee CY, Yu NY, Yang SF. Tricetin suppresses the cell migration and BMP-6 expression through p38 signaling pathways in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4148-4155. [PMID: 38654487 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a visual-threatening disease, which cause from the migration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Tricetin, a family of flavonoids, can inhibit the metastasis of several cancers. Herein, we aim to evaluate the possible effect of tricetin on inhibiting ARPE-19 cells migration. The Boyden chamber assay, wound healing assay, RNA sequencing, and Western blot analysis were applied in our experiment. The results revealed that tricetin inhibited the cell migration abilities of ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, using RNA sequencing technology, we revealed that tricetin repressed bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) gene expressions in ARPE-19 cells. Overexpression of BMP-6 resulted in significant restoration of cell migration capabilities of tricetin-treated ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, tricetin suppressed the phosphorylation of the p38 signaling pathway. Moreover, blocking the p38 pathway also inhibits BMP-6 expression and migration in the ARPE-19 cells. In conclusion, this study revealed that tricetin inhibits the ARPE-19 cell migration mainly via the suppression of BMP-6 expression and p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Chien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nuo-Yi Yu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Muraki N, Kawabe N, Ohashi A, Umeda K, Katsuda M, Tomatsu A, Yoshida M, Komeda K, Minna JD, Tanaka I, Morise M, Matsushima M, Matsui Y, Kawabe T, Sato M. BRAF V600E promotes anchorage-independent growth but inhibits anchorage-dependent growth in hTERT/Cdk4-Immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114057. [PMID: 38679315 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Certain oncogenes, including mutant RAS and BRAF, induce a type of senescence known as oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) in normal cells in a cell-type-specific manner. OIS serves as a barrier to transformation by activated oncogenes. Our previous studies showed that mutant KRASV12 did not efficiently induce OIS in an hTERT/Cdk4-immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBEC3), but it did enhance both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth. In this study, we investigated whether mutant BRAF, a well-known inducer of OIS, could trigger OIS in HBEC3 cells. We also assessed the impact of mutant BRAF on the growth of HBEC3 cells, as no previous studies have examined this using a normal bronchial epithelial cell line model. We established an HBEC3 cell line, designated as HBEC3-BIN, that expresses mutant BRAFV600E in a doxycycline-regulated manner. Unlike our previous finding that KRASV12 upregulated both pERK and pAKT, mutant BRAFV600E upregulated pERK but not pAKT in HBEC3-BIN cells. Similar to KRASV12, BRAFV600E did not efficiently induce OIS. Interestingly, while BRAFV600E inhibited colony formation in anchorage-dependent conditions, it dramatically enhanced colony formation in anchorage-independent conditions in HBEC3-BIN. In HBEC3 cells without BRAFV600E or KRASV12 expression, p21 was only detected in the cytoplasm, and its localization was not altered by the expression of BRAFV600E or KRASV12. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed an enrichment of gene sets known to be involved in carcinogenesis, including IL3/JAK/STAT3, IL2, STAT5, and the EMT pathway. Our results indicate that, unlike KRASV12, which promoted both, BRAFV600E enhances anchorage-independent growth but inhibits anchorage-dependent growth of HBEC3. This contrast may result from differences in activation signaling in the downstream pathways. Furthermore, HBEC3 cells appear to be inherently resistant to OIS, which may be partly due to the fact that p21 remains localized in the cytoplasm upon expression of BRAFV600E or KRASV12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Muraki
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kawabe
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Ayano Ohashi
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kanna Umeda
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masahito Katsuda
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Aya Tomatsu
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Mikina Yoshida
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazuki Komeda
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and the Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75230-8593, USA
| | - Ichidai Tanaka
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morise
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyoko Matsushima
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- . Biomedical and Health Informatics Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Division of Host Defense Sciences, Dept. of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 461-8673, Japan.
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Zhou W, Yan K, Xi Q. BMP signaling in cancer stemness and differentiation. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:37. [PMID: 38049682 PMCID: PMC10695912 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein) signaling pathway plays a central role in metazoan biology, intricately shaping embryonic development, maintaining tissue homeostasis, and influencing disease progression. In the context of cancer, BMP signaling exhibits context-dependent dynamics, spanning from tumor suppression to promotion. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a modest subset of neoplastic cells with stem-like attributes, exert substantial influence by steering tumor growth, orchestrating therapy resistance, and contributing to relapse. A comprehensive grasp of the intricate interplay between CSCs and their microenvironment is pivotal for effective therapeutic strategies. Among the web of signaling pathways orchestrating cellular dynamics within CSCs, BMP signaling emerges as a vital conductor, overseeing CSC self-renewal, differentiation dynamics, and the intricate symphony within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, BMP signaling's influence in cancer extends beyond CSCs, intricately regulating cellular migration, invasion, and metastasis. This multifaceted role underscores the imperative of comprehending BMP signaling's contributions to cancer, serving as the foundation for crafting precise therapies to navigate multifaceted challenges posed not only by CSCs but also by various dimensions of cancer progression. This article succinctly encapsulates the diverse roles of the BMP signaling pathway across different cancers, spanning glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), colorectal cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), lung cancer, prostate cancer, and osteosarcoma. It underscores the necessity of unraveling underlying mechanisms and molecular interactions. By delving into the intricate tapestry of BMP signaling's engagement in cancers, researchers pave the way for meticulously tailored therapies, adroitly leveraging its dualistic aspects-whether as a suppressor or promoter-to effectively counter the relentless march of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kun Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiaoran Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Zhao X, Wang Z, Tang Z, Hu J, Zhou Y, Ge J, Dong J, Xu S. An anoikis-related gene signature for prediction of the prognosis in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1169425. [PMID: 37664042 PMCID: PMC10469923 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1169425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study presents a novel approach to predict postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients which involves constructing a signature based on anoikis-related genes (ARGs). Methods In this study, we utilised data from TCGA-PARD and GEO databases to identify specific ARGs in prostate cancer. We established a signature of these ARGs using Cox regression analysis and evaluated their clinical predictive efficacy and immune-related status through various methods such as Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, subject work characteristics analysis, and CIBERSORT method. Our findings suggest that these ARGs may have potential as biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis and treatment. To investigate the biological pathways of genes associated with anoikis, we utilised GSVA, GO, and KEGG. The expression of ARGs was confirmed by the HPA database. Furthermore, we conducted PPI analysis to identify the core network of ARGs in PCa. Results Based on analysis of the TCGA database, a set of eight ARGs were identified as prognostic signature genes for prostate cancer. The reliability and validity of this signature were well verified in both the TCGA and GEO codifications. Using this signature, patients were classified into two groups based on their risk for developing BCR. There was a significant difference in BCR-free time between the high and low risk groups (P < 0.05).This signature serves as a dependable and unbiased prognostic factor for predicting biochemical recurrence (BCR) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. It outperforms clinicopathological characteristics in terms of accuracy and reliability. PLK1 may play a potential regulatory role as a core gene in the development of prostate cancer. Conclusion This signature suggests the potential role of ARGs in the development and progression of PCa and can effectively predict the risk of BCR in PCa patients after surgery. It also provides a basis for further research into the mechanism of ARGs in PCa and for the clinical management of patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuheng Wang
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zilu Tang
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingping Ge
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Xu
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Provera MD, Straign DM, Karimpour P, Ihle CL, Owens P. Bone morphogenetic protein pathway responses and alterations of osteogenesis in metastatic prostate cancers. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1707. [PMID: 36054271 PMCID: PMC9940003 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a common cancer in men that annually results in more than 33 000 US deaths. Mortality from prostate cancer is largely from metastatic disease, reflecting on the great strides in the last century of treatments in care for the localized disease. Metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) will commonly travel to the bone, creating unique bone pathology that requires nuanced treatments in those sites with surgical, radio and chemotherapeutic interventions. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway has been historically studied in the capacity to regulate the osteogenic nature of new bone. New mineralized bone generation is a frequent and common observation in mCRPC and referred to as blastic bone lesions. Less common are bone destructive lesions that are termed lytic. METHODS We queried the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) prostate cancer databases for the expression of the BMP pathway and found that distinct gene expression of the ligands, soluble antagonists, receptors, and intracellular mediators were altered in localized versus metastatic disease. Human prostate cancer cell lines have an innate ability to promote blastic- or lytic-like bone lesions and we hypothesized that inhibiting BMP signaling in these cell lines would result in a distinct change in osteogenesis gene expression with BMP inhibition. RESULTS We found unique and common changes by comparing these cell lines response and unique BMP pathway alterations. We treated human PCa cell lines with distinct bone pathologic phenotypes with the BMP inhibitor DMH1 and found distinct osteogenesis responses. We analyzed distinct sites of metastatic PCa in the TCGA and found that BMP signaling was selectively altered in commons sites such as lymph node, bone and liver compared to primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Overall we conclude that BMPs in metastatic prostate cancer are important signals and functional mediators of diverse processes that have potential for individualized precision oncology in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Provera
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado, Anschutz Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Desiree M. Straign
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado, Anschutz Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | - Claire L. Ihle
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado, Anschutz Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Philip Owens
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado, Anschutz Medical CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Service, Eastern Colorado Health Care SystemAuroraColoradoUSA
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Muresan XM, Slabáková E, Procházková J, Drápela S, Fedr R, Pícková M, Vacek O, Víchová R, Suchánková T, Bouchal J, Kürfürstová D, Král M, Hulínová T, Sýkora RP, Študent V, Hejret V, van Weerden WM, Puhr M, Pustka V, Potěšil D, Zdráhal Z, Culig Z, Souček K. Toll-Like Receptor 3 Overexpression Induces Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells, whereas Its Activation Triggers Apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1321-1335. [PMID: 35750257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an endosomal receptor expressed in several immune and epithelial cells. Recent studies have highlighted its expression also in solid tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa), and described its role mainly in the proinflammatory response and induction of apoptosis. It has been found up-regulated in some castration-resistant prostate cancers. However, the role of TLR3 in prostate cancer progression remains largely unknown. We have experimentally demonstrated that exogenous TLR3 activation in PCa cell lines leads to the significant induction of secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and interferon-β, depending on the model and chemoresistance status. Transcriptomic analysis of TLR3-overexpressing cells revealed a functional program that is enriched for genes involved in the regulation of cell motility, migration, and tumor invasiveness. Increased motility, migration, and invasion in TLR3-overexpressing cell line were confirmed by several in vitro assays and using an orthotopic prostate xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, TLR3-ligand induced apoptosis via cleavage of caspase-3/7 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, predominantly in TLR3-overexpressing cells. We conclude that TLR3 may be involved in prostate cancer progression and metastasis; however, it might also represent an Achilles heel of PCa, which can be exploited for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena M Muresan
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Slabáková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Drápela
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pícková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vacek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ráchel Víchová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Suchánková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Milan Král
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hulínová
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radek P Sýkora
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Študent
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hejret
- Bioinformatics Core Facility Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Puhr
- Proteomics Core Facility Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Pustka
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Potěšil
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Proteomics Core Facility Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Sharma T, Kapoor A, Mandal CC. Duality of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer: A comprehensive analysis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3127-3163. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
| | - Anmol Kapoor
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
| | - Chandi C. Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer Rajasthan India
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Oncogenic Mutation BRAF V600E Changes Phenotypic Behavior of THLE-2 Liver Cells through Alteration of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031548. [PMID: 35163468 PMCID: PMC8836259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of mutations in cancer driver genes, such as tumor suppressors or proto-oncogenes, affects cellular homeostasis. Disturbances in the mechanism controlling proliferation cause significant augmentation of cell growth and division due to the loss of sensitivity to the regulatory signals. Nowadays, an increasing number of cases of liver cancer are observed worldwide. Data provided by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have indicated many alterations within gene sequences, whose roles in tumor development are not well understood. A comprehensive analysis of liver cancer (virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma) samples has identified new and rare mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) in Japanese HCC patients, as well as BRAF V600E mutations in French HCC patients. However, their function in liver cancer has never been investigated. Here, using functional analysis and next generation sequencing, we demonstrate the tumorigenic effect of BRAF V600E on hepatocytes (THLE-2 cell line). Moreover, we identified genes such as BMP6, CXCL11, IL1B, TBX21, RSAD2, MMP10, and SERPIND1, which are possibly regulated by the BRAF V600E-mediated, mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway. Through several functional assays, we demonstrate that BRAF L537M, D594A, and E648G mutations alone are not pathogenic in liver cancer. The investigation of genome mutations and the determination of their impact on cellular processes and functions is crucial to unraveling the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer development.
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García Muro AM, García Ruvalcaba A, Rizo de la Torre LDC, Sánchez López JY. Role of the BMP6 protein in breast cancer and other types of cancer. Growth Factors 2021; 39:1-13. [PMID: 34706618 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2021.1994964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The BMP6 protein (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6) is part of the superfamily of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) ligands, participates in iron homeostasis, inhibits invasion by increasing adhesions and cell-cell type interactions and induces angiogenesis directly on vascular endothelial cells. BMP6 is coded by a tumor suppressor gene whose subexpression is related to the development and cancer progression; during neoplastic processes, methylation is the main mechanism by which gene silencing occurs. This work presents a review on the role of BMP6 protein in breast cancer (BC) and other types of cancer. The studies carried out to date suggest the participation of the BMP6 protein in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, cell growth and proliferation; however, these processes are affected in a variable way in the different types of cancer, the methylated CpG sites in BMP6 gene promoter, as well as the interaction with other proteins could be the cause of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marlene García Muro
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Azaria García Ruvalcaba
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Josefina Yoaly Sánchez López
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
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Pulkkinen HH, Kiema M, Lappalainen JP, Toropainen A, Beter M, Tirronen A, Holappa L, Niskanen H, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP. BMP6/TAZ-Hippo signaling modulates angiogenesis and endothelial cell response to VEGF. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:129-144. [PMID: 33021694 PMCID: PMC7921060 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The BMP/TGFβ-Smad, Notch and VEGF signaling guides formation of endothelial tip and stalk cells. However, the crosstalk of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling has remained largely unknown. We demonstrate that BMP family members regulate VEGFR2 and Notch signaling, and act via TAZ-Hippo signaling pathway. BMPs were found to be regulated after VEGF gene transfer in C57/Bl6 mice and in a porcine myocardial ischemia model. BMPs 2/4/6 were identified as endothelium-specific targets of VEGF. BMP2 modulated VEGF-mediated endothelial sprouting via Delta like Canonical Notch Ligand 4 (DLL4). BMP6 modulated VEGF signaling by regulating VEGFR2 expression and acted via Hippo signaling effector TAZ, known to regulate cell survival/proliferation, and to be dysregulated in cancer. In a matrigel plug assay in nude mice BMP6 was further demonstrated to induce angiogenesis. BMP6 is the first member of BMP family found to directly regulate both Hippo signaling and neovessel formation. It may thus serve as a target in pro/anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Pulkkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J P Lappalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland and Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Toropainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Beter
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Tirronen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Holappa
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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11
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Tiwari A, Swamynathan S, Campbell G, Jhanji V, Swamynathan SK. BMP6 Regulates Corneal Epithelial Cell Stratification by Coordinating Their Proliferation and Differentiation and Is Upregulated in Pterygium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:46. [PMID: 32845956 PMCID: PMC7452852 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for corneal epithelial (CE) stratification and homeostasis. Although bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP6) is known to be expressed in the CE for over 25 years, its function in this tissue remains unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that BMP6 promotes CE cell stratification and homeostasis by regulating their proliferation and differentiation. Methods We employed postnatal day-12 (PN-12), PN-14, PN-20, and PN-90 mouse eyes; human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells; and ocular surface fibrovascular disease pterygium tissues to evaluate the role of BMP6 in CE proliferation, differentiation, and pathology by RT-qPCR, immunoblots, and/or immunofluorescent staining. Cell proliferation was quantified by immunostaining for Ki67. Results Coincident with the mouse CE stratification between PN-12 and PN-20, BMP6 was significantly upregulated and the BMP6 antagonist Noggin downregulated. Mature CE retained high BMP6 and low Noggin expression at PN-90. BMP6 and its receptors BMPR1A and BMPR2 were upregulated during in vitro stratification of HCLE cells. Consistent with its anti-proliferative role, exogenous BMP6 suppressed HCLE cell proliferation, downregulated cyclin-D1 and cyclin-D2, and upregulated cell-cycle inhibitors Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and p21. BMP6 also upregulated the desmosomal cadherins desmoplakin and desmoglein in HCLE cells, consistent with its pro-differentiation role. Human pterygium displayed significant upregulation of BMP6 coupled with downregulation of Noggin and cell-cycle suppressors KLF4 and p21. Conclusions BMP6 coordinates CE stratification and homeostasis by regulating their proliferation and differentiation. BMP6 is significantly upregulated in human pterygium concurrent with downregulation of Noggin, KLF4, and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Tiwari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gregory Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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12
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Wang L, Xu M, Kao CY, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Small molecule JQ1 promotes prostate cancer invasion via BET-independent inactivation of FOXA1. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1782-1792. [PMID: 31874106 DOI: 10.1172/jci126327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that inhibitors targeting bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, such as the small molecule JQ1, are potent growth inhibitors of many cancers and hold promise for cancer therapy. However, some reports have also revealed that JQ1 can activate additional oncogenic pathways and may affect epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Therefore, it is important to address the potential unexpected effect of JQ1 treatment, such as cell invasion and metastasis. Here, we showed that in prostate cancer, JQ1 inhibited cancer cell growth but promoted invasion and metastasis in a BET protein-independent manner. Multiple invasion pathways including EMT, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, chemokine signaling, and focal adhesion were activated by JQ1 to promote invasion. Notably, JQ1 induced upregulation of invasion genes through inhibition of Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1), an invasion suppressor in prostate cancer. JQ1 directly interacted with FOXA1 and inactivated FOXA1 binding to its interacting repressors TLE3, HDAC7, and NFIC, thereby blocking FOXA1-repressive function and activating the invasion genes. Our findings indicate that JQ1 has an unexpected effect of promoting invasion in prostate cancer. Thus, the ill effect of JQ1 or its derived therapeutic agents cannot be ignored during cancer treatment, especially in FOXA1-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and
| | - Mafei Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and
| | | | - Sophia Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and.,Department of Medicine and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and.,Department of Medicine and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Furesi G, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC. Emerging Players in Prostate Cancer-Bone Niche Communication. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:112-121. [PMID: 33274720 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) frequently develop skeletal metastases that are associated with fractures, disability, and increased mortality. Within the bone metastatic niche, mutual interactions between tumor cells and osteoblasts have been proposed as major contributors of osteotropism by PCa. Here, we highlight the emerging role of PCa-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in reprogramming osteoblasts and support of premetastatic niche formation. We also develop the concept of cancer-associated osteoblasts (CAOs) and outline the potential of PCa cells to acquire an osteoblastic phenotype, termed osteomimicry, as two strategies that PCa utilizes to create a favorable protected niche. Finally, we delineate future research that may help to deconstruct the complexity of PCa osteotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furesi
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Tremblay M, Viala S, Shafer ME, Graham-Paquin AL, Liu C, Bouchard M. Regulation of stem/progenitor cell maintenance by BMP5 in prostate homeostasis and cancer initiation. eLife 2020; 9:54542. [PMID: 32894216 PMCID: PMC7525654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis relies on the fine regulation between stem and progenitor cell maintenance and lineage commitment. In the adult prostate, stem cells have been identified in both basal and luminal cell compartments. However, basal stem/progenitor cell homeostasis is still poorly understood. We show that basal stem/progenitor cell maintenance is regulated by a balance between BMP5 self-renewal signal and GATA3 dampening activity. Deleting Gata3 enhances adult prostate stem/progenitor cells self-renewal capacity in both organoid and allograft assays. This phenotype results from a local increase in BMP5 activity in basal cells as shown by the impaired self-renewal capacity of Bmp5-deficient stem/progenitor cells. Strikingly, Bmp5 gene inactivation or BMP signaling inhibition with a small molecule inhibitor are also sufficient to delay prostate and skin cancer initiation of Pten-deficient mice. Together, these results establish BMP5 as a key regulator of basal prostate stem cell homeostasis and identifies a potential therapeutic approach against Pten-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophie Viala
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maxwell Er Shafer
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adda-Lee Graham-Paquin
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chloe Liu
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Zhao H, Klausen C, Zhu H, Chang H, Li Y, Leung PCK. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 promotes human trophoblast cell invasion and endothelial‐like tube formation through ID1‐mediated upregulation of IGF binding protein‐3. FASEB J 2020; 34:3151-3164. [PMID: 31908038 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902168rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Jin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University Jinan P.R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Christian Klausen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Hsun‐Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology Ministry of Education Jinan China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics Jinan China
| | - Peter C. K. Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology BC Children's Hospital Research Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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16
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Neckmann U, Wolowczyk C, Hall M, Almaas E, Ren J, Zhao S, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI, Bjørkøy G, Ten Dijke P, Holien T. GREM1 is associated with metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in ER-negative breast cancer patients. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:140. [PMID: 31694641 PMCID: PMC6836336 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In breast cancer, activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and elevated levels of BMP-antagonists have been linked to tumor progression and metastasis. However, the simultaneous upregulation of BMPs and their antagonist, and the fact that both promote tumor aggressiveness seems contradictory and is not fully understood. Methods We analyzed the transcriptomes of the metastatic 66cl4 and the non-metastatic 67NR cell lines of the 4T1 mouse mammary tumor model to search for factors that promote metastasis. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used for mechanistic studies in the same cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed gene expression patterns in human breast cancer biopsies obtained from public datasets to evaluate co-expression and possible relations to clinical outcome. Results We found that mRNA levels of the BMP-antagonist Grem1, encoding gremlin1, and the ligand Bmp4 were both significantly upregulated in cells and primary tumors of 66cl4 compared to 67NR. Depletion of gremlin1 in 66cl4 could impair metastasis to the lungs in this model. Furthermore, we found that expression of Grem1 correlated with upregulation of several stem cell markers in 66cl4 cells compared to 67NR cells. Both in the mouse model and in patients, expression of GREM1 associated with extracellular matrix organization, and formation, biosynthesis and modification of collagen. Importantly, high expression of GREM1 predicted poor prognosis in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer patients. Analyses of large patient cohorts revealed that amplification of genes encoding BMP-antagonists and elevation of the corresponding transcripts is evident in biopsies from more than half of the patients and much more frequent for the secreted BMP-antagonists than the intracellular inhibitors of SMAD signaling. Conclusion In conclusion, our results show that GREM1 is associated with metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in ER-negative breast cancer patients. Gremlin1 could represent a novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Neckmann
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Wolowczyk
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martina Hall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jiang Ren
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Johannessen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I Skotheim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), NTNU, Gastro Center, Prinsesse Kristinas gt 1, 7030, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Hematology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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17
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Consequences of BMPR2 Deficiency in the Pulmonary Vasculature and Beyond: Contributions to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092499. [PMID: 30149506 PMCID: PMC6165502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its association with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in 2000, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II (BMPR2) and its related signaling pathway have become recognized as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular homeostasis. Herein, we define BMPR2 deficiency as either an inactivation of the receptor, decreased receptor expression, or an impairment of the receptor’s downstream signaling pathway. Although traditionally the phenotypic consequences of BMPR2 deficiency in PAH have been thought to be limited to the pulmonary vasculature, there is evidence that abnormalities in BMPR2 signaling may have consequences in many other organ systems and cellular compartments. Revisiting how BMPR2 functions throughout health and disease in cells and organs beyond the lung vasculature may provide insight into the contribution of these organ systems to PAH pathogenesis as well as the potential systemic manifestation of PAH. Here we review our knowledge of the consequences of BMPR2 deficiency across multiple organ systems.
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18
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Williams E, Bullock AN. Structural basis for the potent and selective binding of LDN-212854 to the BMP receptor kinase ALK2. Bone 2018; 109:251-258. [PMID: 28918311 PMCID: PMC5871398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with the rare developmental disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) experience disabling heterotopic ossification caused by a gain of function mutation in the intracellular region of the BMP type I receptor kinase ALK2, encoded by the gene ACVR1. Small molecule BMP type I receptor inhibitors that block this ossification in FOP mouse models have been derived from the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold of dorsomorphin. While the first derivative LDN-193189 exhibited pan inhibition of BMP receptors, the more recent compound LDN-212854 has shown increased selectivity for ALK2. Here we solved the crystal structure of ALK2 in complex with LDN-212854 to define how its binding interactions compare to previously reported BMP and TGFβ receptor inhibitors. LDN-212854 bound to the kinase hinge region as a typical type I ATP-competitive inhibitor with a single hydrogen bond to ALK2 His286. Specificity arising from the 5-quinoline moiety was associated with a distinct pattern of water-mediated hydrogen bonds involving Lys235 and Glu248 in the inactive conformation favoured by ALK2. The structure of this complex provides a template for the design of future ALK2 inhibitors under development for the treatment of FOP and other related conditions of heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Williams
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a diverse class of molecules with over 20 growth factor proteins that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and are highly associated with bone formation and disease development. Aberrant expression of various BMPs has been reported in several cancer tissues. Biological function studies have elicited the dual role of BMPs in both cancer development and suppression. Furthermore, a variety of BMP antagonists, ligands, and receptors have been shown to reduce or enhance tumorigenesis and metastasis. Knockout mouse models of BMP signaling components have also revealed that the suppression of BMP signaling impairs cancer metastasis. Herein, we highlight the basic clinical background and involvement of BMPs in modulating cancer progression and their dynamic interactions (e.g., with microRNAs) in the tumor microenvironment in addition to their mutations and roles in chemoprevention. We also suggest that BMPs should be considered a powerful putative therapeutic target in tumorigenesis and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen Joo Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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20
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Lu X, Jin EJ, Cheng X, Feng S, Shang X, Deng P, Jiang S, Chang Q, Rahmy S, Chaudhary S, Lu X, Zhao R, Wang YA, DePinho RA. Opposing roles of TGFβ and BMP signaling in prostate cancer development. Genes Dev 2017; 31:2337-2342. [PMID: 29352019 PMCID: PMC5795781 DOI: 10.1101/gad.307116.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SMAD4 constrains progression of Pten-null prostate cancer and serves as a common downstream node of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways. Here, we dissected the roles of TGFβ receptor II (TGFBR2) and BMP receptor II (BMPR2) using a Pten-null prostate cancer model. These studies demonstrated that the molecular actions of TGFBR2 result in both SMAD4-dependent constraint of proliferation and SMAD4-independent activation of apoptosis. In contrast, BMPR2 deletion extended survival relative to Pten deletion alone, establishing its promoting role in BMP6-driven prostate cancer progression. These analyses reveal the complexity of TGFβ-BMP signaling and illuminate potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Eun-Jung Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Cheonbuk, Iksan 570-749, South Korea
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoying Shang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Pingna Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Sharif Rahmy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Seema Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Xuemin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Alan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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21
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AlShaibi HF, Ahmed F, Buckle C, Fowles AC, Awlia J, Cecchini MG, Eaton CL. The BMP antagonist Noggin is produced by osteoblasts in response to the presence of prostate cancer cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:407-418. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huda F. AlShaibi
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismMedical SchoolUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Genomic MedicineKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Clive Buckle
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismMedical SchoolUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Ann C.M. Fowles
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismMedical SchoolUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Jalaluddin Awlia
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Colby L. Eaton
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismMedical SchoolUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
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22
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Emerging roles of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway in cancer: potential therapeutic target for kinase inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1117-34. [PMID: 27528760 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signalling pathway. Similar to TGF-β, the complex roles of BMPs in development and disease are demonstrated by their dichotomous roles in various cancers and cancer stages. Although early studies implicated BMP signalling in tumour suppressive phenotypes, the results of more recent experiments recognize BMPs as potent tumour promoters. Many of these complexities are becoming illuminated by understanding the role of BMPs in their contextual role in unique cell types of cancer and the impact of their surrounding tumour microenvironment. Here we review the emerging roles of BMP signalling in cancer, with a focus on the molecular underpinnings of BMP signalling in individual cancers as a valid therapeutic target for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Lu YJ, Fu LJ, Yang JJ, Zeng P, Jiang WM, Wu JB. Effect of siRNA mediated bone morphogenetic protein 7 knockdown on cell proliferation and migration in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:10-18. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) knockdown on the proliferation and migration of human hepatoma HepG2 cells.
METHODS: Three pairs of siRNAs targeting BMP7 were transiently transfected into HepG2 cells using TransLipid HL Transfection Reagent. HepG2 cells were divided into five groups including a normal control group, a negative-siRNA group and three transfected groups (transfected with BMP7-siRNA-1, BMP7-siRNA-2, and BMP7-siRNA-3, respectively). The expression of BMP7 mRNA and protein was measured by reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively, and the optimal siRNA sequence for BMP7 silencing was selected. The proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells after transfection were assessed by MTT assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase3) in each group was determined by Western blot, and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: BMP7-siRNA-3 group demonstrated the lowest level of BMP7 expression among the five groups (P < 0.01). Cell growth was significantly slower in the BMP7-siRNA-3 group than in the control groups 48 h and 72 h after cells were transfected (P < 0.01). The numbers of cell passing the membrane were significantly lower in the BMP7-siRNA-3 group than in the control groups 24 h after cells were transfected (P < 0.01). The expression of Bax and Caspase3 (P < 0.01) was significantly increased after BMP7 silencing, and there was no statistically significant difference in the Bcl-2 expression. Flow cytometery showed that cells were significantly blocked in G2 phase 48 h after cells were transfected with BMP7-siRNA-3 (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: SiRNA mediated BMP7 knockdown can inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation and migration, promote apoptosis and block cells in G2 phase.
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Yang F, Chen Y, Shen T, Guo D, Dakhova O, Ittmann MM, Creighton CJ, Zhang Y, Dang TD, Rowley DR. Stromal TGF-β signaling induces AR activation in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10854-69. [PMID: 25333263 PMCID: PMC4279415 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AR signaling is essential for the growth and survival of prostate cancer (PCa), including most of the lethal castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). We previously reported that TGF-β signaling in prostate stroma promotes prostate tumor angiogenesis and growth. By using a PCa/stroma co-culture model, here we show that stromal TGF-β signaling induces comprehensive morphology changes of PCa LNCaP cells. Furthermore, it induces AR activation in LNCaP cells in the absence of significant levels of androgen, as evidenced by induction of several AR target genes including PSA, TMPRSS2, and KLK4. SD-208, a TGF-β receptor 1 specific inhibitor, blocks this TGF-β induced biology. Importantly, stromal TGF-β signaling together with DHT induce robust activation of AR. MDV3100 effectively blocks DHT-induced, but not stromal TGF-β signaling induced AR activation in LNCaP cells, indicating that stromal TGF-β signaling induces both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent AR activation in PCa. TGF-β induces the expression of several growth factors and cytokines in prostate stromal cells, including IL-6, and BMP-6. Interestingly, BMP-6 and IL-6 together induces robust AR activation in these co-cultures, and neutralizing antibodies against BMP-6 and IL-6 attenuate this action. Altogether, our study strongly suggests tumor stromal microenvironment induced AR activation as a direct mechanism of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Olga Dakhova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Truong D Dang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David R Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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25
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Laulan NB, St-Pierre Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibit metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in cancer cells. Oncoscience 2015; 2:309-16. [PMID: 25897433 PMCID: PMC4394136 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a central role in the progression of the cancer. While a large number of studies have contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for upregulating MMP-9 gene expression in normal and cancer cells, our knowledge on the signals that suppress MMP-9 expression is much more limited. Here, we report that EGF and BMP-4 cooperate to inhibit MMP-9 expression in cancer cells. Treatment with EGF reduces the expression of MMP-9 at both mRNA while augmenting BMP-4 expression. Interestingly, recombinant BMP-4 suppressed constitutive and PMA-induced MMP-9 expression in both fibrosarcoma and breast cancer cells. Addition of gremlin a natural inhibitor of BMP-4, inhibited the suppression of MMP-9 by EGF. The suppression of MMP-9 by BMP-4 likely occurs at the transcriptional level since BMP-4 suppressed MMP-9 mRNA expression and activation of a reporter vector encoding the human MMP-9 promoter. The suppressive effect of BMP-4 occurs via Smad1/5/8 and is specific since BMP-4 did not inhibit MMP-2 while BMP-2 was ineffective in suppressing MMP-9. Taken together, these results are consistent with a new paradigm for the role of EGF and BMPs in controlling MMP gene expression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bibens Laulan
- INRS-Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut-Armand-Frappier, Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut-Armand-Frappier, Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
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26
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Ganguly SS, Li X, Miranti CK. The host microenvironment influences prostate cancer invasion, systemic spread, bone colonization, and osteoblastic metastasis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:364. [PMID: 25566502 PMCID: PMC4266028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Most PCa deaths are due to osteoblastic bone metastases. What triggers PCa metastasis to the bone and what causes osteoblastic lesions remain unanswered. A major contributor to PCa metastasis is the host microenvironment. Here, we address how the primary tumor microenvironment influences PCa metastasis via integrins, extracellular proteases, and transient epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote PCa progression, invasion, and metastasis. We discuss how the bone-microenvironment influences metastasis; where chemotactic cytokines favor bone homing, adhesion molecules promote colonization, and bone-derived signals induce osteoblastic lesions. Animal models that fully recapitulate human PCa progression from primary tumor to bone metastasis are needed to understand the PCa pathophysiology that leads to bone metastasis. Better delineation of the specific processes involved in PCa bone metastasize is needed to prevent or treat metastatic PCa. Therapeutic regimens that focus on the tumor microenvironment could add to the PCa pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourik S Ganguly
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA
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27
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Li A, Xia X, Yeh J, Kua H, Liu H, Mishina Y, Hao A, Li B. PDGF-AA promotes osteogenic differentiation and migration of mesenchymal stem cell by down-regulating PDGFRα and derepressing BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113785. [PMID: 25470749 PMCID: PMC4254917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) play important roles in skeletal development and bone fracture healing, yet how PDGFs execute their functions remains incompletely understood. Here we show that PDGF-AA, but not -AB or -BB, could activate the BMP-Smad1/5/8 pathway in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which requires BMPRIA as well as PDGFRα. PDGF-AA promotes MSC osteogenic differentiation through the BMP-Smad1/5/8-Runx2/Osx axis and MSC migration via the BMP-Smad1/5/8-Twist1/Atf4 axis. Mechanistic studies show that PDGF-AA activates BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling by feedback down-regulating PDGFRα, which frees BMPRI and allows for BMPRI-BMPRII complex formation to activate smad1/5/8, using BMP molecules in the microenvironment. This study unravels a physical and functional interaction between PDGFRα and BMPRI, which plays an important role in MSC differentiation and migration, and establishes a link between PDGF-AA and BMPs pathways, two essential regulators of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
- The Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xuechun Xia
- The Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - James Yeh
- The Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huiyi Kua
- The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Huijuan Liu
- The Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aijun Hao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012 P.R. China
- * E-mail: (BL); (AH)
| | - Baojie Li
- The Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (AH)
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28
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Richter JR, Mahoney M, Warram JM, Samuel S, Zinn KR. A dual-reporter, diagnostic vector for prostate cancer detection and tumor imaging. Gene Ther 2014; 21:897-902. [PMID: 25056609 PMCID: PMC4350933 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a screening strategy for prostate cancer is limited by the inability of the PSA test to differentiate between malignant cancer and benign hyperplasia. Here, we report the use of a cancer-specific promoter, inhibition of differentiation-1 (Id1), to drive a dual-reporter system (Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry) designed for detection of prostate cancer using a blood-based reporter-secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and tumor visualization using a fluorescent reporter protein, mCherry. In human prostate tumors, Id1 levels are correlated with increased Gleason grade and disease progression. To evaluate the performance of the dual-reporter system, a prostate cell panel with varying aggressive phenotypes was tested. Following infection with the Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry vector, expression of the SEAP and mCherry reporters was shown to increase with increasing levels of cellular Id1. No correlation was observed between Id1 and PSA. To evaluate in vivo performance, flank tumors were grown in athymic male mice using three prostate cancer cell lines. Following intra-tumoral injection of the vector, tumors formed by cells with high Id1 had the greatest reporter expression. Interestingly, tumors with the lowest levels of Id1 and reporter expression produced the greatest amounts of PSA. These data support the use of Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry as a predictor of prostate cancer malignancy and as a strategy for tumor localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian R. Richter
- Department of Radiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marshall Mahoney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason M. Warram
- Department of Surgery at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sharon Samuel
- Department of Radiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kurt R. Zinn
- Department of Radiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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29
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Wyatt AW, Mo F, Wang K, McConeghy B, Brahmbhatt S, Jong L, Mitchell DM, Johnston RL, Haegert A, Li E, Liew J, Yeung J, Shrestha R, Lapuk AV, McPherson A, Shukin R, Bell RH, Anderson S, Bishop J, Hurtado-Coll A, Xiao H, Chinnaiyan AM, Mehra R, Lin D, Wang Y, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Volik SV, Collins CC. Heterogeneity in the inter-tumor transcriptome of high risk prostate cancer. Genome Biol 2014; 15:426. [PMID: 25155515 PMCID: PMC4169643 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic analyses of hundreds of prostate tumors have defined a diverse landscape of mutations and genome rearrangements, but the transcriptomic effect of this complexity is less well understood, particularly at the individual tumor level. We selected a cohort of 25 high-risk prostate tumors, representing the lethal phenotype, and applied deep RNA-sequencing and matched whole genome sequencing, followed by detailed molecular characterization. RESULTS Ten tumors were exposed to neo-adjuvant hormone therapy and expressed marked evidence of therapy response in all except one extreme case, which demonstrated early resistance via apparent neuroendocrine transdifferentiation. We observe high inter-tumor heterogeneity, including unique sets of outlier transcripts in each tumor. Interestingly, outlier expression converged on druggable cellular pathways associated with cell cycle progression, translational control or immune regulation, suggesting distinct contemporary pathway affinity and a mechanism of tumor stratification. We characterize hundreds of novel fusion transcripts, including a high frequency of ETS fusions associated with complex genome rearrangements and the disruption of tumor suppressors. Remarkably, several tumors express unique but potentially-oncogenic non-ETS fusions, which may contribute to the phenotype of individual tumors, and have significance for disease progression. Finally, one ETS-negative tumor has a striking tandem duplication genotype which appears to be highly aggressive and present at low recurrence in ETS-negative prostate cancer, suggestive of a novel molecular subtype. CONCLUSIONS The multitude of rare genomic and transcriptomic events detected in a high-risk tumor cohort offer novel opportunities for personalized oncology and their convergence on key pathways and functions has broad implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Wyatt
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Fan Mo
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Kendric Wang
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Brian McConeghy
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Sonal Brahmbhatt
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Lina Jong
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Devon M Mitchell
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Rebecca L Johnston
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Anne Haegert
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Estelle Li
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Janet Liew
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Jake Yeung
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Raunak Shrestha
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Anna V Lapuk
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Andrew McPherson
- />Bioinformatics Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Robert Shukin
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Robert H Bell
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Shawn Anderson
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Jennifer Bishop
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Antonio Hurtado-Coll
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Hong Xiao
- />Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- />Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- />Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Dong Lin
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
- />Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
- />Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Stanislav V Volik
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- />Vancouver Prostate Centre & Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada
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30
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He Y, Cui Y, Xu B, Gu J, Wang W, Luo X. Hypermethylation leads to bone morphogenetic protein 6 downregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87994. [PMID: 24498236 PMCID: PMC3907571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the liver, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) maintains balanced iron metabolism. However, the mechanism that underlies greater BMP-6 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue than adjacent non-cancerous tissue is unclear. This study sought to investigate the epigenetic mechanisms of BMP-6 expression by analysing the relationship between the DNA methylation status of BMP-6 and the expression of BMP-6. METHODS Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bisulphite sequencing PCR, the MethyLight assay, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to examine BMP-6 methylation and mRNA expression levels. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue arrays to evaluate the BMP-6 protein level. RESULTS BMP-6 mRNA expression was approximately 84.09% lower in HCC tissues than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and this low level of expression was associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, the hypermethylation observed in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues was correlated with the BMP-6 mRNA expression level, and this correlation was validated following treatment with 5-aza-CdR, a demethylation agent. In addition, BMP-6 DNA methylation was upregulated by 68.42% in 114 clinical HCC tissue samples compared to adjacent normal tissues, whereas the BMP-6 staining intensity was downregulated by 77.03% in 75 clinical HCC tissue samples in comparison to adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, elevated expression of BMP-6 in HCC cell lines inhibited cell colony formation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BMP-6 CpG island hypermethylation leads to decreased BMP-6 expression in HCC tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Guangxi Cancer Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Baiying Xu
- Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes & Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Felgueiras J, Silva JV, Fardilha M. Prostate cancer: the need for biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:16-42. [PMID: 24390742 PMCID: PMC3891116 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. Nonetheless, it remains one of the most prevalent cancers in men, being a disquieting cause of men's death worldwide. Changes in many cell signaling pathways have a predominant role in the onset, development, and progression of the disease. These include prominent pathways involved in the growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis of the normal prostate gland, such as androgen and estrogen signaling, and other growth factor signaling pathways. Understanding the foundations of PCa is leading to the discovery of key molecules that could be used to improve patient management. The ideal scenario would be to have a panel of molecules, preferably detectable in body fluids, that are specific and sensitive biomarkers for PCa. In the early stages, androgen deprivation is the gold standard therapy. However, as the cancer progresses, it eventually becomes independent of androgens, and hormonal therapy fails. For this reason, androgen-independent PCa is still a major therapeutic challenge. By disrupting specific protein interactions or manipulating the expression of some key molecules, it might be possible to regulate tumor growth and metastasis formation, avoiding the systemic side effects of current therapies. Clinical trials are already underway to assess the efficacy of molecules specially designed to target key proteins or protein interactions. In this review, we address that recent progress made towards understanding PCa development and the molecular pathways underlying this pathology. We also discuss relevant molecular markers for the management of PCa and new therapeutic challenges.
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32
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Breen MJ, Moran DM, Liu W, Huang X, Vary CPH, Bergan RC. Endoglin-mediated suppression of prostate cancer invasion is regulated by activin and bone morphogenetic protein type II receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72407. [PMID: 23967299 PMCID: PMC3742533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) is due to the formation of metastatic disease. Understanding how that process is regulated is therefore critical. We previously demonstrated that endoglin, a type III transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily receptor, suppresses human PCa cell invasion and metastasis. Endoglin-mediated suppression of invasion was also shown by us to be dependent upon the type I TGFβ receptor, activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), and the downstream effector, Smad1. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that two type II TGFβ receptors are required for endoglin-mediated suppression of invasion: activin A receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPRII). Downstream signaling through these receptors is predominantly mediated by Smad1. ActRIIA stimulates Smad1 activation in a kinase-dependent manner, and this is required for suppression of invasion. In contrast BMPRII regulates Smad1 in a biphasic manner, promoting Smad1 signaling through its kinase domain but suppressing it through its cytoplasmic tail. BMPRII’s Smad1-regulatory effects are dependent upon its expression level. Further, its ability to suppress invasion is independent of either kinase function or tail domain. We demonstrate that ActRIIA and BMPRII physically interact, and that each also interacts with endoglin. The current findings demonstrate that both BMPRII and ActRIIA are necessary for endoglin-mediated suppression of human PCa cell invasion, that they have differential effects on Smad1 signaling, that they make separate contributions to regulation of invasion, and that they functionally and physically interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Breen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diarmuid M. Moran
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Calvin P. H. Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Raymond C. Bergan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kejner AE, Burch MB, Sweeny L, Rosenthal EL. Bone morphogenetic protein 6 expression in oral cavity squamous cell cancer is associated with bone invasion. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:3061-5. [PMID: 23775772 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate bone invasion, survival, and expression of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) in oral cavity cancer in the context of known biomarkers indicative of poor prognosis. STUDY DESIGN Molecular expression study combined with retrospective chart review of corresponding patients at a tertiary care center. METHODS Between 2000 and 2009, a total of 197 patients underwent resection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Of these, 30 pathologic specimens were chosen for further molecular analysis. These 30 patients were separated into three groups (10 per group) based on American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging and staging based on size alone (TAJCC /SIZE ). The first group consisted of tumors staged as T2 /2 based on size less than 4 cm and that had no evidence of bone invasion. The T2 /4 group consisted of tumors that were upstaged from T2 based on bone invasion. The T4 /4 group consisted of tumors that were large with and without bone invasion. The expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), BMP-6, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was examined using immunohistochemistry techniques. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, survival, and recurrence were compared. RESULTS Average follow-up was 21 months. Expression of BMP-6 was significantly higher in the T2 /4 cohort (tumor less than 4 cm with bony invasion) than the larger tumors without bone invasion (T4 /4 cohort, P = .05). In addition, increased BMP-6 expression correlated with aggressive behavior in the smaller tumors. Furthermore, increased EGFR expression positively correlated with increased levels of BMP-6. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of BMP-6 in oral cavity cancer may affect bone invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Kejner
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A
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Brkljacic J, Pauk M, Erjavec I, Cipcic A, Grgurevic L, Zadro R, Inman GJ, Vukicevic S. Exogenous heparin binds and inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 6 biological activity. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:529-41. [PMID: 23307015 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-012-1714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of heparin on bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) osteogenic activity. METHODS Western blot analysis was used to confirm the binding of BMP6 to heparin and to observe its effect on BMP6 signaling in C2C12-BRE-Luc myoblasts. Real-time RT-PCR was performed for the expression analysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) in C2C12 myoblasts treated with BMP6 and heparin for 72 hours. Rat ectopic bone formation assay was performed to explore the effect of heparin on BMP6 osteogenic activity. Two weeks following implantation the implants were analysed morphologically and histologically. A mouse osteoporotic model was used to test the ability of BMP6 to improve the bone quality in vivo in the presence of heparin, followed by DEXA and μCT analyses. Blood coagulation was tested in rats previously treated with BMP6. RESULTS BMP6 specifically bound to heparin and induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation which was inhibited by heparin. After 48 and 72 hours of treatment, heparin inhibited BMP6-induced ALP and OC expression in C2C12 cells. Heparin dose dependently inhibited BMP6-induced new bone and cartilage formation in the rat ectopic bone formation assay, while in osteoporotic mice heparin inhibited the BMP6 potential to improve the bone quality as evidenced by decreased bone mineral density and trabecular bone parameters. Interestingly, BMP6 prevented the effect of heparin on the blood coagulation parameters. CONCLUSION The interaction of BMP6 with heparin might contribute to the heparin-induced osteoporosis and blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Brkljacic
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sharma P, Patel D, Chaudhary J. Id1 and Id3 expression is associated with increasing grade of prostate cancer: Id3 preferentially regulates CDKN1B. Cancer Med 2012; 1:187-97. [PMID: 23342268 PMCID: PMC3544440 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As transcriptional regulators of basic helix-oop-helix (bHLH) transcription and non-bHLH factors, the inhibitor of differentiation (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) proteins play a critical role in coordinated regulation of cell growth, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. Id1 regulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen independence, but its clinical significance in PCa remains controversial. Moreover, there is lack of evidence on the expression of Id2 and Id3 in PCa progression. In this study we investigated the expression of Id2 and Id3 and reevaluated the expression of Id1 in PCa. We show that increased Id1 and Id3 protein expression is strongly associated with increasing grade of PCa. At the molecular level, we report that silencing either Id1 or Id3 attenuates cell cycle. Although structurally and mechanistically similar, our results show that both these proteins are noncompensatory at least in PCa progression. Moreover, through gene silencing approaches we show that Id1 and Id3 primarily attenuates CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN1B (p27), respectively. We also demonstrate that silencing Id3 alone significantly attenuates proliferation of PCa cells as compared with Id1. We propose that increased Id1 and Id3 expression attenuates all three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN2B, -1A, and -1B) resulting in a more aggressive PCa phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30314, USA
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Yuen HF, McCrudden CM, Grills C, Zhang SD, Huang YH, Chan KK, Chan YP, Wong MLY, Law S, Srivastava G, Fennell DA, Dickson G, El-Tanani M, Chan KW. Combinatorial use of bone morphogenetic protein 6, noggin and SOST significantly predicts cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1145-54. [PMID: 22364398 PMCID: PMC7685053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has indicated a role of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) in the pathogenesis of certain cancers. The signaling of BMP family members is tightly regulated by their antagonists, including noggin and SOST, which are, in turn, positively regulated by BMP, thereby forming a negative feedback loop. Consequently, the expression of these antagonists should be taken into account in studies on the prognostic significance of BMP. In the present paper, we correlated protein and mRNA expression levels of BMP6, noggin and SOST, alone or in combination, with patient survival in various types of cancer. We found that BMP6 alone was not significantly correlated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patient survival. Instead, a high level of inhibitor of differentiation 1, a downstream factor of BMP6, was associated with shorter survival in patients whose tumors stained strongly for BMP6. Knockdown of noggin in esophageal cancer cell line EC109, which expresses BMP6 strongly and SOST weakly, enhanced the non-adherent growth of the cells. Noggin and SOST expression levels, when analyzed alone, were not significantly correlated with patient survival. However, high BMP6 activity, defined by strong BMP6 expression coupled with weak noggin or SOST expression, was significantly associated with shorter survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. We further confirmed that BMP6 activity could be used as a prognostic indicator in prostate, bladder and colorectal cancers, using publicly available data on BMP6, noggin and SOST mRNA expression and patient survival. Our results strongly suggest that BMP6, noggin and SOST could be used in combination as a prognostic indicator in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Ruschke K, Hiepen C, Becker J, Knaus P. BMPs are mediators in tissue crosstalk of the regenerating musculoskeletal system. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:521-44. [PMID: 22327483 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is a tight network of many tissues. Coordinated interplay at a biochemical level between tissues is essential for development and repair. Traumatic injury usually affects several tissues and represents a large challenge in clinical settings. The current demand for potent growth factors in such applications thus accompanies the keen interest in molecular mechanisms and orchestration of tissue formation. Of special interest are multitasking growth factors that act as signals in a variety of cell types, both in a paracrine and in an autocrine manner, thereby inducing cell differentiation and coordinating not only tissue assembly at specific sites but also maturation and homeostasis. We concentrate here on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are important crosstalk mediators known for their irreplaceable roles in vertebrate development. The molecular crosstalk during embryonic musculoskeletal tissue formation is recapitulated in adult repair. BMPs act at different levels from the initiation to maturation of newly formed tissue. Interestingly, this is influenced by the spatiotemporal expression of different BMPs, their receptors and co-factors at the site of repair. Thus, the regenerative potential of BMPs needs to be evaluated in the context of highly connected tissues such as muscle and bone and might indeed be different in more poorly connected tissues such as cartilage. This highlights the need for an understanding of BMP signaling across tissues in order to eventually improve BMP regenerative potential in clinical applications. In this review, the distinct members of the BMP family and their individual contribution to musculoskeletal tissue repair are summarized by focusing on their paracrine and autocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ruschke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Singh A, Park H, Kangsamaksin T, Singh A, Readio N, Morris RJ. Keratinocyte stem cells and the targets for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1099-110. [PMID: 22211846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a complex dynamic organ composed of thin multilayered epidermis and a thick underlying connective tissue layer dermis. The epidermis undergoes continuous renewal throughout life. The stems cells uniquely express particular surface markers utilized for their identification, isolation and localization in specific niches in epidermis as well as hair follicles (HFs). The two stage skin carcinogenesis model involves stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations and ultimately leading to malignancy. Whereas early research on skin carcinogenesis focused on the molecular nature of carcinogens and tumor promoters, more recent studies have focused on the identification of the target cells and tumor promoting cells for both chemical and physical carcinogens and promoters. Recent studies support the hypothesis that keratinocyte stem cells are the targets in skin carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss briefly the localization of stem cells in the epidermis and HFs, and review the possibility that skin papillomas and carcinomas are derived from stem cells, as well as from other cells in the cutaneous epithelium whose stem cell properties are not well known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Singh
- Laboratory on Stem Cells and Cancer, The Hormel Institute/University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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Athanasios F, Afrodite N, Effstratios P, Demetrios K. Co-expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 with estrogen receptor a in endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 285:1001-7. [PMID: 21932087 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-2082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) has decisive role in controlling multiple organogenetic processes, as well as modulating cell differentiation and proliferation. Considering those pleiotropic effects, we focused on determining expression of that multifunctional growth factor in ectopic endometriotic tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 85 consecutive women with endometriosis were included. All patients underwent gynecological operations due to endometriosis associated problems and tissue specimens were collected from ectopic endometriotic lesions. Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections for both BMP-6 and estrogen receptors a (ERa) was performed in all 85 cases using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase procedure. RESULTS Ectopic endometrium showed intense cytoplastic immunoreactivity to BMP-6 in both epithelium and stroma. In addition, we have demonstrated that BMP-6 expression is highly associated with strong expression of ERa. DISCUSSION The availability of BMP-6 in the ectopic endometrium may be at least partly involved in the mechanisms of attachment, survival and expansion of endometriosis. Moreover, the statistically significant correlation in expression of BMP-6 and ERa demonstrated in this study may be associated with the development of rich in estrogen microenvironment, but requires further investigation. In conclusion, this is the first study in our knowledge demonstrating strong expression of BMP-6 in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farfaras Athanasios
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Helena Venizelou" Hospital, Agias Barbaras 32, Palaio Faliro, 17563 Athens, Greece.
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Feller L, Kramer B, Lemmer J. A short account of metastatic bone disease. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21794164 PMCID: PMC3160351 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults, bone is the preferential target site for metastases from primary cancers of prostate, breast, lungs and thyroid. The tendency of these cancers to metastasize to bone is determined by the anatomical distribution of the blood vessels, by the genetic profile of the cancer cells and by the biological characteristics of the bone microenvironment that favour the growth of metastatic cells of certain cancers.Metastases to bone may have either an osteolytic or an ostoblastic phenotype. The interaction in the bone microenvironment between biological factors secreted by metastatic cells, and by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and the osteolytic and osteoblastic factors released from the organic matrix mediate a vicious cycle characterized by metastatic growth and by ongoing progressive bone destruction. This interaction determines the phenotype of the metastatic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Feller
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa
| | - Beverley Kramer
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Johan Lemmer
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa
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Cheung PY, Yip YL, Tsao SW, Ching YP, Cheung ALM. Id-1 induces cell invasiveness in immortalized epithelial cells by regulating cadherin switching and Rho GTPases. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:157-68. [PMID: 21053361 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), characterized by cadherin switching, contributes to cancer metastasis. Our recent study showed that Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation-1) promotes metastasis in esophageal cancer cells, but whether the invasive and metastatic dynamics can be induced early in the carcinogenesis process is still unclear. Immortalization is regarded as the initial stage in the malignant transformation of normal cells. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanisms of Id-1 in inducing EMT and cell invasiveness in immortalized esophageal epithelial cells. We found that immortalized epithelial cells expressed higher endogenous levels of Id-1 compared with normal cells. Ectopic Id-1 expression inhibited the differentiation of immortalized esophageal epithelial cells and promoted cadherin switching, which was accompanied by increased adhesiveness to extracellular matrix, cell motility, migratory potential and matrix metalloproteinase-dependent invasiveness. GTPase activity assays showed that over-expression or short-hairpin RNA knockdown of Id-1 led to corresponding changes in Rac1 activity, whereas RhoA activity was significantly decreased with Id-1 depletion. Inhibitors targeting Rac1, RhoA, and Rho kinase suppressed the invasiveness of Id-1-expressing NE2-hTERT cells. Knockdown of N-cadherin in Id-1-over-expressing cells inhibited cell invasiveness and down-regulated RhoA activity. These data suggest that the Id-1-induced invasive potential may be regulated through the N-cadherin-RhoA axis and Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Cheung
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chen Z, Liu S, Sumida T, Sun S, Wei Y, Liu M, Dong Z, Zhang F, Hamakawa H, Wei F. Silencing Id-1 with RNA Interference Inhibits Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma in Mice. J Surg Res 2011; 169:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.11.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jerde TJ, Wu Z, Theodorescu D, Bushman W. Regulation of phosphatase homologue of tensin protein expression by bone morphogenetic proteins in prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2011; 71:791-800. [PMID: 21456062 PMCID: PMC3043153 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatase homologue of tensin (PTEN) is the most commonly mutated gene in prostate cancer. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation. Previously published reports from other organ systems led us to investigate a mechanistic relationship between PTEN and BMP signaling in prostate epithelial cells. METHODS We analyzed growth rate and PTEN expression in E6, BPH-1, and C4-2B prostate epithelial cells treated with BMP-4. We also treated doxacyclin-inducible PTEN-C4-2B cells with BMP-4 and doxacyclin to determine the effect of BMP on growth and PTEN expression in conditions of increasing PTEN expression. We determined the dependency of BMP-mediated growth inhibition via siRNA knockdown of PTEN expression and BMP treatment. We determined PTEN protein stability by determining the effect of BMP-4 on PTEN protein at time points after treatment with cyclohexamide, a translation inhibitor. RESULTS We found that BMP-4 induces PTEN in E6 and BPH-1 cells and reduces proliferation. Knockdown of PTEN attenuated the growth-inhibiting effects of BMP-4 in these cells. BMP-4 had no effect in PTEN-negative C4-2B cells, but doxacyclin-driven PTEN C4-2B cells responded to BMP-4 with enhanced PTEN and growth inhibition. BMP-4 also increased PTEN protein stability. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling induces PTEN expression and sustains PTEN protein expression resulting in inhibition of prostate epithelial cell growth. These data are the first to identify a mechanistic linkage between BMP signaling and PTEN in the prostate, both of which are independently identified as tumor suppressors and suggest possible coordinate dysregulation in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Jerde
- Departments of Pharmacology-Toxicology and Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 42606
| | - Zhong Wu
- Paul Mellon Urological Cancer Institute-University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Paul Mellon Urological Cancer Institute-University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Urology-University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health-, Madison, WI 53792
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Markić D, Çelić T, Gršković A, Španjol J, Fučkar Ž, Grahovac B, Ðordević G, Bobinac D. mRNA Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Receptors in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urol Int 2011; 87:353-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000330797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bone morphogenetic protein 5 regulates the number of keratinocyte stem cells from the skin of mice. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:580-5. [PMID: 21179110 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding keratinocyte stem cell regulation is important in understanding the pathogenesis of wound healing and nonmelanoma skin cancer. We previously used a sensitive and quantitative assay for in vitro keratinocyte colony formation and mapped the keratinocyte stem cell locus (Ksc1) on mouse chromosome 9. Examination of the candidate genes in this locus disclosed a sequence variant in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 5 (Bmp5). In this report, we used a naturally occurring mouse with a null mutation in this gene to probe stem cell properties in mouse epidermis. We found that the mutant keratinocytes had a significant reduction in the size and number of clonogenic keratinocytes. The mutant mice had a 50% reduction in the number of label-retaining cells when compared with their littermates. Addition of exogenous Bmp5 protein increased the number and size of keratinocyte colonies in the mutant as well as their wild-type littermates. Surprisingly, the mutant mice showed at least a 2-fold increase in skin tumor susceptibility over their littermates. We conclude that a naturally occurring mutation in Bmp5 affects keratinocyte stem cell proliferation, and skin tumor susceptibility, and is a candidate stem cell regulatory gene in the Ksc1 locus.
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Wu JB, Fu HQ, Huang LZ, Liu AW, Zhang JX. Effects of siRNA-targeting BMP-2 on the abilities of migration and invasion of human liver cancer SMMC7721 cells and its mechanism. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:20-5. [PMID: 20885449 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To observe the effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on the abilities of migration and invasion of human liver cancer SMMC7721 cells and its mechanism. Three siRNAs-targeting BMP-2 gene were synthesized. There were six groups including group I (non-transfected cells), group II (only liposome-transfected cells), group III (non-specific siRNA-transfected cells) and groups IV-VI (siRNA-A, siRNA-B and siRNA-C-targeting BMP-2 transfected cells, respectively). SMMC7721 cells were instantaneously transfected using lipofectamine method. The levels of mRNA and protein of BMP-2 in cells were determined with reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting. The abilities of migration and invasion of transfected cells were assessed using scratch test and in vitro invasion assay, respectively. The protein levels of p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 and the protein levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated with western blot 48 h after siRNA-B-targeting BMP-2 was transfected into liver cancer SMMC7721 cells. Expression of mRNA and protein of BMP-2 in groups IV-VI were significantly inhibited, especially in group V. Cell scratch width was significantly greater in group V than in group I and III (P<0.01). In vitro invasion assay suggested that the number of invasion of cells was significantly lower in group V than in group I and III (P<0.05). Western blot indicated that the level of p-ERK was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the levels of p-JHK and p-p38 were not significantly changed and the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly downregulated (P<0.05). siRNA-targeting BMP-2 can markedly inhibited the expression of BMP-2 in liver cancer SMMC7721 cells, and decrease the abilities of migration and invasion of liver cancer cells, especially siRNA-B. The inhibitory effects of siRNA-B-targeting BMP-2 on the abilities of migration and invasion of human liver cancer SMMC7721 cells may be caused by the downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through MAPK/ERK pathway, whereas is not related to MAPK/JNK and MAPK/p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Wu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, China.
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Lowery JW, Frump AL, Anderson L, DiCarlo GE, Jones MT, de Caestecker MP. ID family protein expression and regulation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1463-77. [PMID: 20881097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00866.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has been linked to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Inhibitors of differentiation (ID) proteins (ID1-4) are a family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that are downstream targets of the BMP signaling pathway, but the role that ID proteins play in the development of PH is unknown. To address this, we evaluated pulmonary expression of ID proteins in a mouse model of hypoxia-induced PH. There is selective induction of ID1 and ID3 expression in hypoxic pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo, and ID1 and ID3 expression are increased by hypoxia in cultured pulmonary VSMCs in a BMP-dependent fashion. ID4 protein is barely detectable in the mouse lung, and while ID2 is induced in hypoxic peripheral VSMCs in vivo, it is not increased by hypoxia or BMP signaling in cultured pulmonary VSMCs. In addition, the PH response to chronic hypoxia is indistinguishable between wild type and Id1 null mice. This is associated with a compensatory increase in ID3 but not ID2 expression in pulmonary VSMCs of Id1 null mice. These findings indicate that ID1 is dispensable for mounting a normal pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia, but suggest that ID3 may compensate for loss of ID1 expression in pulmonary VSMCs. Taken together, these findings indicate that ID1 and ID3 expression are regulated in a BMP-dependent fashion in hypoxic pulmonary VSMCs, and that ID1 and ID3 may play a cooperative role in regulating BMP-dependent VSMC responses to chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Nørgaard NN, Holien T, Jönsson S, Hella H, Espevik T, Sundan A, Standal T. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits Smad-dependent bone morphogenetic protein signaling: effects on myeloma cell apoptosis and in vitro osteoblastogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3131-9. [PMID: 20702733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The TLR9 agonist CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) with a phosphorothioate backbone (PTO-CpG-ODN) is evaluated in clinical trials as a vaccine adjuvant or as treatment of cancers. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate growth and differentiation of several cell types, and also induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Cross-talk between BMP- and TLR-signaling has been reported, and we aimed to investigate whether CpG-ODN influenced BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation or BMP-induced apoptosis of malignant plasma cells. We found that PTO-CpG-ODN inhibited BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells. Further, PTO-CpG-ODN counteracted BMP-2- and BMP-6-induced apoptosis of the human myeloma cell lines IH-1 and INA-6, respectively. In contrast, PTO-CpG-ODN did not antagonize the antiproliferative effect of BMP-2 on hMSCs or IH-1 cells. Inhibition of Smad-signaling and p38 MAPK-signaling indicated that apoptosis of IH-1 cells is dependent on Smad-signaling downstream of BMP, whereas the antiproliferative effect of BMP-2 on IH-1 cells also involves p38 MAPK-signaling. Together, the data suggested a specific inhibition by PTO-CpG-ODN on BMP-Smad-signaling. Supporting this we found that PTO-CpG-ODN inhibited BMP-induced phosphorylation of receptor-Smads in human mesenchymal stem cells and myeloma cell lines. This effect appeared to be independent of TLR9 because GpC-ODN and other ODNs with the ability to form multimeric structures inhibited Smad-signaling as efficiently as PTO-CpG-ODNs, and because knockdown of TLR9 by small interfering RNA in INA-6 cells did not blunt the effect of PTO-CpG-ODN. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PTO-CpG-ODN inhibits BMP-signaling, and thus might provoke unwanted TLR9-independent side effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai N Nørgaard
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Healey MA, Deaton SL, Alder JK, Winnepenninckx V, Casero RA, Herman JG. Id1 overexpression is independent of repression and epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in melanoma. Epigenetics 2010; 5:410-21. [PMID: 20484992 DOI: 10.4161/epi.5.5.11929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The full molecular consequences of oncogene activation during tumorigenesis are not well understood, but several studies have recently linked oncogene activation to epigenetic silencing of specific genes 1, 2. Transcriptional repressor Id1 is overexpressed in many malignancies including melanoma, and Id1 targets include tumor suppressor genes TSP1, CDKN2A (p16) and CDKN1A (p21), which are frequently epigenetically silenced in cancer. We confirmed that both TSP1 and CDKN2A have abnormal promoter region DNA methylation in primary melanoma, but the mechanism by which this silencing occurs remains unknown. Here we explore the effects of stable lentiviral Id1 overexpression on the expression of these Id1 target genes in human melanoma cell lines. Overexpressed Id1 was functional and bound transcriptional activator E2A, but did not sequester E2A from gene promoters and repress gene expression. Therefore, these Id1 target genes were resistant to Id1-mediated gene silencing. Our results suggest that Id1 activation may need to occur at discrete stages in cooperation with additional gene dysregulation to repress and induce epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes during melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Healey
- Cancer Biology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Post-treatment circulating plasma BMP6 mRNA and H3K27 methylation levels discriminate metastatic prostate cancer from localized disease. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1452-6. [PMID: 20573596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the utility of post-treatment plasma levels of the circulating bone-morphogenetic protein-6-specific mRNA (cBMP6 mRNA), cell-free DNA (cf-DNA), apoptotic nucleosomes and Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), in discriminating metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) from organ confined, locally controlled disease. METHODS Peripheral blood was taken from the patients at the end of therapy, and quantitative PCR was performed to amplify cBMP6 mRNA or cf-DNA from plasma while apoptotic nucleosomes and H3K27me3 were determined by ELISA-based approaches. Following blinded measurements, the markers were compared between the patients with local (n=22), local advanced (n=11) or metastatic disease (n=28). RESULTS Of the four markers investigated, the cBMP6 mRNA and H3K27me3 levels revealed significant differences between the three subgroups. We found higher levels of cBMP6 mRNA in the patients with metastases than in those with localized (p=0.001) or local advanced disease (p=0.05). When compared to cBMP6, H3K27me3 displayed an inverse distribution and was significantly lower in the patients with metastatic disease than in those with localized (p=0.05) or local advanced disease (p=0.024). There was no correlation between the different markers and total PSA levels or Gleason score at diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that post-treatment analysis of cBMP6 mRNA and H3K27me3 may be used to distinguish metastatic PCa from organ confined, locally controlled disease.
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