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Yazdan M, Naghib SM, Mozafari MR. Liposomal Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Breast Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Progresses. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:896-915. [PMID: 38529608 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206293653240322041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease on a global scale, with a 30% incidence rate among women and a 14% mortality rate. Developing countries bear a disproportionate share of the disease burden, while countries with greater technological advancements exhibit a higher incidence. A mere 7% of women under the age of 40 are diagnosed with breast cancer, and the prevalence of this ailment is significantly diminished among those aged 35 and younger. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical intervention comprise the treatment protocol. However, the ongoing quest for a definitive cure for breast cancer continues. The propensity for cancer stem cells to metastasize and resistance to treatment constitute their Achilles' heel. The advancement of drug delivery techniques that target cancer cells specifically holds significant promise in terms of facilitating timely detection and effective intervention. Novel approaches to pharmaceutical delivery, including nanostructures and liposomes, may bring about substantial changes in the way breast cancer is managed. These systems offer a multitude of advantages, such as heightened bioavailability, enhanced solubility, targeted tumor destruction, and diminished adverse effects. The application of nano-drug delivery systems to administer anti-breast cancer medications is a significant subject of research. This article delves into the domain of breast cancer, conventional treatment methods, the incorporation of nanotechnology into managerial tactics, and strategic approaches aimed at tackling the disease at its core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Yazdan
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - M R Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Computational Screening of Anti-Cancer Drugs Identifies a New BRCA Independent Gene Expression Signature to Predict Breast Cancer Sensitivity to Cisplatin. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102404. [PMID: 35626009 PMCID: PMC9139442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Using a collection of publicly available drug screening resources, we identified different partners of genes associated with either sensitivity or resistance to 90 anti-cancer therapies. When subsequently applying these signatures to multiple datasets, we found that these predictive models could predict a large range of drug responses in patient samples. In particular, we discovered a new gene signature to identify breast cancer tumors that are likely to respond to cisplatin in the absence of BRCA1 mutations. This work constitutes an important advance to accelerate the application of platinum-based therapies in patient groups that are not routinely treated with these drugs. In the future, this approach may help to guide the choice of drugs based on the molecular profile of the tumors. Abstract The development of therapies that target specific disease subtypes has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with breast cancer. However, survival gains have not been uniform across patients, even within a given molecular subtype. Large collections of publicly available drug screening data matched with transcriptomic measurements have facilitated the development of computational models that predict response to therapy. Here, we generated a series of predictive gene signatures to estimate the sensitivity of breast cancer samples to 90 drugs, comprising FDA-approved drugs or compounds in early development. To achieve this, we used a cell line-based drug screen with matched transcriptomic data to derive in silico models that we validated in large independent datasets obtained from cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Robust computational signatures were obtained for 28 drugs and used to predict drug efficacy in a set of PDX models. We found that our signature for cisplatin can be used to identify tumors that are likely to respond to this drug, even in absence of the BRCA-1 mutation routinely used to select patients for platinum-based therapies. This clinically relevant observation was confirmed in multiple PDXs. Our study foreshadows an effective delivery approach for precision medicine.
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Hart V, Gautrey H, Kirby J, Tyson-Capper A. HER2 splice variants in breast cancer: investigating their impact on diagnosis and treatment outcomes. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4338-4357. [PMID: 33245725 PMCID: PMC7679030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the HER2 receptor occurs in approximately 20% of breast cancer patients. HER2 positivity is associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumour phenotypes, which led to rapid progress in HER2 targeted therapeutics and diagnostic testing. Whilst these advances have greatly increased patients' chances of survival, resistance to HER2 targeted therapies, be that intrinsic or acquired, remains a problem. Different forms of the HER2 protein exist within tumours in tandem and can display altered biological activities. Interest in HER2 variants in breast cancer increased when links between resistance to anti-HER2 therapies and a particular variant, Δ16-HER2, were identified. Moreover, the P100 variant potentially reduces the efficacy of the anti-HER2 therapy trastuzumab. Another variant, Herstatin, exhibits 'auto-inhibitory' behaviour. More recently, new HER2 variants have been identified and are currently being assessed for their pro- and anti-cancer properties. It is important when directing the care of patients to consider HER2 variants collectively. This review considers HER2 variants in the context of the tumour environment where multiple variants are co-expressed at altered ratios. This study also provides an up to date account of the landscape of HER2 variants and links this to patterns of resistance against HER2 therapies and treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Hart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah Gautrey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Kirby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison Tyson-Capper
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Joseph TP, Chanda W, Padhiar AA, Batool S, LiQun S, Zhong M, Huang M. A Preclinical Evaluation of the Antitumor Activities of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: A Molecular Insight. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 17:200-209. [PMID: 29094602 PMCID: PMC6041903 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417736861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. For certain types of cancer, chemotherapy drugs have been extensively used for treatment. However, severe side effects and the development of resistance are the drawbacks of these agents. Therefore, development of new agents with no or minimal side effects is of utmost importance. In this regard, natural compounds are well recognized as drugs in several human ailments, including cancer. One class of fungi, “mushrooms,” contains numerous compounds that exhibit interesting biological activities, including antitumor activity. Many researchers, including our own group, are focusing on the anticancer potential of different mushrooms and the underlying molecular mechanism behind their action. The aim of this review is to discuss PI3K/AKT, Wnt-CTNNB1, and NF-κB signaling pathways, the occurrence of genetic alterations in them, the association of these aberrations with different human cancers and how different nodes of these pathways are targeted by various substances of mushroom origin. We have given evidence to propose the therapeutic attributes and possible mode of molecular actions of various mushroom-originated compounds. However, anticancer effects were typically demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models and very limited number of studies have been conducted in the human population. It is our belief that this review will help the research community in designing concrete preclinical and clinical studies to test the anticancer potential of mushroom-originated compounds on different cancers harboring particular genetic alteration(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warren Chanda
- 1 Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Samana Batool
- 1 Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shao LiQun
- 1 Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - MinTao Zhong
- 1 Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Huang
- 1 Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Stocker A, Hilbers ML, Gauthier C, Grogg J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Seifert B, Varga Z, Trojan A. HER2/CEP17 Ratios and Clinical Outcome in HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer Undergoing Trastuzumab-Containing Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159176. [PMID: 27463363 PMCID: PMC4963084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvant therapy comprising the HER2 receptor antagonist trastuzumab is associated with a significant improvement in disease-free and overall survival as compared to chemotherapy alone in localized HER2-positive breast cancer (BC). However, a subset of HER2-positive tumors seems to respond less favorably to trastuzumab. Various mechanisms have been proposed for trastuzumab resistance, such as high HER2 to Chromosome 17 FISH (HER2/CEP17) ratios and the possibility that single agent trastuzumab may not suffice to efficiently block HER2 downstream signaling thresholds. In a retrospective analysis we evaluated whether HER2/CEP17 ratios might have an impact on disease-free survival (DFS). Methods Clinical records of Stage I-III BC patients with HER2-positive tumors were reviewed at our institution from 2007–2013. We analyzed demographics, tumor characteristics including tumor size and grade, lymph node involvement and estrogen receptor expression as well as treatment with respect to chemotherapeutic regimens from the clinical charts. HER2/CEP17 ratios were determined by routine pathology analysis using in situ fluorescent hybridization (FISH). Upon statistical preview we defined three groups of HER2 amplification based on FISH ratio (2.2 to 4, >4 to 8, >8), in order to evaluate an association between HER2 gene amplification and DFS with trastuzumab containing therapies. DFS was analyzed using Cox-regression. Results A total of 332 patients with HER2-positive BC were reviewed. Median age was 54 (range 23–89) years. The majority of tumors were classified T1 (50%) or T2 (39%), node negative (52%) and of high grade G3 histology (70%). We identified 312 (94%) tumors as immunohistochemistry (IHC) score 3+ and HER2/CEP17 ratios were available from 278 patients (84%). 30% (N = 84) had tumors with high HER2/CEP17 ratios (>8). Univariate analysis found no correlation between outcome, age, histological grade, sequence as well as anthracycline content of chemotherapy. However, a prognostic impact was detected for tumor size (p = 0.02), nodal status (p<0.01), proliferation index (p<0.01), level (≥20%) of estrogen receptor expression (p = 0.03) and neoadjuvant therapeutic setting (p = 0.03), respectively. Importantly, univariate and multivariable analysis revealed that standard trastuzumab containing chemotherapy resulted in impaired disease free survival among tumors with FISH ratio >8 (p<0.01). Although less pronounced, a similar association was found also with respect to high HER2 gene copy numbers (>12) and DFS (p = 0.01). Conclusions In early BC patients, tumors with high HER2 amplification ratios (>8), may less likely respond to standard trastuzumab-containing therapies. Although, we obtained a similar effect for high HER2 gene copy numbers, this provides only an indirect speculation and not a proof that high HER2/CEP17 ratios may induce HER2 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Stocker
- Breast-Center Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Trojan
- Breast-Center Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Spengler M, Adler M, Niemeyer CM. Highly sensitive ligand-binding assays in pre-clinical and clinical applications: immuno-PCR and other emerging techniques. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26196036 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology and corresponding innovations in molecular biology, chemistry and medicine have led to novel therapeutic biomacromolecules as lead candidates in the pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. While monoclonal antibodies and other proteins provide therapeutic potential beyond the possibilities of small molecule drugs, the concomitant demand for supportive bioanalytical sample testing creates multiple novel challenges. For example, intact macromolecules can usually not be quantified by mass-spectrometry without enzymatic digestion and isotopically labeled internal standards are costly and/or difficult to prepare. Classical ELISA-type immunoassays, on the other hand, often lack the sensitivity required to obtain pharmacokinetics of low dosed drugs or pharmacodynamics of suitable biomarkers. Here we summarize emerging state-of-the-art ligand-binding assay technologies for pharmaceutical sample testing, which reveal enhanced analytical sensitivity over classical ELISA formats. We focus on immuno-PCR, which combines antibody specificity with the extremely sensitive detection of a tethered DNA marker by quantitative PCR, and alternative nucleic acid-based technologies as well as methods based on electrochemiluminescence or single-molecule counting. Using case studies, we discuss advantages and drawbacks of these methods for preclinical and clinical sample testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spengler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Mohd Nafi SN, Generali D, Kramer-Marek G, Gijsen M, Strina C, Cappelletti M, Andreis D, Haider S, Li JL, Bridges E, Capala J, Ioannis R, Harris AL, Kong A. Nuclear HER4 mediates acquired resistance to trastuzumab and is associated with poor outcome in HER2 positive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5934-49. [PMID: 25153719 PMCID: PMC4171603 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HER4 in breast cancer is controversial and its role in relation to trastuzumab resistance remains unclear. We showed that trastuzumab treatment and its acquired resistance induced HER4 upregulation, cleavage and nuclear translocation. However, knockdown of HER4 by specific siRNAs increased trastuzumab sensitivity and reversed its resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer cells. Preventing HER4 cleavage by a γ-secretase inhibitor and inhibiting HER4 tyrosine kinase activity by neratinib decreased trastuzumab-induced HER4 nuclear translocation and enhanced trastuzumab response. There was also increased nuclear HER4 staining in the tumours from BT474 xenograft mice and human patients treated with trastuzumab. Furthermore, nuclear HER4 predicted poor clinical response to trastuzumab monotherapy in patients undergoing a window study and was shown to be an independent poor prognostic factor in HER2 positive breast cancer. Our data suggest that HER4 plays a key role in relation to trastuzumab resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer. Therefore, our study provides novel findings that HER4 activation, cleavage and nuclear translocation influence trastuzumab sensitivity and resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer. Nuclear HER4 could be a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker and understanding the role of HER4 may provide strategies to overcome trastuzumab resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Norasikin Mohd Nafi
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniele Generali
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, A.O. Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Kramer-Marek
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, 15 Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Merel Gijsen
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Carla Strina
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, A.O. Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Cappelletti
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, A.O. Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, A.O. Instituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, Cremona, Italy
| | - Syed Haider
- Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ji-Liang Li
- Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther Bridges
- Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacek Capala
- National Institutes of Health, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda MD, US
| | - Roxanis Ioannis
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Kong
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Group, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers and significantly reduces disease recurrence and breast cancer-related mortality. However, acquired resistance to therapy has been noted in nearly one-third of women treated with tamoxifen and other endocrine therapies. Mutations in the estrogen receptor have long been speculated to play a role in endocrine therapy resistance but have been rarely detected. However, recent studies utilizing next-generation sequencing on estrogen receptor-positive, metastatic clinical samples have revealed that recurrent ESR1 mutations are far more frequent than previously thought and may play an important role in acquired endocrine therapy resistance. Here we review recent advances in detection and characterization of ESR1 mutations in advanced, endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancers.
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Tural D, Akar E, Mutlu H, Kilickap S. P95 HER2 fragments and breast cancer outcome. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.929946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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The pharmacological point of view of resistance to therapy in tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:909-16. [PMID: 24969326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to therapy is a challenging clinical problem, whose solution is far from being reached. Gains in current knowledge have identified key elements at the basis of drug resistance and have suggested possible ways to overcome it. However, some points have always to be kept in mind whatever the type of tumor or drug (cytotoxic or targeted agent) when considering treatment resistance in tumors. In this review we discuss these points and their impact in resistance to cancer therapy: the importance of reaching active tumor drug concentration, reviewing the various micro- and macro-components of the host that can influence their concentrations and activity, the evolving complex heterogeneity of tumors, the intrinsic tumor cell susceptibility to the drug, and the emerging role of the tumor microenvironment. Both the data from the molecular and biological characterization of human tumors allow a better rational and timing use of the available arsenal of anticancer therapy and new strategies to improve the penetration of antitumor drugs in tumors are the new chances to delay and possibly eliminate the emergence of resistance in tumors.
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Thery JC, Spano JP, Azria D, Raymond E, Penault Llorca F. Resistance to human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2-targeted therapies. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:892-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Sapino A. E15. HER2 assessment in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Blair BG, Bardelli A, Park BH. Somatic alterations as the basis for resistance to targeted therapies. J Pathol 2014; 232:244-54. [PMID: 24114654 DOI: 10.1002/path.4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and genomics have revealed new genes and pathways that are somatically altered in human malignancies. This wealth of knowledge has translated into molecularly defined targets for therapy over the past two decades, serving as key examples that translation of laboratory findings can have great impact on the ability to treat patients with cancer. However, given the genetic instability and heterogeneity that are characteristic of all human cancers, drug resistance to virtually all therapies has emerged, posing further and future challenges for clinical oncology. Here we review the history of targeted therapies, including examples of genetically defined cancer targets and their approved therapies. We also discuss resistance mechanisms that have been uncovered, with an emphasis on somatic genetic alterations that lead to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Blair
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies is a major problem facing current cancer research. The mechanisms of resistance to 'classical' cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and to therapies that are designed to be selective for specific molecular targets share many features, such as alterations in the drug target, activation of prosurvival pathways and ineffective induction of cell death. With the increasing arsenal of anticancer agents, improving preclinical models and the advent of powerful high-throughput screening techniques, there are now unprecedented opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance through the clinical assessment of rational therapeutic drug combinations and the use of predictive biomarkers to enable patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Holohan
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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15
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Krüger JM, Thomas M, Korn R, Dietmann G, Rutz C, Brockhoff G, Specht K, Hasmann M, Feuerhake F. Detection of Truncated HER2 Forms in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Breast Cancer Tissue Captures Heterogeneity and Is Not Affected by HER2-Targeted Therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:336-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sapino A, Goia M, Recupero D, Marchiò C. Current Challenges for HER2 Testing in Diagnostic Pathology: State of the Art and Controversial Issues. Front Oncol 2013; 3:129. [PMID: 23734345 PMCID: PMC3659312 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2 overexpression and anti-HER2 agents represent probably the best story of success of individualized therapy in breast cancer. Due to the important therapeutic implications, the issue under the spotlight has been, since ever, the correct identification of true HER2 positivity on tissue specimens. Eligibility to anti-HER2 agents is strictly dependent on the demonstration of HER2 overexpression (by immunohistochemistry) or of HER2 gene amplification by in situ techniques (fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH), however there are controversial issues involving cases with "equivocal" HER2 status based on conventional techniques (about 20% of specimens). In terms of HER2 expression a major debate is the presence of full-length and truncated forms of the protein and controversial clinical data have been reported on the therapeutic implications of these HER2 fragments. In terms of HER2 gene assessment, the occurrence of amplification of the chromosome 17 centromeric region (CEP17) has been proven responsible for misleading HER2 FISH results, precluding anti-HER2 based therapy to some patients. Finally HER2 activating mutations have been recently described as a biological mechanisms alternative to HER2 gene amplification. In this review we will focus on the controversies that pathologists and oncologists routinely face in the attempt to design the most tailored treatment for breast cancer patients. We will focus on the HER2 gene and on the protein, both at technical and interpretational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sapino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Margherita Goia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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