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D'Agati G, Cabello EM, Frontzek K, Rushing EJ, Klemm R, Robinson MD, White RM, Mosimann C, Burger A. Active receptor tyrosine kinases, but not Brachyury, are sufficient to trigger chordoma in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.039545. [PMID: 31221659 PMCID: PMC6679381 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of developmental processes triggers diverse cancer types. Chordoma is a rare, aggressive tumor arising from transformed notochord remnants. Several potentially oncogenic factors have been found to be deregulated in chordoma, yet causation remains uncertain. In particular, sustained expression of TBXT – encoding the notochord regulator protein brachyury – is hypothesized as a key driver of chordoma, yet experimental evidence is absent. Here, we employ a zebrafish chordoma model to identify the notochord-transforming potential of implicated genes in vivo. We find that Brachyury, including a form with augmented transcriptional activity, is insufficient to initiate notochord hyperplasia. In contrast, the chordoma-implicated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) EGFR and Kdr/VEGFR2 are sufficient to transform notochord cells. Aberrant activation of RTK/Ras signaling attenuates processes required for notochord differentiation, including the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Our results provide the first in vivo evidence against a tumor-initiating potential of Brachyury in the notochord, and imply activated RTK signaling as a possible initiating event in chordoma. Furthermore, our work points at modulating endoplasmic reticulum and protein stress pathways as possible therapeutic avenues against chordoma. Summary: An injection-based chordoma model in zebrafish shows that the hypothesized chordoma oncogene brachyury is insufficient, whereas EGFR and VEGFR2 are sufficient, to trigger notochord hyperplasia in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Agati
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elena María Cabello
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Klemm
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexa Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Du J, Xu L, Cui Y, Liu Z, Su Y, Li G. Benign notochordal cell tumour: clinicopathology and molecular profiling of 13 cases. J Clin Pathol 2018; 72:66-74. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AimsTo study the clinicopathological and molecular features of benign notochordal cell tumours (BNCTs) and their differential diagnosis from chordoma.Methods13 cases of BNCT were investigated. The genome-wide copy number imbalances were performed using Oncoscan CNV array in three cases and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/chromosome 7 enumeration probe (CEP7), LSI1p36/1q21, LSI19p13/19q13, CEP3/CEP12 and Telvysion 6 P was performed in 13 cases.ResultsAll 13 BNCTs were symptomatic and eight cases showed a close relationship with the bones of the skull base. The important histological character for differential diagnosis with chordoma was the absence of extracellular matrix and eosinophil cells and the presence of vacuoles in most tumour cells. Immunohistochemical staining of AE1/AE3, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 and brachyury (100% each) were positive in BNCTs. Gain of chromosome 7 occurred in 10 cases (76.9%), gain of 1p in four (30.8%), gain of 1q in five (38.5%), gain of 19p and 19q in five (38.5%), gain of chromosome 12 in 11 cases (84.6%), gain of 6p in eight (61.5%) and gain of chromosome 3 in four cases (30.8%).ConclusionsIn contrast to chordoma, chromosome gain or normal copy number was more common while chromosome loss was infrequent in BNCTs. This may be a differential diagnosis clue for chordoma and may be an important characteristic in the progression of notochordal cell tumours.
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Förander P, Bartek J, Fagerlund M, Benmaklouf H, Dodoo E, Shamikh A, Stjärne P, Mathiesen T. Multidisciplinary management of clival chordomas; long-term clinical outcome in a single-institution consecutive series. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:1857-1868. [PMID: 28735379 PMCID: PMC5590026 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chordomas of the skull base have high recurrence rates even after radical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. We evaluate the long-term clinical outcome using multidisciplinary management in the treatment of clival chordomas. METHODS Between 1984 and 2015, 22 patients diagnosed with an intracranial chordoma were treated at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Sixteen of 22 were treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for tumour residual or progression during the disease course. Seven of 22 received adjuvant fractionated radiotherapy and 5 of these also received proton beam radiotherapy. RESULTS Fifteen of 22 (68%) patients were alive at follow-up after a median of 80 months (range 22-370 months) from the time of diagnosis. Six were considered disease free after >10-year follow-up. The median tumour volume at the time of GKRS was 4.7 cm3, range 0.8-24.3 cm3. Median prescription dose was 16 Gy, range 12-20 Gy to the 40-50% isodose curve. Five patients received a second treatment with GKRS while one received three treatments. After GKRS patients were followed with serial imaging for a median of 34 months (range 6-180 months). Four of 16 patients treated with GKRS were in need of a salvage microsurgical procedure compared to 5/7 treated with conventional or proton therapy. CONCLUSION After surgery, 7/22 patients received conventional and/or photon therapy, while 15/22 were treated with GKRS for tumour residual or followed with serial imaging with GKRS as needed upon tumour progression. With this multidisciplinary management, 5- and 10-year survivals of 82% and 50% were achieved, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Förander
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael Fagerlund
- Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamza Benmaklouf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alia Shamikh
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Stjärne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiit Mathiesen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wei W, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Yan B, Feng Y, Li P. miR-219-5p inhibits proliferation and clonogenicity in chordoma cells and is associated with tumor recurrence. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4568-4576. [PMID: 28105164 PMCID: PMC5228431 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare malignant bone tumor that is usually localized to the skull base, vertebral column and sacrum. The transcription factor brachyury, which is encoded by the T gene, has a critical role in the development and progression of chordoma, although the mechanisms underlying brachyury regulation remain unclear. The aim of the current study was to identify and characterize microRNAs (miRs) that regulate brachyury expression in chordoma. MicroRNAs that target brachyury were predicted using miRanda and TargetScan. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, miR-219-5p was shown to be significantly downregulated in chordoma tissues and the U-CH2 chordoma cell lines. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the inhibitory effect of miR-219-5p on brachyury mRNA expression. The expression level of brachyury was downregulated in U-CH2 cells following transfection with miR-219-5p mimics and upregulated following transfection with the miR-219-5p inhibitor. The effects of miR-219-5p on the proliferation and clonogenicity of chordoma cells were assessed using cell counting kit-8, EdU and clone formation assays. These in vitro results indicated that miR-219-5p may have an important role in regulating the cell proliferation and clonogenicity of human chordoma cells, potentially by targeting brachyury. Furthermore, the associations between the expression levels of miR-219-5p and various clinicopathological factors were analyzed, and miR-219-5p expression was shown to correlate with tumor extent and recurrence. These results suggested that miR-219-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in chordoma and, therefore, that miR-219-50 may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Skull Base Surgery Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
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Wang K, Hu Q, Wang L, Chen W, Tian K, Cao C, Wu Z, Jia G, Zhang L, Zeng C, Zhang J. T gene isoform expression pattern is significantly different between chordomas and notochords. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ferrari L, Pistocchi A, Libera L, Boari N, Mortini P, Bellipanni G, Giordano A, Cotelli F, Riva P. FAS/FASL are dysregulated in chordoma and their loss-of-function impairs zebrafish notochord formation. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5712-24. [PMID: 25071022 PMCID: PMC4170636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a rare malignant tumor that recapitulates the notochord phenotype and is thought to derive from notochord remnants not correctly regressed during development. Apoptosis is necessary for the proper notochord development in vertebrates, and the apoptotic pathway mediated by Fas and Fasl has been demonstrated to be involved in notochord cells regression. This study was conducted to investigate the expression of FAS/FASL pathway in a cohort of skull base chordomas and to analyze the role of fas/fasl homologs in zebrafish notochord formation. FAS/FASL expression was found to be dysregulated in chordoma leading to inactivation of the downstream Caspases in the samples analyzed. Both fas and fasl were specifically expressed in zebrafish notochord sorted cells. fas and fasl loss-of-function mainly resulted in larvae with notochord multi-cell-layer jumps organization, larger vacuolated notochord cells, defects in the peri-notochordal sheath structure and in vertebral mineralization. Interestingly, we observed the persistent expression of ntla and col2a1a, the zebrafish homologs of the human T gene and COL2A1 respectively, which are specifically up-regulated in chordoma. These results demonstrate for the first time the dysregulation of FAS/FASL in chordoma and their role in notochord formation in the zebrafish model, suggesting their possible implication in chordoma onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5 20133 Milan, Italy; These authors contribute equally in this study
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5 20133 Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26 20133 Milan, Italy; These authors contribute equally in this study
| | - Laura Libera
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Boari
- Dipartimento di Neurochirurgia, Università Vita-Salute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Dipartimento di Neurochirurgia, Università Vita-Salute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Riva
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Viotti 3/5 20133 Milan, Italy
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Scheil-Bertram S. [Novel molecular aspects of chordomas]. DER PATHOLOGE 2014; 35 Suppl 2:237-41. [PMID: 25394972 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chordomas are rare and slowly growing malignant bone tumors which mostly occur in adults. These bone tumors are characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal aspects. It is suggested that they arise from remnants of the notochord because they are found along the axial skeleton (e.g. clival, spinal and sacrococcygeal locations). It appears that cytogenetic aberrations are not randomly found in this tumor group. Loss of chromosomal material (e.g. 1p, 3p, 10q, 13q and 14q) is more frequently found than gain of material (e.g. 7q, especially 7q33). Several studies demonstrated brachyury expression (T; 6q27) as a possible candidate gene in the oncogenesis of chordomas (e.g. knock down in the chordoma cell line U-CH1). So far therapy consists of complete resection and irradiation, e.g. with carbon ions. Targeting therapy is not yet established in routine protocols but phase II studies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown partial response of tumors and, in some studies stabilization of the disease has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scheil-Bertram
- Institut für Pathologie und Zytologie, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik GmbH, Ludwig-Erhard-Str. 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Deutschland,
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Scheil-Bertram S, Kappler R, von Baer A, Hartwig E, Sarkar M, Serra M, Brüderlein S, Westhoff B, Melzner I, Bassaly B, Herms J, Hugo HH, Schulte M, Möller P. Molecular profiling of chordoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1041-55. [PMID: 24452533 PMCID: PMC3977807 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of chordoma is still poorly understood, particularly with respect to differentially expressed genes involved in the primary origin of chordoma. In this study, therefore, we compared the transcriptional expression profile of one sacral chordoma recurrence, two chordoma cell lines (U-CH1 and U-CH2) and one chondrosarcoma cell line (U-CS2) with vertebral disc using a high-density oligonucleotide array. The expression of 65 genes whose mRNA levels differed significantly (p<0.001; ≥6-fold change) between chordoma and control (vertebral disc) was identified. Genes with increased expression in chordoma compared to control and chondrosarcoma were most frequently located on chromosomes 2 (11%), 5 (8%), 1 and 7 (each 6%), whereas interphase cytogenetics of 33 chordomas demonstrated gains of chromosomal material most prevalent on 7q (42%), 12q (21%), 17q (21%), 20q (27%) and 22q (21%). The microarray data were confirmed for selected genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. As in other studies, we showed the expression of brachyury. We demonstrate the expression of new potential candidates for chordoma tumorigenesis, such as CD24, ECRG4, RARRES2, IGFBP2, RAP1, HAI2, RAB38, osteopontin, GalNAc-T3, VAMP8 and others. Thus, we identified and validated a set of interesting candidate genes whose differential expression likely plays a role in chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Kappler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra von Baer
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospitals of Ulm, Germany
| | - Erich Hartwig
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Ev. Diakonissenanstalt, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Sarkar
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Karl-Olga-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Massimo Serra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopedic Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Ingo Melzner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE (German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases) and Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schulte
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Diakoniekrankenhaus, Rotenburg (Wümme), Germany
| | - Peter Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals of Ulm, Germany
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