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Moutabian H, Radi UK, Saleman AY, Adil M, Zabibah RS, Chaitanya MNL, Saadh MJ, Jawad MJ, Hazrati E, Bagheri H, Pal RS, Akhavan-Sigari R. MicroRNA-155 and cancer metastasis: Regulation of invasion, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 250:154789. [PMID: 37741138 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the leading causes of death globally has been cancer. Nearly 90% of all cancer-related fatalities are attributed to metastasis, which is the growing of additional malignant growths out of the original cancer origin. Therefore, a significant clinical need for a deeper comprehension of metastasis exists. Beginning investigations are being made on the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the metastatic process. Tiny non-coding RNAs called miRNAs have a crucial part in controlling the spread of cancer. Some miRNAs regulate migration, invasion, colonization, cancer stem cells' properties, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the microenvironment, among other processes, to either promote or prevent metastasis. One of the most well-conserved and versatile miRNAs, miR-155 is primarily distinguished by overexpression in a variety of illnesses, including malignant tumors. It has been discovered that altered miR-155 expression is connected to a number of physiological and pathological processes, including metastasis. As a result, miR-155-mediated signaling pathways were identified as possible cancer molecular therapy targets. The current research on miR-155, which is important in controlling cancer cells' invasion, and metastasis as well as migration, will be summarized in the current work. The crucial significance of the lncRNA/circRNA-miR-155-mRNA network as a crucial regulator of carcinogenesis and a player in the regulation of signaling pathways or related genes implicated in cancer metastasis will be covered in the final section. These might provide light on the creation of fresh treatment plans for controlling cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moutabian
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Usama Kadem Radi
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | | | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mv N L Chaitanya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144402, India
| | - Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center. Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ebrahi Hazrati
- Trauma Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Bagheri
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rashmi Saxena Pal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144402, India
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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Malla R, Adem M, Chakraborty A. Complexity and diversity of FOXP3 isoforms: Novel insights into the regulation of the immune response in metastatic breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110015. [PMID: 36931171 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 is a key transcription factor in the regulation of immune responses, and recent studies have uncovered the complexity and diversity of FOXP3 isoforms in various cancers, including metastatic breast cancers (mBCs). It has dual role in the tumor microenvironment of mBCs. This review aims to provide novel insights into the complexity and diversity of FOXP3 isoforms in the regulation of the immune response in breast cancer. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of FOXP3 isoforms, including their interaction with other proteins, regulation of gene expression, and impact on the immune system. We also highlight the importance of understanding the role of FOXP3 isoforms in breast cancer and the potential for using them as therapeutic targets. This review highlights the crucial role of FOXP3 isoforms in the regulation of the immune response in breast cancer and underscores the need for further research to fully comprehend their complex and diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- RamaRao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Meghapriya Adem
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidhyalayam, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Radiation Biology Laboratory, UGC-DAE-CSR, Kolkata Centere, Kolkata 700098, West Bengal, India
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3
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Presence of regulatory T-cells in endometrial cancer predicts poorer overall survival and promotes progression of tumor cells. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:1171-1185. [PMID: 36098901 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynaecologic malignancies. Tumor infiltrating regulatory T-cells (Treg) have been reported to have a prognostic impact in many malignancies. Immunotherapeutic strategies are gaining interest for advanced and recurrent EC cases, where treatment options are rare. Our study was aimed at determining the value of Treg in EC progression. METHODS EC specimens from 275 patients and 28 controls were screened immunohistochemically for the presence of Treg represented by FoxP3. Correlations with clinicopathological and survival parameters were performed. Functional assays were performed using EC cell lines Ishikawa + and RL95-2 after co-culturing with isolated CD4 + CD25 + CD127dim Treg. To assess the influence of EC on the composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), flow cytometric analyses were performed. RESULTS We found that an increased infiltration of Treg was associated with high grades and a reduced overall survival. Treg were almost absent in endometrium tissues from healthy control patients. Co-culture of tumor cells with CD4 + CD25 + CD127dim Treg led to functional changes: enhanced invasion, migration and viability indicated that increased levels of Treg in the tumor microenvironment may promote tumor growth. Furthermore, we found that the presence of EC cells led to phenotypic changes in PBMC, showing significantly increased levels of CD25 and FoxP3. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the presence of Treg in the EC tumor environment is associated with a poorer outcome. A remarkable impact of Treg on tumor cell behaviour and vice versa of tumor cells on PBMC subpopulations support this notion mechanistically. Our findings provide a basis for focusing on Treg as potential future therapeutic targets in EC.
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Ma B, Miao W, Xiao J, Chen X, Xu J, Li Y. The Role of FOXP3 on Tumor Metastasis and Its Interaction with Traditional Chinese Medicine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196706. [PMID: 36235242 PMCID: PMC9570879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an important transcription factor for regulatory T cells (Tregs) and plays an important role in their immunosuppressive function. In recent years, studies have found that FOXP3 is expressed in many kinds of tumors and plays different roles in tumors' biological behaviors, including tumor proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and prognosis. However, the effects of FOXP3 on tumor metastasis and its interaction with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain unclear. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the effects of FOXP3 on tumor metastasis and its relationship with TCM, which can provide evidence for further research and therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxu Ma
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wenjun Miao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmarceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricutural University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jieqiong Xiao
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence:
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The Effects of Tamoxifen on Tolerogenic Cells in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081225. [PMID: 36009853 PMCID: PMC9405160 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tamoxifen is a very well-known hormonal therapy used to treat breast cancer patients. It works by blocking the effects of estrogen in breast tissue by competing with estradiol (E2) in the receptor site and binding to DNA to inhibit carcinogenesis. Moreover, it is less clarified that TAM is also involved indirectly via a Foxp3 knockout model through the CreER system to target specific immune checkpoints, especially checkpoints arising in cancer therapy. The suppressive function of tolerogenic cells is very important in the TME. Hence, in our study, we observed the effects of TAM on Tregs, in which it is involved indirectly via the CreER system. In addition, we also review the effects of TAM on other cells, which are MDSCs and DCs, that act by bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. Abstract Tamoxifen (TAM) is the most prescribed selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) to treat hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer patients and has been used for more than 20 years. Its role as a hormone therapy is well established; however, the potential role in modulating tolerogenic cells needs to be better clarified. Infiltrating tumor-microenvironment-regulatory T cells (TME-Tregs) are important as they serve a suppressive function through the transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Abundant studies have suggested that Foxp3 regulates the expression of several genes (CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, TNFR2) involved in carcinogenesis to utilize its tumor suppressor function through knockout models. TAM is indirectly concomitant via the Cre/loxP system by allowing nuclear translocation of the fusion protein, excision of the floxed STOP cassette and heritable expression of encoding fluorescent protein in a cohort of cells that express Foxp3. Moreover, TAM administration in breast cancer treatment has shown its effects directly through MDSCs by the enrichment of its leukocyte populations, such as NK and NKT cells, while it impairs the differentiation and activation of DCs. However, the fundamental mechanisms of the reduction of this pool by TAM are unknown. Here, we review the vital effects of TAM on Tregs for a precise mechanistic understanding of cancer immunotherapies.
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Jaramillo-Valverde L, Levano KS, Capristano S, Tarazona DD, Cisneros A, Yufra-Picardo VM, Valdivia-Silva J, Guio H. CXCR4 Knockdown Via CRISPR/CAS9 in a Tumor-Associated Macrophage Model Decreases Human Breast Cancer Cell Migration. Cureus 2021; 13:e20842. [PMID: 35111484 PMCID: PMC8794389 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide with the majority of deaths due to metastasis. The development of metastasis is closely related to the tumor microenvironment where tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the main immune cell component playing a crucial role in tumor migration. Key players in tumor progression, metastasis and survival are the receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12. CXCR4 is expressed in multiple cell types including macrophages and breast cancer cells. Many studies have focus on the role of CXCR4 expressed in breast cancer cells. Methods In this study, we investigated the role of CXCR4 expressed in TAMs on breast cancer cell migration by reducing CXCR4 expression via CRISPR-CAS9 system in differentiated THP-1 cells (a TAMs model). Results According to wound healing migration assay, MCF7 cancer cells co-cultured with genetically edited dTHP-1 cells have a lower migration rate as compared to MCF7 cancer cells co-cultured with unedited and dTHP-1 cells. Conclusion The study demonstrates the role of CXCR4 on breast cancer cell migration through TAM-cancer cell crosstalk.
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Role of FoxP3-positive regulatory T-cells in regressive and progressive cervical dysplasia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:377-386. [PMID: 34739585 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forkhead Box Protein 3 (FoxP3) is known as a key mediator in the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). The aim of our study was to investigate whether FoxP3-positive Tregs have the potential to act as an independent predictor in progression as well as in regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, especially in patients with intermediate cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II). METHODS Nuclear FoxP3 expression was immunohistochemically analysed in 169 patient samples (CIN I, CIN II with regressive course, CIN II with progressive course, CIN III). The median numbers were calculated for each slide and correlated with the histological CIN grade. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 26 (Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rank correlation). RESULTS An increased FoxP3 expression in CIN II with progression could be detected in comparison to CIN II with regression (p = 0.003). Total FoxP3 expression (epithelium and dysplasia-connected stroma) was higher in more advanced CIN grades (p < 0.001 for CIN I vs. CIN II; p = 0.227 for CIN II vs. CIN III). A positive correlation could be detected between FoxP3-positive cells in epithelium and total FoxP3 expression (Spearman's Rho: 0,565; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Expression of FoxP3 could be a helpful predictive factor to assess the risks of CIN II progression. As a prognosticator for regression and progression in cervical intraepithelial lesions it might thereby help in the decision process regarding surgical treatment vs. watchful waiting strategy to prevent conisation-associated risks for patients in child-bearing age. In addition, the findings support the potential of Tregs as a target for immune therapy in cervical cancer patients.
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Liu C, Han J, Li X, Huang T, Gao Y, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang S, Zhang W, Li W, Hao Q, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang C. FOXP3 Inhibits the Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Downregulating the Expression of MTA1. Front Oncol 2021; 11:656190. [PMID: 34307133 PMCID: PMC8293273 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FOXP3, as a tumour suppressor gene, has a vital function in inhibiting the metastasis of breast cancer cells, but the mechanisms by which it inhibits metastasis have not been fully elucidated. This study intended to explore a new mechanism by which FOXP3 inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Methods Bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify potential downstream molecules of FOXP3. The function of FOXP3 in inhibiting MTA1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels was verified by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The interaction between FOXP3 and the MTA1 promoter was verified by transcriptomic experiments. In vitro and in vivo experiments were used to determine whether the regulation of MTA1 by FOXP3 affected the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry was adopted to explore the correlation between the expression levels of FOXP3 and MTA1 in breast cancer samples. Results Bioinformatics-based sequencing suggested that MTA1 is a potential downstream molecule of FOXP3. FOXP3 downregulated the expression of MTA1 in breast cancer cells by directly inhibiting MTA1 promoter activity. Importantly, FOXP3’s regulation of MTA1 affected the ability of breast cancer cells to invade and metastasize in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, analysis of clinical specimens showed a significant negative correlation between the expression levels of FOXP3 and MTA1 in breast cancer. Conclusion We systematically explored a new mechanism by which FOXP3 inhibits breast cancer metastasis via the FOXP3-MTA1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tonglie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Wang W, Wu Q, Wang Z, Ren S, Shen H, Shi W, Xu Y. Development of a Prognostic Model for Ovarian Cancer Patients Based on Novel Immune Microenvironment Related Genes. Front Oncol 2021; 11:647273. [PMID: 33869044 PMCID: PMC8045757 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.647273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV) has become the most lethal gynecological cancer. However, its treatment methods and staging system are far from ideal. In the present study, taking the advantage of large-scale public cohorts, we extracted a list of immune-related prognostic genes that differentially expressed in tumor and normal ovarian tissues. Importantly, an individualized immune-related gene based prognostic model (IPM) for OV patients were developed. Furthermore, we validated our IPM in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository and compared the immune landscape and pathways between high-risk and low-risk groups. The results of our study can serve as an important model to identify the immune subset of patients and has potential for use in immune therapeutic selection and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, China.,Department of Medicine, Nantong University Xinling College, Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Ziheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University Xinling College, Nantong, China
| | - Shiqi Ren
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, China.,Department of Medicine, Nantong University Xinling College, Nantong, China
| | - Hanyu Shen
- Department of Medicine, Nantong University Xinling College, Nantong, China
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunzhao Xu
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, China
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Fan D, Zeng C, Wang S, Han J, Zhu L, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Lu J, Xu Y. Forkhead box P3 promotes breast cancer cell apoptosis by regulating programmed cell death 4 expression. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:292. [PMID: 33101486 PMCID: PMC7576988 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), an X-linked tumor suppressor gene, plays an important role in breast cancer. However, the biological functions of FOXP3 in breast cancer apoptosis remain unclear. To investigate the underlying genes and networks regulated by FOXP3 in breast cancer, RNA sequencing was performed to compare FOXP3-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells and control MDA-MB-231 cells. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and functional enrichment analysis comparing the two groups was performed. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in phagosomes, oxytocin, serotonergic synapses and the phospholipase D signaling pathway. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed the enrichment of a gene signature associated with apoptosis in FOXP3-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells compared with wild-type cells. Further analysis showed that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a key molecule involved in apoptosis, was overexpressed in FOXP3-MDA-MB-231 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting showed that FOXP3 upregulated the expression of PDCD4 in breast cancer cells. Clinical sample analysis using a public database showed that the expression level of PDCD4 was associated with breast cancer clinical stages. Overall, the present study suggested that FOXP3 can promote the apoptosis of breast cancer cells by upregulating the expression of PDCD4, thus exerting a tumor suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chinese Materia Medical and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Central Theater Command Air Force Hospital, Datong, Shaanxi 037000, P.R. China
| | - Shuming Wang
- Outpatient Department of Rocket Engineering University, The 986th Hospital of Air Force, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Liaoliao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Sun R, Luo H, Su J, Di S, Zhou M, Shi B, Sun Y, Du G, Zhang H, Jiang H, Li Z. Olaparib Suppresses MDSC Recruitment via SDF1α/CXCR4 Axis to Improve the Anti-tumor Efficacy of CAR-T Cells on Breast Cancer in Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 29:60-74. [PMID: 33010818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A hostile tumor microenvironment is one of the major obstacles for the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor modified T (CAR-T) cells, and combination treatment might be a potential way to overcome this obstacle. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) has demonstrated tremendous potential in breast cancer. In this study, we explored the possible combination of the PAPRi olaparib with EGFRvIII-targeted CAR (806-28Z CAR) T cells in immunocompetent mouse models of breast cancer. The results indicated that the administration of olaparib could significantly enhance the efficacy of 806-28Z CAR-T cells in vivo. Interestingly, we observed that olaparib could suppress myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) migration and promote the survival of CD8+ T cells in tumor tissue. Mechanistically, olaparib was shown to reduce the expression of SDF1α released from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and thereby decreased MDSC migration through CXCR4. Taken together, this study demonstrated that olaparib could increase the antitumor activities of CAR-T cell therapy at least partially through inhibiting MDSC migration via the SDF1α/CXCR4 axis. These findings uncover a novel mechanism of PARPi function and provide additional mechanistic rationale for combining PARPi with CAR-T cells for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingwen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shengmeng Di
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yansha Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoxiu Du
- CARsgen Therapeutics, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China; CARsgen Therapeutics, Shanghai 200032, China.
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12
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Jiang L, Meng W, Yu G, Yin C, Wang Z, Liao L, Meng F. MicroRNA-144 targets APP to regulate AML1/ETO + leukemia cell migration via the p-ERK/c-Myc/MMP-2 pathway. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2034-2042. [PMID: 31423275 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary infiltration (EMI) is common in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is closely associated with the prognosis of disease. We previously reported that patients carrying the AML1/ETO (A/E) fusion gene and expressing the amyloid precursor protein (APP) tended to develop EMI, and had a poor prognosis. In the present study, the relapse-free survival (RFS) time and overall survival (OS) time were significantly lower in patients with EMI. The results demonstrated that the EMI incidence was significantly higher (P<0.05), while the RFS and OS rates were significantly lower (P<0.05), in patients with high APP expression. Kasumi-1 cells, which are A/E+, and the APP gene were used as the in vitro cell model to detect the mechanism of action in detail. Following the knockdown of APP expression, cell migration was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Furthermore, western blotting demonstrated that the protein expression of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and c-Myc was markedly reduced following interference of APP, while the expression of CXCR4 and MMP-9 was not altered. Kasumi-1 cells were co-cultured with p-ERK or c-Myc inhibitors and demonstrated that the APP/p-ERK/c-Myc/MMP-2 pathway was involved in signal transduction and regulation of cell migration. MicroRNA-144 (miR-144) mimics and transfected Kasumi-1 cells were generated. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that miR-144 was a negative regulator of APP. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggest that miR-144 negatively targets the APP gene and regulates cell migration via the APP/p-ERK/c-Myc/MMP-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510500, P.R. China
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guopan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510500, P.R. China
| | - Changxin Yin
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510500, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510500, P.R. China
| | - Libin Liao
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510500, P.R. China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Department of Hematology, Kang Hua Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523080, P.R. China
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13
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Ma T, Zhang J. Upregulation of FOXP4 in breast cancer promotes migration and invasion through facilitating EMT. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2783-2793. [PMID: 31040716 PMCID: PMC6459146 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s191641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Family of forkhead box transcription factors has been found to play key roles in multiple types of cancer. Materials and methods Our study is to decipher the effects of FOXP4 in human breast cancer (BC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were performed to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of FOXP4 in BC tissue samples and cell lines. The gain and loss of function assay were used to explore the detailed roles of FOXP4 in breast cell lines, including MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Its effect on BC growth, migration, and invasion were evaluated by colony formation assay, CCK-8 assay, wound-healing assay, and transwell invasion assay, respectively. Results Our findings revealed that FOXP4 promotes cell proliferation, migration, as well as invasion of BC cells. Furthermore, FOXP4 also facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ChIP, qChIP assay, and dual luciferase reporter assay were used to examine whether Snail is a downstream target of FOXP4. Moreover, overexpression of Snail could partially rescue the effects of FOXP4 inhibition on cancer cell migration and invasion. Conclusion Our findings revealed that FOXP4 is a critical regulator in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- The Third Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, P.R. China, .,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China,
| | - Jin Zhang
- The Third Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, P.R. China, .,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, P.R. China,
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14
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Jia H, Qi H, Gong Z, Yang S, Ren J, Liu Y, Li MY, Chen GG. The expression of FOXP3 and its role in human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:170-178. [PMID: 30630091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 is a transcription factor, which belongs to the family of FOX protein. FOXP3 was initially discovered in regulatory T cells and supposed to play a significant role in the process of regulatory T cell differentiation. Increasing evidence has shown that FOXP3 is also expressed in tumor cells. However, the results of tumor FOXP3 is inconsistent and even the opposite. In some types of human cancers, the expression of FOXP3 is upregulated, and it can promote the development of cancers, leading to a poor prognosis. While in some other types of cancers, it is a different story. The reason for the contradictory data is unknown. The discovery of FOXP3 isoforms, interaction between tumor cells and lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, subcellular location, and mutation of FOXP3 may provide some clues. In this review, we first summarize and analyze the recent development. The final section focuses on the regulation of FOXP3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Haolong Qi
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhongqin Gong
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shucai Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingshan District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George Gong Chen
- Department of Surgery, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Li X, Gao Y, Li J, Zhang K, Han J, Li W, Hao Q, Zhang W, Wang S, Zeng C, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhang C. FOXP3 inhibits angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:744. [PMID: 29970908 PMCID: PMC6030162 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), an X-linked tumor suppressor gene, plays an important role in breast cancer. However, the biological functions of FOXP3 in breast cancer angiogenesis remain unclear. Here we found that the clinical expression of nuclear FOXP3 was inversely correlated with breast cancer angiogenesis. Moreover, the animal study demonstrated that FOXP3 significantly reduced the microvascular density of MDA-MB-231 tumors transplanted in mice. The cytological experiments showed that the supernatant from FOXP3-overexpressing cells exhibited a diminished ability to stimulate tube formation and sprouting in HUVECs in vitro. In addition, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was downregulated by FOXP3 in breast cancer cell lines. Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that FOXP3 can directly interact with the VEGF promoter via specific forkhead-binding motifs to suppress its transcription. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of FOXP3 in the supernatant on tube formation and sprouting in HUVECs could be reversed by adding VEGF in vitro. Nuclear FOXP3 expression was inversely correlated with VEGF expression in clinical breast cancer tissues, and FOXP3 downregulation and VEGF upregulation were both correlated with reduced survival in breast cancer data sets in the Kaplan–Meier plotter. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FOXP3 suppresses breast cancer angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Laboratory, The 305 Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, 100017, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Institute of Material Medical, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Brown CY, Dayan S, Wong SW, Kaczmarek A, Hope CM, Pederson SM, Arnet V, Goodall GJ, Russell D, Sadlon TJ, Barry SC. FOXP3 and miR-155 cooperate to control the invasive potential of human breast cancer cells by down regulating ZEB2 independently of ZEB1. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27708-27727. [PMID: 29963231 PMCID: PMC6021232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of oncogenes, including ZEB1 and ZEB2, is a major checkpoint for preventing cancer, and loss of this control contributes to many cancers, including breast cancer. Thus tumour suppressors, such as FOXP3, which is mutated or lost in many cancer tissues, play an important role in maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. Here we show for the first time that ZEB2 is selectively down regulated by FOXP3 and also by the FOXP3 induced microRNA, miR-155. Interestingly, neither FOXP3 nor miR-155 directly altered the expression of ZEB1. In breast cancer cells repression of ZEB2, independently of ZEB1, resulted in reduced expression of a mesenchymal marker, Vimentin and reduced invasion. However, there was no de-repression of E-cadherin and migration was enhanced. Small interfering RNAs targeting ZEB2 suggest that this was a direct effect of ZEB2 and not FOXP3/miR-155. In normal human mammary epithelial cells, depletion of endogenous FOXP3 resulted in de-repression of ZEB2, accompanied by upregulated expression of vimentin, increased E-cadherin expression and cell morphological changes. We suggest that FOXP3 may help maintain normal breast epithelial characteristics through regulation of ZEB2, and loss of FOXP3 in breast cancer cells results in deregulation of ZEB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y. Brown
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, WCHN, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
| | - Soon Wei Wong
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
| | - Adrian Kaczmarek
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Hope
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Pederson
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
| | - Victoria Arnet
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Goodall
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
| | - Darryl Russell
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sadlon
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, WCHN, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 SA, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, WCHN, Adelaide, 5006 SA, Australia
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17
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Nuclear galectin-1-FOXP3 interaction dampens the tumor-suppressive properties of FOXP3 in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:416. [PMID: 29549328 PMCID: PMC5856744 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3 is an important X-linked suppressor of breast cancer. It is reported that FOXP3 is usually mutant, absent, or cytoplasmic distribution in breast cancer cells, which increases the risk of breast cancer. However, in our study the full-length FOXP3 transcript can be detected in breast cancer cells and nuclear FOXP3 is expressed in some breast cancer samples. Therefore, an important question is how the tumor-suppressive function of wild-type FOXP3 is negated in these cancers. We found that Gal-1 is a novel interacting protein of FOXP3 in breast cancer. Furthermore, our results show that the FKH domain in FOXP3 is essential for its interaction with Gal-1. Through ChIP-seq assay, we found that the expression of Gal-1 could inhibit a variety of target genes which were directly regulated by FOXP3. More importantly, these FOXP3-bound genes are involved in the development and metastasis of cancer. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that blocking the FOXP3/Gal-1 interaction restores the tumor-suppressive properties of FOXP3 in breast cancer cells. Finally, we observed that the nuclear abundance of Gal-1 was significantly higher in breast cancer tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues. In addition, we identified that the acidic extracellular microenvironment in breast cancer tissues causes Gal-1 to accumulate in the nucleus. Altogether, nuclear Gal-1 interferes with the binding of FOXP3 to DNA by interacting with the FKH domain of FOXP3, and it indicates a possible mechanism for the loss of the tumor-suppressive properties of FOXP3 in wild-type FOXP3-positive breast cancer.
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18
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Abstract
Rho GTPase activating protein 15 (ARHGAP15) is a recently identified GTPase activating protein which enhances intrinsic hydrolysis of GTP-bound Ras-related C3 botulinus toxin substrate (Rac1), resulting in inactivation of Rac1. Although a lot of studies have pointed out the pivotal roles of the Rac1 pathway in the progression of breast carcinomas, the clinical significance of ARHGAP15 has remained largely unknown in human breast carcinomas. Therefore, we immunolocalized ARHGAP15 in one hundred breast carcinoma tissues. ARHGAP15 immunoreactivity was frequently detected in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, and was positively correlated with that of Rac1 and androgen receptor labeling index. Furthermore, ARHGAP15 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with decreased risk of recurrence and improved prognosis, and multivariate analyses demonstrated that ARHGAP15 immunoreactivity was an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free and breast-cancer-specific survival of the patients. In addition, exogenous overexpression of ARHGA15 suppressed cell proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells and SK-BR-3 cells. On the other hand, ARHGAP15 mRNA was significantly induced by dihydrotestosterone. These findings suggest that ARHGAP15 is an androgen-induced gene and has anti-tumorigenic roles associated with the Rac1 pathway. ARHGAP15 immunoreactivity is therefore considered a potent prognostic factor in human breast carcinomas.
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19
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Lim JCT, Yeong JPS, Lim CJ, Ong CCH, Wong SC, Chew VSP, Ahmed SS, Tan PH, Iqbal J. An automated staining protocol for seven-colour immunofluorescence of human tissue sections for diagnostic and prognostic use. Pathology 2018; 50:333-341. [PMID: 29429740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) allows simultaneous antibody-based detection and quantification of the expression of up to six markers, plus a nuclear counterstain, on a single tissue section. Recent studies have shown the potential for mIF to advance our understanding of complex disease processes, including cancer. It is important that the technique be standardised and validated to facilitate its transition into clinical use. Traditional approaches to mIF rely on manual processing of sections, which is time-consuming and a source of significant variation between samples/individuals. Here we determined if an automated diagnostic tissue stainer could be used for mIF incorporating tyramide signal amplification (TSA), and how the final image quality compared with sections stained semi-automatically or manually. Using tissue microarrays of fixed human breast tumour sections, we observed comparable antibody labelling between the diagnostic autostainer and manual technique. The diagnostic autostainer produced higher signal intensity with similar spectral unmixing efficiency. We also found that microwave treatment for antibody stripping during TSA labelling could be replaced by the heating option incorporated within the diagnostic-use autostainer. These data show that diagnostic autostainers used for traditional immunohistochemistry protocols can be readily adapted to achieve rapid preparation of high-quality sections using a TSA method for clinical mIF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency of Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Chun Jye Lim
- SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Siew Cheng Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency of Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | | | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jabed Iqbal
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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20
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Santagata S, Napolitano M, D'Alterio C, Desicato S, Maro SD, Marinelli L, Fragale A, Buoncervello M, Persico F, Gabriele L, Novellino E, Longo N, Pignata S, Perdonà S, Scala S. Targeting CXCR4 reverts the suppressive activity of T-regulatory cells in renal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77110-77120. [PMID: 29100374 PMCID: PMC5652768 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the intent to identify biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) the functional status of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) was investigated in primary RCC. Tregs were isolated from tumoral-(TT), peritumoral tissue-(PT) and peripheral blood-(PB) of 42 primary RCC patients and function evaluated through effector T cells (Teff) proliferation, cytokines release and demethylation of Treg Specific Region (TSDR). The highest value of Tregs was detected in TT with the uppermost amount of effector-Tregs-(CD4+CD25hiFOXP3hiCD45RA-). PB-RCC Tregs efficiently suppress Teff proliferation compared to healthy donor (HD)-Tregs and, at the intrapatient evaluation, TT-derived Tregs were the most suppressive. Higher demethylation TSDR was detected in TT- and PB-RCC Tregs vs HD-Tregs (P <0,001). CXCR4 is highly expressed on Tregs, thus we wished to modulate Tregs function through CXCR4 inhibition. CXCR4 antagonism, elicited by a new peptidic antagonist, Peptide-R29, efficiently reversed Tregs suppression of Teff proliferation. Thus Tregs functional evaluation precisely reflects Tregs status and may be a reliable biomarker of tumoral immune response. In addition, treatment with CXCR4 antagonist, impairing Tregs function, could improve the anticancer immune response, in combination with conventional therapy and/or immunotherapy such as checkpoints inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santagata
- Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Crescenzo D'Alterio
- Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Desicato
- Uro-Gynecological Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fragale
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Buoncervello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Longo
- Urology Division, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Pignata
- Uro-Gynecological Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sisto Perdonà
- Uro-Gynecological Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale"-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
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FOXP3 Allelic Variants and Haplotype Structures Are Associated with Aggressive Breast Cancer Subtypes. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:6359603. [PMID: 28713192 PMCID: PMC5497645 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6359603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 genetic polymorphisms have been associated with cancer development and prognosis. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the g.10403A>G (rs2232365) polymorphisms and g.8048A>C (rs3761548), in aggressive breast cancer (BC) subtypes, including, Luminal B HER2+ (LB), HER2-enriched (HER2+), and triple-negative (TN). Polymerase chain reaction followed by enzymatic restriction was performed to genotyping 117 BC samples and 300 controls. A significant association of AA genotype (g.10403A>G) in relation to BC susceptibility (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.01–3.66; p = 0.046) was observed. The GG (g.10403A>G) genotype was correlated with higher proliferation index (Ki-67) in HER2+ subtype (τ = 0.47; p = 0.019) and advanced TNM staging in TN (τ = 0.23; p = 0.032). A correlation of AA genotype (g.8048A>C) with higher Ki-67 (τ = −0.47; p = 0.018) and lower histological grade (τ = 0.39; p = 0.026) in HER2+ was also found. GA haplotype was correlated with lower histological grade (τ = −0.15; p = 0.009) and higher Ki-67 (τ = 0.43; p = 0.036) in HER2+ and advanced staging in TN (τ = 0.29; p = 0.044). On the other hand, AC haplotype was correlated with lower Ki-67 (τ = −0.54; p = 0.005) and staging (τ = −0.29; p = 0.027) in HER2+ and TN respectively. Results showed that FOXP3 influence regarding clinical outcome depends greatly on the BC subtype and indicated this transcription factor as a promising marker in aggressive BC subtypes.
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22
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Chen YJ, Liu WH, Chang LS. Hydroquinone-induced FOXP3-ADAM17-Lyn-Akt-p21 signaling axis promotes malignant progression of human leukemia U937 cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:983-997. [PMID: 27307158 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (1,4-benzenediol; HQ), a major marrow metabolite of the leukemogen benzene, has been proven to evoke benzene-related hematological disorders and myelotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The goal of the present study was to explore the role of FOXP3 in HQ-induced malignant progression of U937 human leukemia cells. U937 cells were treated with 5 μM HQ for 24 h, and the cells were re-suspended in serum-containing medium without HQ for 2 days. The same procedure was repeated three times, and the resulting U937/HQ cells were maintained in cultured medium containing 5 μM HQ. Proliferation and colony formation of U937/HQ cells were notably higher than those of U937 cells. Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase-mediated demethylation of the Treg-specific demethylated region in FOXP3 gene resulted in higher FOXP3 expression in U937/HQ cells than in U937 cells. FOXP3-induced miR-183 expression reduced β-TrCP mRNA stability and suppressed β-TrCP-mediated Sp1 degradation, leading to up-regulation of Sp1 expression in U937/HQ cells. Sp1 up-regulation further increased ADAM17 and Lyn expression, and ADAM17 up-regulation stimulated Lyn activation in U937/HQ cells. Moreover, U937/HQ cells showed higher Lyn-mediated Akt activation and cytoplasmic p21 expression than U937 cells did. Abolishment of Akt activation decreased cytoplasmic p21 expression in U937/HQ cells. Suppression of FOXP3, ADAM17, and Lyn expression, as well as Akt inactivation, repressed proliferation and clonogenicity of U937/HQ cells. Together with the finding that cytoplasmic p21 shows anti-apoptotic and oncogenic activities in cancer cells, the present data suggest a role of FOXP3/ADAM17/Lyn/Akt/p21 signaling axis in HQ-induced hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Migration of cells toward chemical cues, or chemotaxis, is important for many biologic processes such as immune defense, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Although chemotaxis is thought to occur in cancer cells, it is less well characterized than chemotaxis of professional immune cells such as neutrophils. Here, we show that cancer cell chemotaxis relies on secretion of exosome-type extracellular vesicles. Migration of fibrosarcoma cells toward a gradient of exosome-depleted serum was diminished by knockdown of the exosome secretion regulator Rab27a. Rescue experiments in which chemotaxis chambers were coated with purified extracellular vesicles demonstrate that exosomes but not microvesicles affect both speed and directionality of migrating cells. Chamber coating with purified fibronectin and fibronectin-depleted exosomes demonstrates that the exosome cargo fibronectin promotes cell speed but cannot account for the role of exosomes in promoting directionality of fibrosarcoma cell movement during chemotaxis. These experiments indicate that exosomes contain multiple motility-promoting cargoes that contribute to different aspects of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hwan Sung
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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24
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Ozawa PMM, Ariza CB, Losi-Guembarovski R, Guembarovski AL, de Oliveira CEC, Banin-Hirata BK, Kishima MO, Petenuci DL, Watanabe MAE. Wilms' tumor susceptibility: possible involvement of FOXP3 and CXCL12 genes. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:36. [PMID: 27830498 PMCID: PMC5103003 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilms' tumor is an embryonal neoplasm of the kidney that accounts for approximately 6 % of all childhood tumors. The chemokine CXCL12 (C-X-C chemokine ligand 12) and its ligand CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) are involved in the development of several organs, including the kidney, and are also associated with tumor growth and metastasis. FOXP3 (forkhead transcription factor 3) was initially described as a marker for regulatory T cells; however, its expression in several types of tumor cells has already been described and may have prognostic significance. The aim of the present study was to analyze rs3761548 and rs2232365 FOXP3 polymorphisms, as well as evaluate rs1801157 CXCL12 polymorphism in Wilms' tumor samples. METHODS Polymorphisms were evaluated in 32 patients and 78 neoplasia-free controls. Genotypes of rs1801157 were determined using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, and genotypes of rs2232365 and rs3761548 were determined using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). RESULTS The case-control study indicated a significant association for allele A carriers of rs1801157 polymorphism in relation to Wilms' tumor susceptibility (OR = 5.261; 95 % CI 2.156 to 12.84; p = 0.0002). The opposite was observed in male carriers of G allele for rs2232365 polymorphism (OR 0.1164; 95 % CI 0.0227 to 0.5954; p = 0.0091) or when male and female subjects were analyzed (OR = 0.1304; 95 % CI 0.05013 to 0.3394; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS All in all, these markers may contribute to this neoplasia susceptibility and progression; however, further studies are needed to real clarify their role in Wilms' tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Midori Murobushi Ozawa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina Batista Ariza
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi-Guembarovski
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Alda Losi Guembarovski
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Coral de Oliveira
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Karina Banin-Hirata
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marina Okuyama Kishima
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Diego Lima Petenuci
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Franco-Molina MA, Miranda-Hernández DF, Mendoza-Gamboa E, Zapata-Benavides P, Coronado-Cerda EE, Sierra-Rivera CA, Saavedra-Alonso S, Taméz-Guerra RS, Rodríguez-Padilla C. Silencing of Foxp3 delays the growth of murine melanomas and modifies the tumor immunosuppressive environment. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:243-53. [PMID: 26834483 PMCID: PMC4716752 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s90476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) expression was believed to be specific for T-regulatory cells but has recently been described in non-hematopoietic cells from different tissue origins and in tumor cells from both epithelial and non-epithelial tissues. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of Foxp3 in murine melanoma. The B16F10 cell line Foxp3 silenced with small interference Foxp3 plasmid transfection was established and named B16F10.1. These cells had lower levels of Foxp3 mRNA (quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [0.235-fold]), protein (flow cytometry [0.02%]), CD25+ expression (0.06%), cellular proliferation (trypan blue staining), and interleukin (IL)-2 production (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [72.35 pg/mL]) than those in B16F10 wild-type (WT) cells (P<0.05). Subcutaneous inoculation of the B16F10.1 cell line into C57BL/6 mice delayed the time of visible tumor appearance, increased the time of survival, and affected the weight of tumors, and also decreased the production of IL-10, IL-2, and transforming growth factor beta compared with mice inoculated with the B16F10 WT cell line. The B16F10.1 cells derived from tumors and free of T-cells (isolated by Dynabeads and plastic attachment) expressed relatively lower levels of Foxp3 and CD25+ than B16F10 WT cells (P<0.05) in a time-dependent manner. The population of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of T CD4+ cells (CD4+, CD4+CD25+, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) increased in a time-dependent manner (P<0.05) in tumors derived from B16F10 WT cells and decreased in tumors derived from B16F10.1 cells. Similar data were obtained from spleen cells. These results suggest that, in melanomas, Foxp3 partly induces tumor growth by modifying the immune system at the local and peripheral level, shifting the environment toward an immunosuppressive profile. Therapies incorporating this transcription factor could be strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés A Franco-Molina
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana F Miranda-Hernández
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Edgar Mendoza-Gamboa
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Pablo Zapata-Benavides
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Erika E Coronado-Cerda
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Crystel A Sierra-Rivera
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Santiago Saavedra-Alonso
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Reyes S Taméz-Guerra
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Immunology and Virology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, University Autonoma of Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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26
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Sirkisoon SR, Carpenter RL, Rimkus T, Miller L, Metheny-Barlow L, Lo HW. EGFR and HER2 signaling in breast cancer brain metastasis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2016; 8:245-63. [PMID: 26709660 DOI: 10.2741/e765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer occurs in approximately 1 in 8 women and 1 in 37 women with breast cancer succumbed to the disease. Over the past decades, new diagnostic tools and treatments have substantially improved the prognosis of women with local diseases. However, women with metastatic disease still have a dismal prognosis without effective treatments. Among different molecular subtypes of breast cancer, the HER2-enriched and basal-like subtypes typically have higher rates of metastasis to the brain. Basal-like metastatic breast tumors frequently express EGFR. Consequently, HER2- and EGFR-targeted therapies are being used in the clinic and/or evaluated in clinical trials for treating breast cancer patients with brain metastases. In this review, we will first provide an overview of the HER2 and EGFR signaling pathways. The roles that EGFR and HER2 play in breast cancer metastasis to the brain will then be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the preclinical and clinical effects of EGFR- and HER2-targeted therapies on breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherona R Sirkisoon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Tadas Rimkus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Lance Miller
- Department of Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Linda Metheny-Barlow
- Department of Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157,
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27
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Overexpression of the transcription factor FOXP3 in lung adenocarcinoma sustains malignant character by promoting G1/S transition gene CCND1. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7395-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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28
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Halvorsen EC, Mahmoud SM, Bennewith KL. Emerging roles of regulatory T cells in tumour progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:1025-41. [PMID: 25359584 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer is a complex and life-threatening process that is only partially understood. Immune suppressive cells are recognized as important contributors to tumour progression and may also promote the development and growth of tumour metastases. Specifically, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been found to promote primary tumour progression, and emerging pre-clinical data suggests that Tregs may promote metastasis and metastatic tumour growth. While the precise role that Tregs play in metastatic progression is understudied, recent findings have indicated that by suppressing innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity, Tregs may shield tumour cells from immune detection, and thereby allow tumour cells to survive, proliferate and acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination. This review will highlight our current understanding of Tregs in metastasis, including an overview of pre-clinical findings and discussion of clinical data regarding Tregs and therapeutic outcome. Evolving strategies to directly ablate Tregs or to inhibit their function will also be discussed. Improving our understanding of how Tregs may influence tumour metastasis may lead to novel treatments for metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 9-202, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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29
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SDF-1/CXCR4 promotes F5M2 osteosarcoma cell migration by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Med Oncol 2015; 32:194. [PMID: 26026718 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, lacks an effective therapy. Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) and its receptor, CXCR4, play multiple roles in migration, proliferation, and survival of different tumor cells. This study aimed to investigate whether the functional SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling mediates chemotaxis in F5M2 OS cells as well as the underlying mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy were used. RNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was examined by Western blotting. Migration assays were carried out in F5M2 cells. The results showed that the expression of CXCR4 and β-catenin mRNA and protein was significantly higher in OS tissues compared to the surrounding non-neoplastic tissues. SDF-1 promoted F5M2 cell migration by activating the AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which was abrogated by preincubation with AMD3100 and LY294002. In conclusion, SDF-1/CXCR4 axis-promoted F5M2 cell migration was regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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30
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Guo F, Wang Y, Liu J, Mok SC, Xue F, Zhang W. CXCL12/CXCR4: a symbiotic bridge linking cancer cells and their stromal neighbors in oncogenic communication networks. Oncogene 2015; 35:816-26. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Liu R, Liu C, Chen D, Yang WH, Liu X, Liu CG, Dugas CM, Tang F, Zheng P, Liu Y, Wang L. FOXP3 Controls an miR-146/NF-κB Negative Feedback Loop That Inhibits Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1703-13. [PMID: 25712342 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3 functions not only as the master regulator in regulatory T cells, but also as an X-linked tumor suppressor. The tumor-suppressive activity of FOXP3 has been observed in tumor initiation, but its role during tumor progression remains controversial. Moreover, the mechanism of FOXP3-mediated tumor-suppressive activity remains largely unknown. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing, we identified a series of potential FOXP3-targeted miRNAs in MCF7 cells. Notably, FOXP3 significantly induced the expression of miR-146a/b. In vitro, FOXP3-induced miR-146a/b prevented tumor cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. Functional analyses in vitro and in vivo revealed that FOXP3-induced miR-146a/b negatively regulates NF-κB activation by inhibiting the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6. In ChIP assays, FOXP3 directly bound the promoter region of miR-146a but not of miR-146b, and FOXP3 interacted directly with NF-κB p65 to regulate an miR-146-NF-κB negative feedback regulation loop in normal breast epithelial and tumor cells, as demonstrated with luciferase reporter assays. Although FOXP3 significantly inhibited breast tumor growth and migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo, FOXP3-induced miR-146a/b contributed only to the inhibition of breast tumor growth. These data suggest that miR-146a/b contributes to FOXP3-mediated tumor suppression during tumor growth by triggering apoptosis. The identification of a FOXP3-miR-146-NF-κB axis provides an underlying mechanism for disruption of miR-146 family member expression and constitutive NF-κB activation in breast cancer cells. Linking the tumor suppressor function of FOXP3 to NF-κB activation reveals a potential therapeutic approach for cancers with FOXP3 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Department of Endocrinology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney M Dugas
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Fei Tang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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