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Xu W, Chen H, Xiao H. mTORC2: A neglected player in aging regulation. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31363. [PMID: 38982866 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, through integrating external and internal signals, facilitating gene transcription and protein translation, as well as by regulating mitochondria and autophagy functions. mTOR kinase operates within two distinct protein complexes known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which engage separate downstream signaling pathways impacting diverse cellular processes. Although mTORC1 has been extensively studied as a pro-proliferative factor and a pro-aging hub if activated aberrantly, mTORC2 received less attention, particularly regarding its implication in aging regulation. However, recent studies brought increasing evidence or clues for us, which implies the associations of mTORC2 with aging, as the genetic elimination of unique subunits of mTORC2, such as RICTOR, has been shown to alleviate aging progression in comparison to mTORC1 inhibition. In this review, we first summarized the basic characteristics of mTORC2, including its protein architecture and signaling network. We then focused on reviewing the molecular signaling regulation of mTORC2 in cellular senescence and organismal aging, and proposed the multifaceted regulatory characteristics under senescent and nonsenescent contexts. Next, we outlined the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the field of antiaging and discussed future prospects and challenges. It is our pleasure if this review article could provide meaningful information for our readers and call forth more investigations working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Xu
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghan Chen
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Feng D, Gui Z, Xu Z, Zhang J, Ni B, Wang Z, Liu J, Fei S, Chen H, Sun L, Gu M, Tan R. Rictor/mTORC2 signalling contributes to renal vascular endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and renal allograft interstitial fibrosis by regulating BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1686. [PMID: 38769658 PMCID: PMC11106512 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal allograft interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) constitutes the principal histopathological characteristic of chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) in kidney-transplanted patients. While renal vascular endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been verified as an important contributing factor to IF/TA in CAD patients, its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Through single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we identified Rictor as a potential pivotal mediator for EndMT. This investigation sought to elucidate the role of Rictor/mTORC2 signalling in the pathogenesis of renal allograft interstitial fibrosis and the associated mechanisms. METHODS The influence of the Rictor/mTOR2 pathway on renal vascular EndMT and renal allograft fibrosis was investigated by cell experiments and Rictor depletion in renal allogeneic transplantation mice models. Subsequently, a series of assays were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of the enhanced mitophagy and the ameliorated EndMT resulting from Rictor knockout. RESULTS Our findings revealed a significant activation of the Rictor/mTORC2 signalling in CAD patients and allogeneic kidney transplanted mice. The suppression of Rictor/mTORC2 signalling alleviated TNFα-induced EndMT in HUVECs. Moreover, Rictor knockout in endothelial cells remarkably ameliorated renal vascular EndMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis in allogeneic kidney transplanted mice. Mechanistically, Rictor knockout resulted in an augmented BNIP3-mediated mitophagy in endothelial cells. Furthermore, Rictor/mTORC2 facilitated the MARCH5-mediated degradation of BNIP3 at the K130 site through K48-linked ubiquitination, thereby regulating mitophagy activity. Subsequent experiments also demonstrated that BNIP3 knockdown nearly reversed the enhanced mitophagy and mitigated EndMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis induced by Rictor knockout. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, our study underscores Rictor/mTORC2 signalling as a critical mediator of renal vascular EndMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis progression, exerting its impact through regulating BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. This insight unveils a potential therapeutic target for mitigating renal allograft interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyuan Feng
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zeping Gui
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Urologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of UrologyThe Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityTaizhouChina
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Urologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shuang Fei
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Urologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Youssef N, Noureldein MH, Riachi ME, Haddad A, Eid AA. Macrophage polarization and signaling in diabetic kidney disease: a catalyst for disease progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F301-F312. [PMID: 38153850 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00266.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of diabetes affecting millions of people worldwide. Macrophages, a critical immune cell type, are central players in the development and progression of DKD. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate role of macrophages in DKD, examining how they can become polarized into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. We explore the signaling pathways involved in macrophage recruitment and polarization in the kidneys, including the key cytokines and transcription factors that promote M1 and M2 polarization. In addition, we discuss the latest clinical studies investigating macrophages in DKD and explore the potential of hypoglycemic drugs for modulating macrophage polarization. By gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that regulate macrophage polarization in DKD, we may identify novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating complication of diabetes. This review provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between macrophages and DKD, shedding light on the latest developments in this important area of research. This review aims to enhance understanding of the role that macrophages play in the pathogenesis of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Youssef
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- American University of Beirut Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed H Noureldein
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- American University of Beirut Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mansour E Riachi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- American University of Beirut Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antony Haddad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- American University of Beirut Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- American University of Beirut Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Pu M, Zhang J, Hong F, Wang Y, Zhang C, Zeng Y, Fang Z, Qi W, Yang X, Gao G, Zhou T. The pathogenic role of succinate-SUCNR1: a critical function that induces renal fibrosis via M2 macrophage. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:78. [PMID: 38291510 PMCID: PMC10826041 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis significantly contributes to the progressive loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD), with alternatively activated M2 macrophages playing a crucial role in this progression. The serum succinate level is consistently elevated in individuals with diabetes and obesity, both of which are critical factors contributing to CKD. However, it remains unclear whether elevated succinate levels can mediate M2 polarization of macrophages and contribute to renal interstitial fibrosis. METHODS Male C57/BL6 mice were administered water supplemented with 4% succinate for 12 weeks to assess its impact on renal interstitial fibrosis. Additionally, the significance of macrophages was confirmed in vivo by using clodronate liposomes to deplete them. Furthermore, we employed RAW 264.7 and NRK-49F cells to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Succinate caused renal interstitial macrophage infiltration, activation of profibrotic M2 phenotype, upregulation of profibrotic factors, and interstitial fibrosis. Treatment of clodronate liposomes markedly depleted macrophages and prevented the succinate-induced increase in profibrotic factors and fibrosis. Mechanically, succinate promoted CTGF transcription via triggering SUCNR1-p-Akt/p-GSK3β/β-catenin signaling, which was inhibited by SUCNR1 siRNA. The knockdown of succinate receptor (SUCNR1) or pretreatment of anti-CTGF(connective tissue growth factor) antibody suppressed the stimulating effects of succinate on RAW 264.7 and NRK-49F cells. CONCLUSIONS The causative effects of succinate on renal interstitial fibrosis were mediated by the activation of profibrotic M2 macrophages. Succinate-SUCNR1 played a role in activating p-Akt/p-GSK3β/β-catenin, CTGF expression, and facilitating crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts. Our findings suggest a promising strategy to prevent the progression of metabolic CKD by promoting the excretion of succinate in urine and/or using selective antagonists for SUCNR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound, Molecular Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuyan Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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Ni B, Zhang D, Zhou H, Zheng M, Wang Z, Tao J, Han Z, Ju X, Tan R, Gu M. IL-34 attenuates acute T cell-mediated rejection following renal transplantation by upregulating M2 macrophages polarization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24028. [PMID: 38230243 PMCID: PMC10789621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of Interleukin-34 (IL-34) in acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) following renal transplantation. Methods The mice acute TCMR model of renal transplantation was established and identified by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Then, IHC staining of IL-34 was also performed to determine the expression of IL-34 in allografts. Recipients were infected with IL-34 overexpression adeno-associated virus, infection efficiency of which was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and immunofluorescence. HE and IHC staining were used to estimate the grades of TCMR. Flow cytometry was performed on lymphocytes in spleens of recipients including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages. The expression of cytokines in vivo was analyzed by Mouse Cytokine Grp I Panel. Finally, Tregs and M2 macrophages were cultured in vitro and treated with IL-34 to observe the effects of IL-34 on the differentiation of the cells. Results The mouse TCMR model was successfully established by HE, periodic acid shiff (PAS), CD4 and CD8 IHC staining. The expression of IL-34 was significantly decreased in allografts with TCMR. BALB/c mice were successfully infected with IL-34 overexpression adeno-associated virus. Subsequently, the grade of rejection in mice TCMR model was evaluated by HE and IHC staining according to Banff criteria. It is suggested that the grade of TCMR in IL-34 overexpressed mice was significantly decreased. IHC staining and Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of Tregs and M2 macrophages in the spleens and allografts were significantly increased in IL-34 overexpressed mice. Serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were downregulated in IL-34 overexpressed mice. Moreover, IL-34 could promote macrophage M2 polarization, while failed to promote differentiation of naïve T cells into Tregs in vitro. Conclusion Overexpression of IL-34 may attenuate the progression of TCMR episodes in allografts by increasing the polarization of M2 macrophages in the spleens and allografts, which may become a potential therapeutic strategy for TCMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121# Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121# Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121# Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121# Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijian Han
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobin Ju
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121# Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Xu Y, Qian W, Huang L, Wen W, Li Y, Guo F, Zhu Z, Li Z, Gong J, Yu Z, Zhou Y, Lu N, Zhu W, Guo Z. Crohn's disease-associated AIEC inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell-derived exosomal let-7b expression regulates macrophage polarization to exacerbate intestinal fibrosis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2193115. [PMID: 36945126 PMCID: PMC10038049 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2193115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) and intestinal macrophages is implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). However, its role in intestinal fibrogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In addition, miRNAs such as let-7b may participate in AIEC-macrophage interactions. In this study, we identified that the colonization of AIEC in the ileum was associated with enhanced intestinal fibrosis and reduced let-7b expression by enrolling a prospective cohort of CD patients undergoing ileocolectomy. Besides, AIEC-infected IL-10-/- mice presented more severe intestinal fibrosis and could be improved by exogenous let-7b. Mechanistically, intestinal macrophages were found to be the main target of let-7b. Transferring let-7b-overexpressing macrophages to AIEC-infected IL-10-/- mice significantly alleviated intestinal fibrosis. In vitro, AIEC suppressed exosomal let-7b derived from intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), instead of the direct inhibition of let-7b in macrophages, to promote macrophages to a fibrotic phenotype. Finally, TGFβR1 was identified as one target of let-7b that regulates macrophage polarization. Overall, the results of our work indicate that AIEC is associated with enhanced intestinal fibrosis in CD. AIEC could inhibit exosomal let-7b from IECs to promote intestinal macrophages to a fibrotic phenotype and then contributed to fibrogenesis. Thus, anti-AIEC or let-7b therapy may serve as novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorate intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwei Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyu Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feilong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeqian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Chen JY, Yiu WH, Tang PMK, Tang SCW. New insights into fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1056964. [PMID: 36910160 PMCID: PMC9996540 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1056964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic signaling plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of solid cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Intratumoral fibrosis (ITF) and pseudo-capsule (PC) fibrosis are significantly correlated to the disease progression of renal cell carcinoma. Targeting classic fibrotic signaling processes such as TGF-β signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) shows promising antitumor effects both preclinically and clinically. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma at molecular resolution can facilitate the development of precision therapies against solid cancers. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest updates on fibrotic signaling, from clinical correlation and molecular mechanisms to its therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma. Importantly, we examined the reported fibrotic signaling on the human renal cell carcinoma dataset at the transcriptome level with single-cell resolution to assess its translational potential in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sydney Chi-Wai Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Pakradooni R, Shukla N, Gupta K, Kumar J, Isali I, Khalifa AO, Shukla S. Diosmetin Induces Modulation of Igf-1 and Il-6 Levels to Alter Rictor-Akt-PKCα Cascade in Inhibition of Prostate Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204741. [PMID: 34682865 PMCID: PMC8538102 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth signals, which typically originate from the surrounding microenvironment, are important for cells. However, when stimulation by growth factors becomes excessive and exceeds their threshold limit, deleterious effects may ensue. In patients with cancer, maintenance of tumors depends, at least in part, on growth factor stimulation, which can also facilitate cancer progression into advanced stages. This is particularly important when the tumor grows beyond its tissue boundaries or when it invades and colonizes other tissues. These aforementioned malignant events are known to be partly supported by elevated cytokine levels. Among the currently known growth signals, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IL-6 have been previously studied for their roles in prostate cancer. Both IGF-1 and IL-6 have been reported to activate the RAPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2 (Rictor)/AKT/protein kinase C α (PKCα) signaling pathway as one of their downstream mechanisms. At present, research efforts are mainly focused on the exploration of agents that alter growth factor (such as IGF-1) and cytokine (such as IL-6) signaling for their potential application as therapeutic agents, as both of these have been reported to modulate disease outcome. In the present study, IGF-1 and IL-6 served distinct roles in the androgen responsive LNCaP cell line and in the androgen refractory PC-3 cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increased phosphorylation of Rictor at the Thr-1135 residue, AKT at the Ser-473 residue and PKCα at the Ser-657 residue were observed after treatment with IGF-1 and IL-6. Subsequently, it was found that diosmetin, a natural plant aglycone, had the potential to modulate the downstream signaling cascade of Rictor/AKT/PKCα to inhibit the progression of prostate cancer. Treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells with diosmetin inhibited the phosphorylation of Rictor (Thr-1135), AKT (Ser-473) and PKCα (Ser-657) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio was increased in response to diosmetin treatment, which would result in increased apoptosis. Based on these observations, diosmetin may represent a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pakradooni
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
| | - Nishka Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Kalpana Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Jatinder Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Florida Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
- Department of Urology, ACMH Hospital, 1 Nolte Drive, Kittanning, PE 16201, USA
| | - Ilaha Isali
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
| | - Ahmed O. Khalifa
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.)
- Department of Urology, University of Florida Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
- Correspondence:
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PP2Acα promotes macrophage accumulation and activation to exacerbate tubular cell death and kidney fibrosis through activating Rap1 and TNFα production. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2728-2744. [PMID: 33934104 PMCID: PMC8408198 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation and activation play an essential role in kidney fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. By analyzing the kidney tissues from patients and animal models with kidney fibrosis, we found a large induction of PP2Acα in macrophages. We then generated a mouse model with inducible macrophage ablation of PP2Acα. The knockouts developed less renal fibrosis, macrophage accumulation, or tubular cell death after unilateral ureter obstruction or ischemic reperfusion injury compared to control littermates. In cultured macrophages, PP2Acα deficiency resulted in decreased cell motility by inhibiting Rap1 activity. Moreover, co-culture of PP2Acα-/- macrophages with tubular cells resulted in less tubular cell death attributed to downregulated Stat6-mediated tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production in macrophages. Together, this study demonstrates that PP2Acα promotes macrophage accumulation and activation, hence accelerates tubular cell death and kidney fibrosis through regulating Rap1 activation and TNFα production.
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10
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Jiménez-Uribe AP, Gómez-Sierra T, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Orozco-Ibarra M, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Backstage players of fibrosis: NOX4, mTOR, HDAC, and S1P; companions of TGF-β. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110123. [PMID: 34438016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibrotic process could be easily defined as a pathological excess of extracellular matrix deposition, leading to disruption of tissue architecture and eventually loss of function; however, this process involves a complex network of several signal transduction pathways. Virtually almost all organs could be affected by fibrosis, the most affected are the liver, lung, skin, kidney, heart, and eyes; in all of them, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) has a central role. The canonical and non-canonical signal pathways of TGF-β impact the fibrotic process at the cellular and molecular levels, inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the induction of profibrotic gene expression with the consequent increase in proteins such as alpha-smooth actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagen, and other extracellular matrix proteins. Recently, it has been reported that some molecules that have not been typically associated with the fibrotic process, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), histone deacetylases (HDAC), and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P); are critical in its development. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of these new players of fibrosis and the convergence with TGF-β signaling pathways, unveiling new insights into the panorama of fibrosis that could be useful for future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tania Gómez-Sierra
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur # 3877, La Fama, Alcaldía Tlalpan, CP 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico.
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11
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Budi EH, Schaub JR, Decaris M, Turner S, Derynck R. TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2021; 254:358-373. [PMID: 33834494 DOI: 10.1002/path.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of normal function of the affected organs. The initiation and progression of fibrosis are elaborated by pro-fibrotic cytokines, the most critical of which is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This review focuses on the fibrogenic roles of increased TGF-β activities and underlying signaling mechanisms in the activated fibroblast population and other cell types that contribute to progression of fibrosis. Insight into these roles and mechanisms of TGF-β as a universal driver of fibrosis has stimulated the development of therapeutic interventions to attenuate fibrosis progression, based on interference with TGF-β signaling. Their promise in preclinical and clinical settings will be discussed. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Tang PCT, Chan ASW, Zhang CB, García Córdoba CA, Zhang YY, To KF, Leung KT, Lan HY, Tang PMK. TGF-β1 Signaling: Immune Dynamics of Chronic Kidney Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:628519. [PMID: 33718407 PMCID: PMC7948440 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.628519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing a great burden on the healthcare system. Regrettably, effective CKD therapeutic strategies are yet available due to their elusive pathogenic mechanisms. CKD is featured by progressive inflammation and fibrosis associated with immune cell dysfunction, leading to the formation of an inflammatory microenvironment, which ultimately exacerbating renal fibrosis. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is an indispensable immunoregulator promoting CKD progression by controlling the activation, proliferation, and apoptosis of immunocytes via both canonical and non-canonical pathways. More importantly, recent studies have uncovered a new mechanism of TGF-β1 for de novo generation of myofibroblast via macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT). This review will update the versatile roles of TGF-β signaling in the dynamics of renal immunity, a better understanding may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies against CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Chiu-Tsun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Alex Siu-Wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Cai-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cristina Alexandra García Córdoba
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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13
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Gui Y, Dai C. mTOR Signaling in Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:1319-1327. [PMID: 35372878 PMCID: PMC8815517 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003782020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is crucial in regulating cell growth, metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Under physiologic conditions, mTOR signaling maintains podocyte and tubular cell homeostasis. In AKI, activation of mTOR signaling in tubular cells and interstitial fibroblasts promotes renal regeneration and repair. However, constitutive activation of mTOR signaling in kidneys results in the initiation and progression of glomerular hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Here, we summarize the recent studies about mTOR signaling in renal physiology and injury, and discuss the possibility of its use as a therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gui
- Department of Nephrology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Cao H, Luo J, Zhang Y, Mao X, Wen P, Ding H, Xu J, Sun Q, He W, Dai C, Zen K, Zhou Y, Yang J, Jiang L. Tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) mediated mTORC1 activation promotes glycolysis in tubular epithelial cells in kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2020; 98:686-698. [PMID: 32739207 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Energy reprogramming to glycolysis is closely associated with the development of chronic kidney disease. As an important negative regulatory factor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signal, tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) is also a key regulatory point of glycolysis. Here, we investigated whether Tsc1 could mediate the progression of kidney interstitial fibrosis by regulating glycolysis in proximal tubular epithelial cells. We induced mTORC1 signal activation in tubular epithelial cells in kidneys with fibrosis via unilateral ureteral occlusion. This resulted in increased tubular epithelial cell proliferation and glycolytic enzyme upregulation. Prior incubation with rapamycin inhibited mTORC1 activation and abolished the enhanced glycolysis and tubular epithelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, knockdown of Tsc1 expression promoted glycolysis in the rat kidney epithelial cell line NRK-52E. Specific deletion of Tsc1 in the proximal tubules of mice resulted in enlarged kidneys characterized by a high proportion of proliferative tubular epithelial cells, dilated tubules with cyst formation, and a large area of interstitial fibrosis in conjunction with elevated glycolysis. Treatment of the mice with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose notably ameliorated tubular epithelial cell proliferation, cystogenesis, and kidney fibrosis. Thus, our findings suggest that Tsc1-associated mTORC1 signaling mediates the progression of kidney interstitial fibrosis by regulating glycolysis in proximal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdi Cao
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Mao
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Wen
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichun He
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Advanced Institute of Life Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Chen N, Zhou P, Liu X, Li J, Wan Y, Liu S, Wei F. Overexpression of Rictor in the injured spinal cord promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:6984-6998. [PMID: 32232913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rictor is an essential component that directly activates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, which contributes to the intrinsic axon growth capacity of adult sensory neurons after injury. However, whether its action also applies to regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unknown. In this study, rats were given spinal cord contusion at the T9-10 level to establish the SCI model and were subsequently treated with intraspinal cord injection of a Rictor overexpression lentiviral vector to locally upregulate the Rictor expression in the injured spinal cord. Thereafter, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Rictor overexpression in the injured spinal cords of SCI rats. Rictor overexpression not only significantly attenuated the acute inflammatory response and cell death after SCI but also markedly increased the shift in macrophages around the lesion from the M1 to M2 phenotype compared to those of the control lentiviral vector injection-treated group. Furthermore, Rictor overexpression dramatically increased neurogenesis in the lesion epicenter, subsequently promoting the tissue repair and functional recovery in SCI rats. Interestingly, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of Rictor overexpression on SCI may be associated with the Rictor overexpression playing a role in the anti-inflammatory response and driving macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, which benefits resident neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival. Our findings demonstrate that Rictor is an effective target that affects the generation of molecules that inhibit spinal cord regeneration. In conclusion, localized Rictor overexpression represents a promising potential strategy for the repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhou
- Department of Physical Diagnostic, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxin Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Xiao Y, Zhou L, Zhang T, Qin C, Wei P, Luo L, Luo L, Huang G, Chen A, Liu G. Anti-fibrosis activity of quercetin attenuates rabbit tracheal stenosis via the TGF-β/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 250:117552. [PMID: 32179074 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the possible mechanism of trauma-induced laryngotracheal stenosis and potential protective and therapeutic efficacy of quercetin on trauma-induced laryngotracheal stenosis. MAIN METHODS The expression and activity of fibrotic factors [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, autophagy related 5 (ATG5), collagen (COL)-1, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β COL-3, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A (LC3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and fibrotic signaling mediators [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT)] were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining, respectively, in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced WI-38 (a human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line) cellular fibrotic model and a trauma-induced rabbit tracheal stenosis model, with and without quercetin treatment. KEY FINDINGS Pre-treatment with quercetin significantly reversed the LPS-induced upregulation of pro-fibrotic factors (IL-6, IL-8, COL-1, COL-3, LC3) and fibrotic signaling mediators (mTOR and AKT), and it induced the downregulation of ATG5 in the WI-38 cells. Furthermore, the anti-fibrotic activity of quercetin was confirmed in the trauma-induced rabbit tracheal stenosis model. Thus, the nasogastric administration of quercetin attenuated the tracheal stenosis of the rabbit tracheal stenosis model, in addition to effectively reversing an increase in pro-fibrotic factors (VEGF, IL-6, TGF-β, COL-1, and COL-3) and fibrotic signaling mediators (mTOR and AKT), as well as downregulating ATG5 of the rabbit tracheal stenosis model. SIGNIFICANCE Quercetin exhibits anti-fibrotic activity by inhibiting pro-fibrotic factors and AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, in addition to activating autophagy activity. This study provided experimental evidence supporting the application of quercetin in tracheal stenosis, clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbao Xiao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Peng Wei
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Luo
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Linzi Luo
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guojun Huang
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Anji Chen
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guangnan Liu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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17
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Bhatia D, Chung KP, Nakahira K, Patino E, Rice MC, Torres LK, Muthukumar T, Choi AM, Akchurin OM, Choi ME. Mitophagy-dependent macrophage reprogramming protects against kidney fibrosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132826. [PMID: 31639106 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, by maintaining mitochondrial quality control, plays a key role in maintaining kidney function and is impaired in pathologic states. Macrophages are well known for their pathogenic role in kidney fibrosis. Here, we report that PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in macrophages is compromised in experimental and human kidney fibrosis. We demonstrate downregulation of mitophagy regulators mitofusin-2 (MFN2) and Parkin downstream of PINK1 in kidney fibrosis. Loss of either Pink1 or Prkn promoted renal extracellular matrix accumulation and frequency of profibrotic/M2 macrophages. Pink1-/- or Prkn-/- BM-derived macrophages (BMDMs) showed enhanced expression of rictor. Mitochondria from TGF-β1-treated Pink1-/- BMDMs exhibited increased superoxide levels, along with reduced respiration and ATP production. In addition, mitophagy in macrophages involves PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of downstream MFN2, MFN2-facilitated recruitment of Parkin to damaged mitochondria, and macrophage-specific deletion of Mfn2 aggravates kidney fibrosis. Moreover, mitophagy regulators were downregulated in human CKD kidney and TGF-β1-treated human renal macrophages, whereas Mdivi1 treatment suppressed mitophagy mediators and promoted fibrotic response. Taken together, our study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate that macrophage mitophagy plays a protective role against kidney fibrosis via regulating the PINK1/MFN2/Parkin-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuei-Pin Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa K Torres
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thangamani Muthukumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Augustine Mk Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oleh M Akchurin
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary E Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Dai H, Thomson AW. The "other" mTOR complex: New insights into mTORC2 immunobiology and their implications. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1614-1621. [PMID: 30801921 PMCID: PMC6538441 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A central role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in regulation of fundamental cell processes is well recognized. mTOR functions in two distinct complexes: rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex (C) 1 and rapamycin-insensitive mTORC2. While the role of mTORC1 in shaping immune responses, including transplant rejection, and the influence of its antagonism in promoting allograft tolerance have been studied extensively using rapamycin, lack of selective small molecule inhibitors has limited understanding of mTORC2 biology. Within the past few years, however, intracellular localization of mTORC2, its contribution to mitochondrial fitness, cell metabolism, cytoskeletal modeling and cell migration, and its role in differentiation and function of immune cells have been described. Studies in mTORC2 knockdown/knockout mouse models and a new class of dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors, have shed light on the immune regulatory functions of mTORC2. These include regulation of antigen-presenting cell, NK cell, T cell subset, and B cell differentiation and function. mTORC2 has been implicated in regulation of ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. Potential therapeutic benefits of antagonizing mTORC2 to inhibit chronic rejection have also been described, while selective in vivo targeting strategies using nanotechnology have been developed. We briefly review and discuss these developments and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Dai
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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19
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Gui Y, Li J, Lu Q, Feng Y, Wang M, He W, Yang J, Dai C. Yap/Taz mediates mTORC2-stimulated fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16364-16375. [PMID: 30154246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previously published study demonstrated that mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) signaling mediates TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation. However, the underlying mechanisms for mTORC2 in stimulating fibroblast activation remain poorly understood. Here, we found that TGFβ1 could stimulate mTORC2 and Yap/Taz activation in NRK-49F cells. Blocking either mTORC2 or Yap/Taz signaling diminished TGFβ1-induced fibroblast activation. In addition, blockade of mTORC2 could down-regulate the expression of Yap/Taz, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1). Overexpression of constitutively active Taz (Taz-S89A) could restore fibroblast activation suppressed by PP242, an mTOR kinase inhibitor in NRK-49F cells. In mouse kidneys with unilateral ureter obstructive (UUO) nephropathy, both mTORC2 and Yap/Taz were activated in the interstitial myofibroblasts. Ablation of Rictor in fibroblasts/pericytes or blockade of mTOR signaling with PP242 attenuated Yap/Taz activation and UUO nephropathy in mice. Together, this study uncovers that targeting mTORC2 retards fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis through suppressing Yap/Taz activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gui
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qingmiao Lu
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Ye Feng
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Weichun He
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- From the Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
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20
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Sun Z, Lin Y, Li Y, Ren T, Du G, Wang J, Jin X, Yang LC. The effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory inhibition and microglial polarization in BV-2 cells. Neurol Res 2018; 40:838-846. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1493849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Sun
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Tong Ren
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guicheng Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Qibao Community Health Service Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Chao Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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21
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Feng Y, Liang Y, Ren J, Dai C. Canonical Wnt Signaling Promotes Macrophage Proliferation during Kidney Fibrosis. KIDNEY DISEASES 2018; 4:95-103. [PMID: 29998124 DOI: 10.1159/000488984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Wnt/β-catenin, an evolutionary conserved signaling pathway, plays an essential role in modulating kidney injury and repair. Our previous studies demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling could stimulate macrophage M2 polarization and contribute to kidney fibrosis. However, whether canonical Wnt signaling activation leads to macrophage proliferation during kidney fibrosis remains to be determined. Methods In this study, a mouse model with macrophage-specific β-catenin gene deletion was generated and a unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model was created. Results In a mouse model with UUO nephropathy, deletion of β-catenin in macrophages attenuated macrophage proliferation and accumulation in kidney tissue. Wnt3a, a well-known canonical Wnt signaling stimulator, could markedly promote macrophage proliferation, whereas blocking canonical Wnt signaling with ICG-001 or ablating β-catenin could largely inhibit macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated macrophage proliferation. Wnt3a treatment could time-dependently upregulate cyclin D1 protein expression and blocking β-catenin signaling could downregulate it. Conclusion These results demonstrate that Wnt/ β-catenin signaling is essential for promoting macrophage proliferation during kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafa Ren
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Salvador P, Macías-Ceja DC, Gisbert-Ferrándiz L, Hernández C, Bernardo D, Alós R, Navarro-Vicente F, Esplugues JV, Ortiz-Masiá D, Barrachina MD, Calatayud S. CD16+ Macrophages Mediate Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:589-599. [PMID: 29304229 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fibrosis is a common complication of Crohn's disease [CD], and is related to dysregulated tissular repair following inflammation, in which macrophages play a central role. We have previously observed that STAT6-/- mice present delayed mucosal recovery after 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid [TNBS]-induced colitis due to a deficiency in reparatory interleukin-4 [IL4]/STAT6-dependent M2 macrophages, which can be reverted by the exogenous transfer of this cell type. In the present study, we analyse the role of STAT6-dependent macrophages in intestinal fibrosis. METHODS Colitis was induced by weekly intra-rectal administration of TNBS [6 weeks] to STAT6-/- mice and wild-type [WT] animals. Colonic surgical resections were obtained from CD patients and from colon cancer patients. RESULTS Chronic colitis provoked a fibrogenic response in STAT6-/- mice, but not in WT animals. An accumulation of M2 macrophages, defined as CD206+ cells, was observed in WT mice, but not in STAT6-/- animals. Instead, the latter group showed an increase in CD16+ macrophages that correlated with the expression of fibrogenic markers. CD16+ macrophages were also increased in the damaged mucosa of Crohn's disease patients with stenotic or penetrating complications. Finally, administration of IL4-treated WT macrophages to STAT6-/- mice reduced TNBS-induced fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that STAT6 deficiency dysregulates the macrophage response to inflammatory outbursts by increasing the presence of a population of CD16+ macrophages that seems to contribute to intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- Departamento de Farmacología and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Laura Gisbert-Ferrándiz
- Departamento de Farmacología and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - David Bernardo
- Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Alós
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Vicente Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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mTOR signaling in immune cells and its implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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