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Hou R, Yu Y, Sluter MN, Li L, Hao J, Fang J, Yang J, Jiang J. Targeting EP2 receptor with multifaceted mechanisms for high-risk neuroblastoma. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111000. [PMID: 35732130 PMCID: PMC9282716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, fostering an inflammation-enriched microenvironment that facilitates angiogenesis and immune evasion. However, the PGE2 receptor subtype (EP1–EP4) involved in neuroblastoma (NB) growth remains elusive. Herein, we show that the EP2 receptor highly correlates with NB aggressiveness and acts as a predominant Gαs-coupled receptor mediating PGE2-initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NB cells with high-risk factors, including 11q deletion and MYCN amplification. Knockout of EP2 in NB cells blocks the development of xenografts, and its conditional knockdown prevents established tumors from progressing. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by our recently developed antagonist TG6-129 suppresses the growth of NB xenografts in nude mice and syngeneic allografts in immunocompetent hosts, accompanied by anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and apoptotic effects. This proof-of-concept study suggests that the PGE2/EP2 signaling pathway contributes to NB malignancy and that EP2 inhibition by our drug-like compounds provides a promising strategy to treat this deadly pediatric cancer. Hou et al. discover that prostaglandin receptor EP2 highly correlates with the aggressiveness of neuroblastoma, where it acts as the primary PGE2 receptor mediating cAMP signaling. EP2 deficiency or inhibition suppresses neuroblastoma with high-risk factors including 11q deletion and MYCN amplification, demonstrating EP2 as a promising therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruida Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Luiz MT, Dutra JAP, Tofani LB, de Araújo JTC, Di Filippo LD, Marchetti JM, Chorilli M. Targeted Liposomes: A Nonviral Gene Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040821. [PMID: 35456655 PMCID: PMC9030342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most frequent cause of death worldwide, with 28.4 million new cases expected for 2040. Despite de advances in the treatment, it remains a challenge because of the tumor heterogenicity and the increase in multidrug resistance mechanisms. Thus, gene therapy has been a potential therapeutic approach owing to its ability to introduce, silence, or change the content of the human genetic code for inhibiting tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. For the proper delivery of genes to tumor cells, it requires the use of gene vectors for protecting the therapeutic gene and transporting it into cells. Among these vectors, liposomes have been the nonviral vector most used because of their low immunogenicity and low toxicity. Furthermore, this nanosystem can have its surface modified with ligands (e.g., antibodies, peptides, aptamers, folic acid, carbohydrates, and others) that can be recognized with high specificity and affinity by receptor overexpressed in tumor cells, increasing the selective delivery of genes to tumors. In this context, the present review address and discuss the main targeting ligands used to functionalize liposomes for improving gene delivery with potential application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Tavares Luiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, Brazil; (M.T.L.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jessyca Aparecida Paes Dutra
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.P.D.); (L.B.T.); (J.T.C.d.A.); (L.D.D.F.)
| | - Larissa Bueno Tofani
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.P.D.); (L.B.T.); (J.T.C.d.A.); (L.D.D.F.)
| | | | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.P.D.); (L.B.T.); (J.T.C.d.A.); (L.D.D.F.)
| | - Juliana Maldonado Marchetti
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14040-900, Brazil; (M.T.L.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.P.D.); (L.B.T.); (J.T.C.d.A.); (L.D.D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-16-3301-6998
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Dondero A, Morini M, Cangelosi D, Mazzocco K, Serra M, Spaggiari GM, Rotta G, Tondo A, Locatelli F, Castellano A, Scuderi F, Sementa AR, Eva A, Conte M, Garaventa A, Bottino C, Castriconi R. Multiparametric flow cytometry highlights B7-H3 as a novel diagnostic/therapeutic target in GD2neg/low neuroblastoma variants. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002293. [PMID: 33795387 PMCID: PMC8021887 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-risk neuroblastomas (HR-NBs) are rare, aggressive pediatric cancers characterized by resistance to therapy and relapse in more than 30% of cases, despite using an aggressive therapeutic protocol including targeting of GD2. The mechanisms responsible for therapy resistance are unclear and might include the presence of GD2neg/low NB variants and/or the expression of immune checkpoint ligands such as B7-H3. Method Here, we describe a multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) combining the acquisition of 106 nucleated singlets, Syto16pos CD45neg CD56pos cells, and the analysis of GD2 and B7-H3 surface expression. 41 bone marrow (BM) aspirates from 25 patients with NB, at the onset or relapse, are analyzed, comparing results with cytomorphological analysis (CA) and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC). Spike in experiments assesses the sensitivity of MFC. Kaplan-Meier analysis on 498 primary NBs selects novel prognostic markers possibly integrating the MFC panel. Results No false positive are detected, and MFC shows high sensitivity (0.0005%). Optimized MFC identifies CD45negCD56pos NB cells in 11 out of 12 (91.6%) of BM indicated as infiltrated by CA, 7 of which coexpress high levels of GD2 and B7-H3. MFC detects CD45negCD56posGD2neg/low NB variants expressing high surface levels of B7-H3 in two patients with HR-NB (stage M) diagnosed at 53 and 139 months of age. One of them has a non-MYCN amplified tumor with unusual THpos PHOX2Bneg phenotype, which relapsed 141 months post-diagnosis with BM infiltration and a humerus lesion. All GD2neg/low NB variants are detected in patients at relapse. Kaplan-Meier analysis highlights an interesting dichotomous prognostic value of MML5, ULBPs, PVR, B7-H6, and CD47, ligands involved in NB recognition by the immune system. Conclusions Our study validates a sensitive MFC analysis providing information on GD2 and B7-H3 surface expression and allowing fast, specific and sensitive evaluation of BM tumor burden. With other routinely used diagnostic and prognostic tools, MFC can improve diagnosis, prognosis, orienting novel personalized treatments in patients with GD2low/neg NB, who might benefit from innovative therapies combining B7-H3 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dondero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Cangelosi
- Clinical Bioinformatic, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Katia Mazzocco
- UOC Anatomia Patologica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Serra
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Annalisa Tondo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Aurora Castellano
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Conte
- UOC Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Bottino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy .,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Castriconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Ollauri-Ibáñez C, Astigarraga I. Use of Antiangiogenic Therapies in Pediatric Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E253. [PMID: 33445470 PMCID: PMC7827326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an important cause of death in childhood. In recent years, scientists have made an important effort to achieve greater precision and more personalized treatments against cancer. But since only a few pediatric patients have identifiable therapeutic targets, other ways to stop the neoplastic cell proliferation and dissemination are needed. Therefore, the inhibition of general processes involved in the growth and behavior of tumors can be a relevant strategy for the development of new cancer therapies. In the case of solid tumors, one of these processes is angiogenesis, essential for tumor growth and generation of metastases. This review summarizes the results obtained with the use of antiangiogenic drugs in the main pediatric malignant solid tumors and also an overview of clinical trials currently underway. It should be noted that due to the rarity and heterogeneity of the different types of pediatric cancer, most studies on antiangiogenic drugs include only a small number of patients or isolated clinical cases, so they are not conclusive and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ollauri-Ibáñez
- Pediatric Oncology Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
| | - Itziar Astigarraga
- Pediatric Oncology Group, BioCruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Cruces, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Wagner SC, Ichim TE, Bogin V, Min WP, Silva F, Patel AN, Kesari S. Induction and characterization of anti-tumor endothelium immunity elicited by ValloVax therapeutic cancer vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28595-28613. [PMID: 28404894 PMCID: PMC5438675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ValloVax is a placental endothelium derived vaccine which induces tissue-nonspecific antitumor immunity by blocking tumor angiogesis. To elucidate mechanisms of action, we showed that production of ValloVax, which involves treating placental endothelial cells with IFN-gamma, results in upregulation of HLA and costimulatory molecules. It was shown that in mixed lymphocyte reaction, ValloVax induces Type I cytokines and allo-proliferative responses. Plasma from ValloVax immunized mice was capable of killing in vitro tumor-like endothelium but not control endothelium. Using defined antigens associated with tumor endothelial cells, specific molecular entities were identified as being targeted by ValloVax induced antibodies. Binding of predominantly IgG antibodies to ValloVax cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. Further suggesting direct killing of tumor endothelial cells was expression of TUNEL positive cells, as well as, reduction in tumor oxygenation. Supporting a role for antibody mediated responses, cell depletion experiments suggested a predominant role of B cells in maintaining an intact anti-tumor endothelial response. Adoptive transfer experiments suggested that infusion of CD3+ T cells from immunized mice was sufficient to transfer tumor protection. Generation of memory T cells selective to tumor endothelial specific markers was observed. Functional confirmation of memory responses was observed in tumor rechallenge experiments. Furthermore, we observed that both PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade augmented antitumor effects of ValloVax. These data suggest a T cell induced B cell mediated anti-tumor endothelial response and set the framework clinical trials through elucidation of mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei-Ping Min
- Department of Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco Silva
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amit N Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- John Wayne Cancer Institute and Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Zhuo H, Zheng B, Liu J, Huang Y, Wang H, Zheng D, Mao N, Meng J, Zhou S, Zhong L, Zhao Y. Efficient targeted tumor imaging and secreted endostatin gene delivery by anti-CD105 immunoliposomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:42. [PMID: 29499713 PMCID: PMC5833054 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-CD105 mAb-conjugated immunoliposomes, loaded with secreted mouse endostatin gene, were developed for targeted tumor imaging and antiangiogenic gene therapy. METHODS The liposomes were investigated for size, zeta-potential, lipid content, antibody binding ability, and pcDNA loading capacity. The ability of immunoliposomes to target tumor-derived endothelial cells and perform gene transfer in vitro was measured and their basic biocompatibility was evaluated. A nude mouse/breast cancer xenograft model was used to examine the tumor internalization of fluorescent-labeled liposomes and the clinical potential of immnuoliposomes loaded with pcDNA3.1-CSF1-endostatin. RESULTS Loaded immunoliposomes were homogenously distributed with a well-defined spherical shape and bilayer, diameter of 122 ± 11 nm, and zeta potential + 1.40 mV. No significant differences were observed in body weight, liver index, oxidative stress, or liver and kidney function in mice after liposomes exposure. The addition of CD105 mAb to liposomes conferred the ability to target tumor-derived endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Systemic intravenous administration of fluorescent immunoliposomes in the xenograft model resulted in selective and efficient internalization in tumor vasculature. Treatment of mice with pcDNA3.1-CSF1-endostatin-loaded immunoliposomes suppressed tumor growth by 71%. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the advantages of using anti-CD105 mAb-conjugated immunoliposomes to enhance tumor targeting, imaging, and gene transfer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Baoshi Zheng
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jianming Liu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Duo Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Naiquan Mao
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jinyu Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Sufang Zhou
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research/Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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Di Paolo V, Russo I, Boldrini R, Ravà L, Pezzullo M, Benedetti MC, Galardi A, Colletti M, Rota R, Orlando D, Crocoli A, Peinado H, Milano GM, Di Giannatale A. Evaluation of Endoglin (CD105) expression in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:31. [PMID: 29304781 PMCID: PMC5755407 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Intratumoral Microvessel Density (IMVD) is commonly used to quantify tumoral vascularization and is usually assessed by pan-endothelial markers, such as CD31. Endoglin (CD105) is a protein predominantly expressed in proliferating endothelium and the IMVD determined by this marker measures specifically the neovascularization. In this study, we investigated the CD105 expression in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma and assessed the neovascularization by using the angiogenic ratio IMVD-CD105 to IMVD-CD31. METHODS Paraffin-embedded archival tumor specimens were selected from 65 pediatric patients affected by rhabdomyosarcoma. The expression levels of CD105, CD31 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) were investigated in 30 cases (18 embryonal and 12 alveolar) available for this study. The IMVD-CD105 to IMVD-CD31 expression ratio was correlated with clinical and pathologic features of these patients. RESULTS We found a specific expression of endoglin (CD105) in endothelial cells of all the rhabdomyosarcoma specimens analyzed. We observed a significant positive correlation between the IMVD individually measured by CD105 and CD31. The CD105/CD31 expression ratio was significantly higher in patients with lower survival and embryonal histology. Indeed, patients with a CD105/CD31 expression ratio < 1.3 had a significantly increased OS (88%, 95%CI, 60%-97%) compared to patients with higher values (40%, 95%CI, 12%-67%). We did not find any statistical correlation among VEGF and EFS, OS and CD105/CD31 expression ratio. CONCLUSION CD105 is expressed on endothelial cells of rhabdomyosarcoma and represent a useful tool to quantify neovascularization in this tumor. If confirmed by further studies, these results will indicate that CD105 is a potential target for combined therapies in rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Di Paolo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Russo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Boldrini
- Department of Laboratories - Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Ravà
- Clinical Epidemiology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale Ferdinando Baldelli 41, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pezzullo
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Benedetti
- Department of Laboratories - Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Galardi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Colletti
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Orlando
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Crocoli
- General Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Maria Milano
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza di Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
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