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Oliveira ESC, Pontes FLD, Acho LDR, da Silva BJP, do Rosário AS, Chaves FCM, Campos FR, Bezerra JDA, Lima ES, Machado MB. NMR and multivariate methods: Identification of chemical markers in extracts of pedra-ume-caá and their antiglycation, antioxidant, and enzymatic inhibition activities. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:552-566. [PMID: 38191126 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Brazil, the plant group popularly known as "pedra-ume-caá" is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes, and its raw material is commonly sold. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to apply a method for chemical identification of extracts of dry pedra-ume-caá leaves using HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and NMR and develop a multivariate model with NMR data to authenticate commercial samples. In addition, to evaluate the biological activities of the extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dry extracts of Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia amazonica, Myrcia guianensis, Myrcia sylvatica, Eugenia punicifolia leaves, and 15 commercial samples (sold in Manaus and Belém, Brazil) were prepared by infusion. All the extracts were analysed using HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), NMR, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The antidiabetic effect of extracts was evaluated according to enzymatic inhibition. Their content of total phenols, cell viability, and antioxidant and antiglycation activities were also determined. RESULTS HPLC-HRMS and NMR analysis of these extracts permitted the identification of 17 compounds. 1H NMR data combined with multivariate analyses allowed us to conclude that catechin, myricitrin, quercitrin, and gallic and quinic acids are the main chemical markers of pedra-ume-caá species. These markers were identified in 15 commercial samples of pedra-ume-caá. Additionally, only the extracts of M. multiflora and E. punicifolia inhibited α-glucosidase. All the extracts inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and showed free-radical-scavenging activity. These extracts did not present cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION This study revealed the chemical markers of matrices, and it was possible to differentiate the materials marketed as pedra-ume-caá. Moreover, this study corroborates the potential of these species for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edinilze S C Oliveira
- Núcleo de Estudos Químicos de Micromoléculas da Amazônia - NEQUIMA, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Flávia L D Pontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leonard D R Acho
- Laboratório de Atividade Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Janaína P da Silva
- Laboratório de Atividade Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Célio M Chaves
- Unidade Amazônia Ocidental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-EMBRAPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Francinete R Campos
- Núcleo de Estudos Químicos de Micromoléculas da Amazônia - NEQUIMA, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de A Bezerra
- Núcleo de Estudos Químicos de Micromoléculas da Amazônia - NEQUIMA, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Ambiente e Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Lima
- Laboratório de Atividade Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Machado
- Núcleo de Estudos Químicos de Micromoléculas da Amazônia - NEQUIMA, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Augustijn D, de Groot HJM, Alia A. HR-MAS NMR Applications in Plant Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040931. [PMID: 33578691 PMCID: PMC7916392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is used to reduce the complexity of plants and to understand the underlying pathways of the plant phenotype. The metabolic profile of plants can be obtained by mass spectrometry or liquid-state NMR. The extraction of metabolites from the sample is necessary for both techniques to obtain the metabolic profile. This extraction step can be eliminated by making use of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. In this review, an HR-MAS NMR-based workflow is described in more detail, including used pulse sequences in metabolomics. The pre-processing steps of one-dimensional HR-MAS NMR spectra are presented, including spectral alignment, baseline correction, bucketing, normalisation and scaling procedures. We also highlight some of the models which can be used to perform multivariate analysis on the HR-MAS NMR spectra. Finally, applications of HR-MAS NMR in plant metabolomics are described and show that HR-MAS NMR is a powerful tool for plant metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwertje Augustijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - A. Alia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16–17, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (A.A.)
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1H HR-MAS NMR and chemometric methods for discrimination and classification of Baccharis (Asteraceae): A proposal for quality control of Baccharis trimera. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 184:113200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Salem MA, Perez de Souza L, Serag A, Fernie AR, Farag MA, Ezzat SM, Alseekh S. Metabolomics in the Context of Plant Natural Products Research: From Sample Preparation to Metabolite Analysis. Metabolites 2020; 10:E37. [PMID: 31952212 PMCID: PMC7023240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have long been considered a valuable source of lead compounds for drug development. Natural extracts are usually composed of hundreds to thousands of metabolites, whereby the bioactivity of natural extracts can be represented by synergism between several metabolites. However, isolating every single compound from a natural extract is not always possible due to the complex chemistry and presence of most secondary metabolites at very low levels. Metabolomics has emerged in recent years as an indispensable tool for the analysis of thousands of metabolites from crude natural extracts, leading to a paradigm shift in natural products drug research. Analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to comprehensively annotate the constituents of plant natural products for screening, drug discovery as well as for quality control purposes such as those required for phytomedicine. In this review, the current advancements in plant sample preparation, sample measurements, and data analysis are presented alongside a few case studies of the successful applications of these processes in plant natural product drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (L.P.d.S.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Ahmed Serag
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (L.P.d.S.); (A.R.F.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.A.F.); (S.M.E.)
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.A.F.); (S.M.E.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 11787, Egypt
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (L.P.d.S.); (A.R.F.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
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Kharbach M, Marmouzi I, El Jemli M, Bouklouze A, Vander Heyden Y. Recent advances in untargeted and targeted approaches applied in herbal-extracts and essential-oils fingerprinting - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 177:112849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Monakhova YB, Holzgrabe U, Diehl BW. Current role and future perspectives of multivariate (chemometric) methods in NMR spectroscopic analysis of pharmaceutical products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:580-589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sereia AL, Longhini R, Lopes GC, de Mello JCP. Capillary Electrophoresis as Tool for Diastereomeric Separation in a Trichilia catigua Fraction. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:144-150. [PMID: 27910216 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tree Trichilia catigua, popularly known as "catuaba", shows several biological activities and has emerged as a potential source of new drugs. Considering that more than 10 species are known under the same popular name, regulatory agencies require more rigorous quality control of this medicinal plant. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a methodology using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet (UV) detection for analysing polyphenols in the ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of Trichilia catigua. METHODOLOGY Different electrophoretic conditions (such as wavelength of UV detection, voltage, buffer concentration and pH, cyclodextrin type and concentration) were investigated. After optimisation, borate buffer 80 mmol/L at pH 8.80 with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin 10 mmol/L was selected as background electrolyte. A voltage reduction was used to improve the separation of a diastereomeric pair of cinchonains. RESULTS The method proved to be simple, sensitive, accurate, linear, precise and reproducible. For the first time in natural products analysis, a voltage reduction and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were used to improve the separation of diastereomeric pairs. Until now, this is the only described methodology able to separate catechin, epicatechin, cinchonains Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb from Trichilia catigua samples on the same run in less than 12 min. When compared to the high performance liquid chromatography with photo-diode array detection (HPLC-PDA) method previously developed by our research group, the CE method was more efficient, faster, less expensive and less polluting. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that this method could be employed in a quality-control laboratory for the quantification of polyphenols in EAF of Trichilia catigua. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Sereia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR. Avenida Colombo, 5790, BR-87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata Longhini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR. Avenida Colombo, 5790, BR-87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Gisely Cristiny Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR. Avenida Colombo, 5790, BR-87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Palazzo de Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR. Avenida Colombo, 5790, BR-87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Longhini R, Lonni AA, Sereia AL, Krzyzaniak LM, Lopes GC, Mello JCPD. Trichilia catigua : therapeutic and cosmetic values. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Araujo Leon JA, Ruiz Ciau DV, Coral Martinez TI, Cantillo Ciau ZO. Comparative fingerprint analyses of extracts from the root bark of wild Hippocratea excelsa and "Cancerina" by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3870-3875. [PMID: 26376932 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the identification and comparison of quinone-methide triterpenes in wild Hippocratea excelsa and "cancerina" to establish the chromatographic profile of these compounds in root bark. The essential chromatographic conditions for this method are based on a gradient system with a reversed-phase column (C18 ) using proportions of water, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran as mobile phases to correctly separate the signals at 254 and 420 nm and compare the signals to those reported in the literature. The chromatograms exhibit good resolution and precision. Statistical analysis showed that the chromatographic profiles of wild H. excelsa and cancerina do not exhibit significant differences (p≥0.05) in their area proportions or relative retention times. The method developed in this study is suitable for the identification of the major chemotaxonomic markers of the Celastraceae family and can be used for quality control of this herbal root bark, which has uses today in Mexican folk medicine.
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Kumar N, Bansal A, Sarma G, Rawal RK. Chemometrics tools used in analytical chemistry: An overview. Talanta 2014; 123:186-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kim HK, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. NMR-based plant metabolomics: where do we stand, where do we go? Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:267-75. [PMID: 21435731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NMR-based metabolomics is an important tool for studying biological systems and has been applied in various organisms, including animals, plants and microbes. NMR is able to provide a 'holistic view' of the metabolites under certain conditions, and thus is advantageous for metabolomic studies. To maximize the use of the information obtained, it is also important to create a platform to measure, store and share data. Public databases for storing and sharing information are still lacking for NMR-based metabolomic analysis in plants. Such databases are urgently needed to make metabolic profiling a real omics technology. In addition, to understand metabolic processes in depth, single-cell analysis and the turnover of metabolites in pathways (fluxomics) should be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyong Kim
- Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kim HK, Khan S, Wilson EG, Kricun SDP, Meissner A, Goraler S, Deelder AM, Choi YH, Verpoorte R. Metabolic classification of South American Ilex species by NMR-based metabolomics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:773-784. [PMID: 20199787 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ilex to which mate (Ilex paraguariensis) belongs, consists of more than 500 species. A wide range of metabolites including saponins and phenylpropanoids has been reported from Ilex species. However, despite the previous works on the Ilex metabolites, the metabolic similarities between species which can be used for chemotaxonomy of the species are not clear yet. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics was applied to the classification of 11 South American Ilex species, namely, Ilex argentina, Ilex brasiliensis, Ilex brevicuspis, Ilex dumosa var. dumosa, I. dumosa var. guaranina, Ilex integerrima, Ilex microdonta, I. paraguariensis var. paraguariensis, Ilex pseudobuxus, Ilex taubertiana, and Ilex theezans. (1)H NMR combined with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed a clear separation between species and resulted in four groups based on metabolomic similarities. The signal congestion of (1)H NMR spectra was overcome by the implementation of two-dimensional (2D)-J-resolved and heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). From the results obtained by 1D- and 2D-NMR-based metabolomics it was concluded that species included in group A (I. paraguariensis) were metabolically characterized by a higher amount of xanthines, and phenolics including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids; group B (I. dumosa var. dumosa and I. dumosa var. guaranina) with oleanane type saponins; group C (I. brasiliensis, I. integerrima, I. pseudobuxus and I. theezans) with arbutin and dicaffeoylquinic acids, and group D (I. argentina, I. brevicuspis, I. microdonta and I. taubertiana) with the highest level of ursane-type saponins. Clear metabolomic discrimination of Ilex species and varieties in this study makes the chemotaxonomic classification of Ilex species possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyong Kim
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lin WN, Lu HY, Lee MS, Yang SY, Chen HJ, Chang YS, Chang WT. Evaluation of the cultivation age of dried ginseng radix and its commercial products by using (1)H-NMR fingerprint analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 38:205-218. [PMID: 20128055 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10007762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The perfect ginseng radix is collected when the ginseng root reaches a cultivation age of six years; this ensures the best mass quality and consistency of the plant's essential bioactive components. Since traditional means of authentication via physical appearance or smell are hardly reliable, an efficient analytical method that can determine the real cultivation age of dried ginseng radix in commercial products, especially ginseng products of various dosage forms, is urgently required. In the present study, chemical fingerprint by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy was used on dried ginseng radix samples with cultivation ages ranging from 1-6 years. The resulting dataset was then analyzed by using principle component analysis and cluster analysis to build up a distributive model that allows the identification of the real cultivation age of the ginseng radix based on a plant metabolomic strategy. This quality surveillance method was able to clearly discriminate the 6 years old ginseng radix from the other ages, and could be applied on the evaluation of the real cultivation age for the various dried white ginseng radix samples and commercial products accurately.
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Kim HK, Verpoorte R. Sample preparation for plant metabolomics. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:4-13. [PMID: 19904733 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sample preparation in plant metabolomics is a fundamental and critical step with important consequences for the accuracy of results. Depending on the analytical tools and the metabolites of interest, sample preparation has to be decided. However, the various methods reported in the literature have many steps in common and consequently the practical considerations concerning the pros and cons are similar. In this review, each step of the sample preparation - harvesting, drying, extraction and purification - will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyong Kim
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:471-478. [PMID: 18773504 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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