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Kiran KR, Swathy PS, Paul B, Shama Prasada K, Radhakrishna Rao M, Joshi MB, Rai PS, Satyamoorthy K, Muthusamy A. Untargeted metabolomics and DNA barcoding for discrimination of Phyllanthus species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113928. [PMID: 33631274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus species is extensively cultivated and used as edible fruits and herbal drugs. The Phyllanthus species are used extensively as ethnopharmacologically important materials in several countries, especially in Asia. Various Phyllanthus species are broadly used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and deliberated as bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, deobstruent, and antiseptic, and used for the treatment of digestive, genitourinary, respiratory, skin diseases, hepatopathy, jaundice, and renal calculus in India. Precise authentification of Phyllanthus species is a challenge due to morphological similarities and is important to avoid adulteration found in herbal drugs. Hence, there is a need to establish comprehensive methods for the identification of Phyllanthus species. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we attempted to integrate untargeted metabolomics to identify species-specific metabolites with traditional phylogenetic analysis for identification and discrimination of nine Phyllanthus species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phyllanthus species such as P. acidus, P. amarus, P. debilis, P. emblica, P. virgatus, P. urinaria, P. lawii, P. myrtifolius, and P. reticulatus were collected. The liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed for untargeted metabolite profiling and MS/MS fragmentation analysis was performed for selected compounds. Further, the barcoding analysis was executed using plastid loci, rpoC1 to integrate with metabolite profiling data. RESULTS The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of leaf metabolites showed distinct clusters in different species. Through further analysis, we have also identified the qualitative and quantitative status of unique metabolites across the species, and the majority of the selected compounds were annotated. The metabolic fingerprinting and the hierarchical clustering indicated that though the P. deblis and P. virgatus are distantly related to each other, they are closely associated with their metabolic profiling. Similarly, P. myrtifolius and P. urinaria are closely related to each other with their metabolic fingerprints than the genetic alignment. Further, we performed barcoding with rpoC1 across nine Phyllanthus species (P. acidus, P. amarus, P. debilis, P. emblica, P. virgatus, P. urinaria, P. lawii, P. myrtifolius, and P. reticulatus). Sequence similarity search in the GenBank database showed rpoC1 barcode loci from nine Phyllanthus species showed significant identity (>97%) with the sequences of various Phyllanthus species. CONCLUSIONS The bioactive metabolites and their abundance can be assigned to specific species thereby serving as a biological signature and indicators for potential therapeutic use. This study identified differential expression of 14 secondary metabolites from nine Phyllanthus species. Alkaloid compound zeatin was found specific to P. virgatus and delphinidin-3-O- β -D-glucoside was not found in P. myrtifolius. Barcoding and phylogenetic analysis showed P. acidus is the most genetically distinct among the groups and the sequence pair between P.emblica-P.reticulatus and P.emblica-P.urinaria showed the least difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodsara Ramachandra Kiran
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Puthanvila Surendrababu Swathy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bobby Paul
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kabekkodu Shama Prasada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mattu Radhakrishna Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmalatha S Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Annamalai Muthusamy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Physical formulation approaches for improving aqueous solubility and bioavailability of ellagic acid: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 159:198-210. [PMID: 33197529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic active compound with antimalarial and other promising therapeutic activities. However, its solubility and its permeability are both low (BCS IV). These properties greatly compromise its oral bioavailability and clinical utilizations. To overcome these limitations of the physicochemical parameters, several formulation approaches, including particle size reduction, amorphization and lipid-based formulations, have been used. Although these strategies have not yet led to a clinical application, some of them have resulted in significant improvements in the solubility and bioavailability of EA. This critical review reports and analyses the different formulation approaches used by scientists to improve both the biopharmaceutical properties and the clinical use of EA.
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Kumar S, Singh A, Bajpai V, Singh B, Kumar B. Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of bioactive compounds in Phyllanthus species and its herbal formulations. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3422-3429. [PMID: 28683189 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus species are extensively used in traditional medicines for the treatment of hepatic diseases due to their bioactive hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin. This work describes the development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method in polarity switching multiple reaction monitoring mode for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of 23 compounds using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The validated parameters showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.996), limit of detection (0.05-1.62 ng/mL), limit of quantitation (0.15-4.95 ng/mL), precisions (intra-day: RSD ≤ 2.11%), (inter-day: RSD ≤ 2.91%), stability (RSD ≤ 2.56%) and overall recovery (98.22-104.48%; RSD ≤ 2.93%). The validated method was successfully applied in ethanolic extracts of P. amarus, P. niruri, P. emblica, P. fraternus, fractions of P. amarus and their herbal formulations for quantitation. The maximum content of hypophyllanthin (29.40 mg/g) and phyllanthin (56.60 mg/g) was detected in ethyl acetate fraction of P. amarus. The total content of 23 compounds was abundant in the ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruit. Principal component analysis was used to differentiate the selected Phyllanthus species and their herbal formulations. The results indicated that the present method could be used for quality control of Phyllanthus species and its herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Bikarma Singh
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrated Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Quantitative Analysis of Phyllanthus Species for Bioactive Molecules Using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-017-0839-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Identification and characterization of phenolics and terpenoids from ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:214-222. [PMID: 29404041 PMCID: PMC5790687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllanthus species plants are a rich source of phenolics and widely used due to their medicinal properties. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for the identification and characterization of quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid and their derivatives in ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Thermo Betasil C8 column (250 mm×4.5 mm, 5 µm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as the mobile phase. The identification of diagnostic fragment ions and optimization of collision energies were carried out using 21 reference standards. Totally 51 compounds were identified which include 21 compounds identified and characterized unambiguously by comparison with their authentic standards and the remaining 30 were tentatively identified and characterized in ethanolic extracts of P. emblica, P. fraternus, P. amarus and P. niruri.
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Ferreira MRA, Fernandes MTM, da Silva WAV, Bezerra ICF, de Souza TP, Pimentel MF, Soares LAL. Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Fruits of Libidibia ferrea Martius. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S285-91. [PMID: 27279721 PMCID: PMC4883093 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (Fabaceae) is a tree which is native to Brazil, widely known as "Jucá," where its herbal derivatives are used in folk medicine with several therapeutic properties. The constituents, which have already been described in the fruit, are mainly hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid [GA] and ellagic acid [EA]). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic variability in the fruit of L. ferrea by ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) and chromatographic methods (high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]/high-performance thin layer chromatography [HPTLC]). MATERIALS AND METHODS Several samples were collected from different regions of Brazil and the qualitative (fingerprints by HPTLC and HPLC) and quantitative analysis (UV/VIS and HPLC) of polyphenols were performed. RESULTS The HPTLC and HPLC profiles allowed separation and identification of both major analytical markers: EA and GA. The chemical profiles were similar in a number of spots or peaks for the samples, but some differences could be observed in the intensity or area of the analytical markers for HPTLC or HPLC, respectively. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the polyphenolic content by UV/VIS ranged from 13.99 to 37.86 g% expressed as GA or from 10.75 to 29.09 g% expressed as EA. The contents of EA and GA by liquid chromatography-reversed phase (LC-RP) method ranged from 0.57 to 2.68 g% and from 0.54 to 3.23 g%, respectively. CONCLUSION The chemical profiles obtained by HPTLC or HPLC, as well as the quantitative analysis by spectrophotometry or LC-RP method, were suitable for discrimination of each herbal sample and can be used as tools for the comparative analysis of the fruits from L. ferrea. SUMMARY The polyphenols of fruits of Libidibia ferrea can be quantified by UV/VIS and HPLCThe HPLC method was able to detect the gallic and ellagic acids in several samples of fruits of Libidibia ferreaThe phenolic profiles of fruits from Libidibia ferrea by HPTLC and HPLC were reproductible. Abbreviations used: HPTLC: high performance thin layer chromatography, HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis: spectrophotometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda R A Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica T M Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Wliana A V da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Isabelle C F Bezerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Therapeutic Innovation, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tatiane P de Souza
- Department of Drugs and Foods, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Maria F Pimentel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz A L Soares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Therapeutic Innovation, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Memvanga PB, Tona GL, Mesia GK, Lusakibanza MM, Cimanga RK. Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:76-98. [PMID: 25862959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic disease and the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo. For the management of this disease, a large Congolese population recourses to traditional medicinal plants. To date the efficacy and safety of many of these plants have been validated scientifically in rodent malaria models. In order to generate scientific evidence of traditional remedies used in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the management of malaria, and show the potential of Congolese plants as a major source of antimalarial drugs, this review highlights the antiplasmodial and toxicological properties of the Congolese antimalarial plants investigated during the period of 1999-2014. In doing so, a useful resource for further complementary investigations is presented. Furthermore, this review may pave the way for the research and development of several available and affordable antimalarial phytomedicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to get information on the different studies, a Google Scholar and PubMed literature search was performed using keywords (malaria, Congolese, medicinal plants, antiplasmodial/antimalarial activity, and toxicity). Data from non-indexed journals, Master and Doctoral dissertations were also collected. RESULTS Approximately 120 extracts and fractions obtained from Congolese medicinal plants showed pronounced or good antiplasmodial activity. A number of compounds with interesting antiplasmodial properties were also isolated and identified. Some of these compounds constituted new scaffolds for the synthesis of promising antimalarial drugs. Interestingly, most of these extracts and compounds possessed high selective activity against Plasmodium parasites compared to mammalian cells. The efficacy and safety of several plant-derived products was confirmed in mice, and a good correlation was observed between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. The formulation of several plant-derived products also led to some clinical trials and license of three plant-derived drugs (Manalaria(®), Nsansiphos(®), and Quinine Pharmakina(®)). CONCLUSION The obtained results partly justify and support the use of various medicinal plants to treat malaria in folk medicine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antimalarial plants used in Congolese traditional medicine represent an important source for the discovery and development of new antimalarial agents. However, in order to ensure the integration of a larger number of plant-derived products in the Congolese healthcare system, some parameters and trends should be considered in further researches, in agreement with the objectives of the "Traditional Medicine Strategy" proposed by the World Health Organization in 2013. These include evaluation of geographical and seasonal variation, investigation of reproductive biology, assessment of prophylactic antimalarial activity, evaluation of natural products as adjuvant antioxidant therapy for malaria, development of plant-based combination therapies and monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Memvanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drugs Development, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Gaston L Tona
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gauthier K Mesia
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mariano M Lusakibanza
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Richard K Cimanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo; University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Liu R, Li J, Cheng Y, Huo T, Xue J, Liu Y, Liu J, Chen X. Effects of ellagic acid-rich extract of pomegranates peel on regulation of cholesterol metabolism and its molecular mechanism in hamsters. Food Funct 2015; 6:780-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00759j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PEA promoted cholesterol removal by enhancement of fecal bile acid and up-regulation of the two pathways, LXR/PPAR-ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Yujiang Cheng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Tianbo Huo
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jiayi Xue
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Yingli Liu
- Shaanxi Normal University's Hospital
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jianshu Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Xi'an 710003
- China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Xi'an 710003
- China
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Kim Y, Han SH, Jeon JY, Hwang M, Im YJ, Chae SW, Kim MG. Method Development of Ellagic Acid as Marker Compound for Standardization of Gochang Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) as Functional Ingredient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.11.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kamaraj C, Kaushik NK, Rahuman AA, Mohanakrishnan D, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Jayaseelan C, Kirthi AV, Rajakumar G, Velayutham K, Sahal D. Antimalarial activities of medicinal plants traditionally used in the villages of Dharmapuri regions of South India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:796-802. [PMID: 22433533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE An ethnopharmacological investigation of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diseases associated with fevers in Dharmapuri region of South India was undertaken. Twenty four plants were identified and evaluated for their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum and assessed for cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line. AIM OF THE STUDY This antimalarial in vitro study was planned to correlate and validate the traditional usage of medicinal plants against malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnobotanical survey was made in Dharmapuri region, Tamil Nadu, India to identify plants used in traditional medicine against fevers. Selected plants were extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol and evaluated for antimalarial activity against erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant INDO strains of Plasmodium falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Cytotoxicity was determined against HeLa cells using MTT assay. RESULTS Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in Aegle marmelos [leaf methanol extract (ME) (IC(50)=7 μg/mL] and good activities were found in Lantana camara [leaf ethyl acetate extract (EAE) IC(50)=19 μg/mL], Leucas aspera (flower EAE IC(50)=12.5 μg/mL), Momordica charantia (leaf EAE IC(50)=17.5 μg/mL), Phyllanthus amarus (leaf ME IC(50)=15 μg/mL) and Piper nigrum (seed EAE IC(50)=12.5 μg/mL). The leaf ME of Aegle marmelos which showed the highest activity against Plasmodium falciparum elicited low cytotoxicity (therapeutic index>13). CONCLUSION These results provide validation for the traditional usage of some medicinal plants against malaria in Dharmapuri region, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:286-313. [PMID: 21982793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae is a small herb well known for its medicinal properties and widely used worldwide. P. amarus is an important plant of Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine which is used in the problems of stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney and spleen. It is bitter, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge and antiseptic. The whole plant is used in gonorrhea, menorrhagia and other genital affections. It is useful in gastropathy, diarrhoea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, ophthalmopathy, scabies, ulcers and wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present review covers a literature across from 1980 to 2011. Some information collected from traditional Ayurvedic texts and published literature on ethanomedicinal uses of Phyllanthus amarus in different countries worldwide. RESULTS Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many valuable compounds such as lignans, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins), polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols and alkaloids. The extracts and the compounds isolated from P. amarus show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities including antiviral, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective nephroprotective and diurectic properties. CONCLUSION The present review summarizes information concerning the morphology, ecology, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical applications and toxicological reports of P. amarus. This review aims at gathering the research work undertaken till date on this plant in order to provide sufficient baseline information for future works and commercial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ram Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470003, M.P., India
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